Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 2003두11339

Revocation of Reexamination Decision on Unfair Dismissal Remedy (부당해고구제재심판정취소)부당해고구제재심판정취소

Decided2004. 01. 15. Court대법원Worker won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

In this case, Jeonbuk Bank (전북은행) conducted a workforce restructuring in 2001 and, despite already exceeding its voluntary early retirement (명예퇴직) target, proceeded to lay off an additional employee through involuntary redundancy dismissal (정리해고). The Supreme Court (대법원) ruled that since the company's financial condition had improved by the time of the dismissal—evidenced by promotions and new hiring—the layoff lacked objective reasonableness and the company had failed to make sufficient efforts to avoid dismissal, rendering the redundancy dismissal invalid.

Key takeaways
  • CaseIncident: Jeonbuk Bank laid off an additional employee even though it had already exceeded its restructuring target through voluntary early retirements.
  • OutcomeResult: The Supreme Court ruled that the additional layoff lacked objective reasonableness given the bank's improved financial condition, promotions, and new hiring at the time.
  • LessonLesson: Once restructuring goals are met through other means and business conditions improve, further redundancy dismissals become difficult to justify.
Issues
  • The meaning of 'urgent managerial necessity' and 'efforts to avoid dismissal' as requirements for a valid redundancy dismissal (정리해고)
  • Whether an additional redundancy dismissal carried out after already exceeding the voluntary early retirement target can still be considered objectively reasonable
Key reasoning

The Court found that the bank had already exceeded its restructuring target through voluntary early retirements, and its financial situation had subsequently improved. Despite this improvement, the bank promoted high-salaried employees and hired new staff while still carrying out an additional layoff. The Court held that under these circumstances, there was no objective reasonableness justifying the redundancy dismissal, and the employer could not be said to have exhausted all reasonable efforts to avoid dismissal (해고회피 노력). Therefore, the dismissal failed to meet the legal requirements for a valid redundancy dismissal (정리해고) under Korean labor law.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] Among the requirements for a layoff for managerial reasons (정리해고), "urgent managerial necessity" is not limited to cases of avoiding the bankruptcy of the enterprise, but also includes cases where a reduction in personnel is necessary to preemptively cope with a crisis that may arise in the future; however, such personnel reduction must be objectively recognized as having reasonableness. Also, the requirement that the employer must make every effort to avoid dismissal means that the employer takes all possible measures to minimize the scope of dismissal, such as rationalizing management policies or work methods, prohibiting new hiring, utilizing temporary leave and voluntary retirement, and reassignment; the method and degree thereof are not fixed or constant, but vary depending on the degree of the employer's managerial crisis, the managerial reasons requiring the layoff, the content and scale of the business, and the personnel situation by rank, among other factors.

[2] A case holding that a layoff for managerial reasons was invalid, on the ground that the personnel reduction carried out as part of the layoff was difficult to recognize as objectively reasonable, and that it was also difficult to find that the employer had made every effort to avoid dismissal.

Full text (English, AI translation) 7,321 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellant] Jeonbuk Bank Co., Ltd. (Attorneys of the law firm Taepyeongyang, Ka Jae-hwan and 2 others, representing the Plaintiff)
[Defendant, Appellee] Chairman of the National Labor Relations Commission (중앙노동위원회)
[Intervenor for the Defendant] Intervenor for the Defendant
[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Decision 2002Nu18373, decided August 28, 2003

[Order]

The appeal is dismissed. The costs of the appeal shall be borne by the Plaintiff.

[Reasoning]

1. Among the requirements for a redundancy dismissal (정리해고), "urgent managerial necessity" is not limited to cases seeking to avoid the bankruptcy of the enterprise, but also includes cases where a reduction in personnel is necessary to preemptively address a crisis that may arise in the future; however, such personnel reduction must be objectively recognized as reasonable (see Supreme Court Decision 2001Da29452, decided July 9, 2002, among others). Furthermore, the requirement that the employer must exhaust efforts to avoid dismissal means that the employer must take all possible measures to minimize the scope of dismissals, such as rationalizing management policies or work methods, prohibiting new hiring, utilizing temporary leave and voluntary early retirement, and reassignment (see Supreme Court Decisions 92Da14779, decided December 22, 1992, and 99Du202, decided April 27, 1999, among others), and the method and degree thereof are not fixed or constant but vary depending on the degree of the employer's managerial crisis, the managerial reasons requiring the redundancy dismissal, the content and scale of the business, and the personnel situation by rank (see the above Decision 2001Da29452, among others).

2. According to the record, on March 15, 2001, the Plaintiff and its labor union, recognizing that the high-wage personnel structure was adversely affecting the Bank's profitability and that personnel restructuring was an unavoidable urgent managerial situation necessary to improve profitability, prepared the "Agreement of the Collective Bargaining Meeting on 2001 Personnel Restructuring" in order to overcome this situation and firmly establish a foundation for independent survival; in doing so, they set the number of personnel to be reduced at approximately 30 non-union members and approximately 45 union members, and simultaneously agreed on the selection criteria for those recommended for honorary retirement and the implementation schedule. Accordingly, on March 20, 2001, the Plaintiff selected a total of 75 persons subject to the measure, including the Intervenor for the Defendant (Grade 2, hereinafter the "Intervenor"), consisting of 30 non-union members of Grade 3 or above and 45 union members of Grade 4 or below, and recommended honorary retirement to them, notifying them that if they did not retire on an honorary basis, they would be placed on standby assignment (대기발령). On March 23, 2001, the Plaintiff's Personnel Committee resolved to approve honorary retirement for 77 persons (29 non-union members and 48 union members) who had applied for honorary retirement, thereby exceeding the overall target. However, when the Intervenor, despite being recommended for honorary retirement, refused to comply, the Plaintiff ordered the Intervenor to be placed on standby assignment on March 26, 2001, and then, after six months had elapsed, processed the Intervenor's retirement on September 26, 2001. Moreover, as of September 26, 2001, the Plaintiff's profitability had improved, with net income for the period from around January 2001 to around September of the same year reaching approximately KRW 4.9 billion (an increase of KRW 23.9 billion compared to the same period of the previous year), and the Plaintiff was expecting to achieve KRW 20 billion by the end of the year, while setting a target of achieving a surplus of KRW 25 billion for 2002; furthermore, the Plaintiff and its labor union had agreed to raise wages by 4.5% for 2002. In addition, after implementing the above honorary retirement and placing the Intervenor on standby assignment, the Plaintiff, on July 10, 2001, carried out a personnel action promoting a total of 41 persons, including 3 to Grade 1, 12 to Grade 2, 18 to Grade 3, and 8 to Grade 4; moreover, immediately before taking the retirement action against the Intervenor, the Plaintiff posted a recruitment notice for new college graduates on September 20, 2001, announced a total of 26 final successful candidates on October 25, 2001, and subsequently formally appointed the said 26 persons. Meanwhile, it can be seen that when the Plaintiff applied the above selection criteria for those recommended for honorary retirement to the 131 employees of Grade 3 or above, the Intervenor was selected as the 18th ranked candidate for recommendation. There is no material in the record to recognize that, in reaching the agreement on the above personnel restructuring, the Plaintiff and its labor union also agreed on matters concerning the promotion personnel action and the new hiring of college graduates, in addition to the aforementioned honorary retirement.

Given these circumstances, as of September 26, 2001, when the Plaintiff took the redundancy dismissal measure at issue against the Intervenor, the number of honorary retirees resulting from the Plaintiff's efforts to avoid dismissal had already exceeded the overall target of the personnel restructuring, and the Plaintiff's managerial condition was also improving. In particular, considering that immediately after the above honorary retirement, the Plaintiff carried out a personnel action promoting 41 employees of Grade 4 or above—who fell within the high-wage personnel structure—and newly hired as many as 26 college graduates, thereby filling 18 positions of Grade 3 or above, resulting in a net reduction of only 12 employees among those of Grade 3 or above, and further considering that the Intervenor was ranked 18th among those recommended for honorary retirement among Grade 3 or above employees, it is difficult to view, from an objective standpoint, that the Plaintiff's additional personnel reduction measure of dismissing the Intervenor through redundancy dismissal was reasonable, nor can it be said that the Plaintiff exhausted efforts to avoid dismissal.

The lower court's determination, to the same effect, that the redundancy dismissal at issue is invalid for failing to meet the requirements therefor is justified, and there is no illegality therein, such as violation of the rules of evidence, misapprehension of legal principles, or incomplete deliberation, as alleged in the first ground of appeal. Furthermore, since the redundancy dismissal at issue failed to meet the requirements therefor for the reasons stated above, even if the criteria applied by the Plaintiff in selecting the Intervenor and others as candidates recommended for honorary retirement were reasonable and fair, this cannot affect the conclusion reached above; therefore, the argument in the second ground of appeal is likewise unacceptable.

3. Accordingly, the appeal is dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are to be borne by the Plaintiff, and it is so decided as set forth in the Order.

Supreme Court Justices: Lee Yong-woo (Presiding Justice), Cho Mu-je, Lee Kyu-hong, Park Jae-yoon (Justice in Charge)

【판결요지】

[1] 정리해고의 요건 중 긴박한 경영상의 필요라 함은 반드시 기업의 도산을 회피하기 위한 경우에 한정되지 아니하고, 장래에 올 수도 있는 위기에 미리 대처하기 위하여 인원삭감이 필요한 경우도 포함되지만, 그러한 인원삭감은 객관적으로 보아 합리성이 있다고 인정되어야 하고, 정리해고의 요건 중 해고를 피하기 위한 노력을 다하여야 한다는 것은 경영방침이나 작업방식의 합리화, 신규채용의 금지, 일시휴직 및 희망퇴직의 활용 및 전근 등 사용자가 해고범위를 최소화하기 위하여 가능한 모든 조치를 취하는 것을 의미하고, 그 방법과 정도는 확정적·고정적인 것이 아니라 당해 사용자의 경영위기의 정도, 정리해고를 실시하여야 하는 경영상의 이유, 사업의 내용과 규모, 직급별 인원상황 등에 따라 달라지는 것이다.

[2] 정리해고의 일환으로 이루어진 인원삭감이 객관적으로 보아 합리성이 있다고 보기 어려울 뿐만 아니라 해고회피 노력을 다하였다고 보기도 어렵다는 이유로 정리해고 조치가 무효라고 판단한 사례.

【참조조문】

[1] 근로기준법 제31조

[2] 근로기준법 제31조

【참조판례】

[1] 대법원 1992. 12. 22. 선고 92다14779 판결(공1993상, 556), 대법원 1995. 12. 22. 선고 94다52119 판결(공1996상, 480), 대법원 1997. 9. 5. 선고 96누8031 판결(공1997하, 3116), 대법원 1999. 4. 27. 선고 99두202 판결(공1999상, 1074), 대법원 1999. 5. 11. 선고 99두1809 판결(공1999상, 1171), 대법원 2002. 7. 9. 선고 2000두9373 판결(공2002하, 1958), 대법원 2002. 7. 9. 선고 2001다29452 판결(공2002하, 1901)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 2,750자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인】 주식회사 전북은행 (소송대리인 법무법인 태평양 담당변호사 가재환 외 2인)

【피고, 피상고인】 중앙노동위원회 위원장

【피고보조참가인】 피고보조참가인

【원심판결】 서울고법 2003. 8. 28. 선고 2002누18373 판결

【주 문】

상고를 기각한다. 상고비용은 원고가 부담한다.

【이 유】 1. 정리해고의 요건 중 긴박한 경영상의 필요라 함은 반드시 기업의 도산을 회피하기 위한 경우에 한정되지 아니하고, 장래에 올 수도 있는 위기에 미리 대처하기 위하여 인원삭감이 필요한 경우도 포함되지만, 그러한 인원삭감은 객관적으로 보아 합리성이 있다고 인정되어야 한다(대법원 2002. 7. 9. 선고 2001다29452 판결 등 참조). 그리고 정리해고의 요건 중 해고를 피하기 위한 노력을 다하여야 한다는 것은 경영방침이나 작업방식의 합리화, 신규채용의 금지, 일시휴직 및 희망퇴직의 활용 및 전근 등 사용자가 해고범위를 최소화하기 위하여 가능한 모든 조치를 취하는 것을 의미하고(대법원 1992. 12. 22. 선고 92다14779 판결, 1999. 4. 27. 선고 99두202 판결 등 참조), 그 방법과 정도는 확정적·고정적인 것이 아니라 당해 사용자의 경영위기의 정도, 정리해고를 실시하여야 하는 경영상의 이유, 사업의 내용과 규모, 직급별 인원상황 등에 따라 달라지는 것이다(위 2001다29452 판결 등 참조).

2. 기록에 의하면, 원고와 그 노동조합은 2001. 3. 15. 고임금의 인력구조가 은행의 수지개선에 악영향을 끼치고 있어 수지개선을 위해서는 인력구조조정이 불가피한 경영상의 긴박한 상황임을 인식하고 이를 극복하여 독자생존의 기반을 확고히 하고자 '2001년도 인력구조조정에 관한 단체교섭회의 합의서'를 작성하면서, 그 정리인원수를 비조합원 30명 내외, 조합원 45명 내외로 정함과 동시에, 명예퇴직 권고대상자 선정기준 및 추진일정에 합의하였던 사실, 이에 따라 원고는 2001. 3. 20. 피고보조참가인(2급, 이하 '참가인'이라 한다)을 포함한 3급 이상 비조합원 30명, 4급 이하 조합원 45명 등 75명의 대상자를 선정하여 그들에게 명예퇴직을 권고하면서 만약 명예퇴직하지 않으면 대기발령할 것임을 통지하였고, 원고 인사위원회는 2001. 3. 23. 명예퇴직을 신청한 77명(비조합원 29명, 조합원 48명)에 대한 명예퇴직을 의결함으로써 그 전체적인 목표를 초과 달성한 사실, 그런데 원고는 참가인이 명예퇴직 권고를 받고도 이에 불응하자 참가인에 대하여 2001. 3. 26. 대기발령을 명한 다음, 6개월이 경과한 2001. 9. 26. 퇴직처리를 한 사실, 또한 원고는 위 2001. 9. 26. 당시 그 수익성이 호전되어 2001. 1.경부터 같은 해 9.경까지 당기순이익이 약 49억 원(전년도 같은 기간보다 239억 원 증가)에 이르렀고, 연말까지는 200억 원 달성을 기대하고 있었으며, 2002년도에는 250억 원의 흑자달성을 목표로 설정하였을 뿐만 아니라, 원고와 그 노동조합은 2002년도 임금을 4.5% 인상하기로 합의하였던 사실, 그리고 원고는 위와 같이 명예퇴직을 실시하고 참가인에 대하여 대기발령을 한 후 2001. 7. 10.에 1급 승진 3명, 2급 승진 12명, 3급 승진 18명, 4급 승진 8명 등 모두 41명을 승진시키는 인사를 단행하였을 뿐만 아니라, 참가인에 대한 퇴직조치 직전인 2001. 9. 20.에는 대졸신입사원 채용공고를 한 후 2001. 10. 25. 모두 26명의 최종합격자를 발표하였으며, 이후 위 26명을 정식 임용한 사실, 한편 원고가 위 명예퇴직 권고대상자 선정기준을 3급 이상 직원 131명에 대하여 적용한 결과, 참가인은 권고대상 18위로 선정되었던 사실을 알 수 있고, 원고와 그 노동조합이 위 인력구조조정에 관한 합의를 함에 있어서 위와 같은 명예퇴직 이외에 승진인사와 대졸사원의 신규채용의 점까지 합의하였다는 점을 인정할 만한 자료는 기록상 나타나지 않는다.

사정이 이러하다면, 원고가 참가인에 대하여 이 사건 정리해고 조치를 취한 2001. 9. 26. 당시에는 이미 원고의 해고회피노력에 의한 명예퇴직자의 수가 인력구조조정의 전체 목표치를 상회한 상황이었고, 원고의 경영상태도 호전되어 가고 있었을 뿐만 아니라, 특히 원고가 위와 같은 명예퇴직 직후에 고임금 인력구조에 해당하는 4급 이상의 직원 41명의 승진인사를 단행하고 대졸사원을 26명이나 신규 채용하는 방식으로 3급 이상 직원 18명을 보충함으로써, 결과적으로 3급 이상 직원 중 12명의 인원만이 삭감된 점에다가, 참가인이 3급 이상 명예퇴직 권고대상자 중 18위로 선정되었던 점을 종합하여 보면, 원고가 참가인을 정리해고함으로써 추가 인원삭감 조치를 취한 것은 객관적으로 보아 그 합리성이 있다고 보기 어려울 뿐만 아니라, 해고를 피하기 위한 노력을 다한 경우에 해당한다고 할 수도 없다.

같은 취지에서 이 사건 정리해고가 그 요건을 갖추지 못하여 무효라고 판단한 원심의 조치는 정당하고, 거기에 상고이유 제1점의 주장과 같은 채증법칙 위배나 법리오해 또는 심리미진 등의 위법이 없으며, 이 사건 정리해고가 앞서 본 바와 같은 이유로 그 요건을 갖추지 못한 이상, 원고가 참가인 등을 명예퇴직 권고대상자로 선정함에 있어서 적용한 기준이 합리적이고 공정하였다고 하더라도, 앞서 본 결론을 좌우할 수는 없을 것이므로, 상고이유 제2점의 주장도 역시 받아들일 수 없다.

3. 그러므로 상고를 기각하고, 상고비용은 원고가 부담하도록 하여 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 이용우(재판장) 조무제 이규홍 박재윤(주심)

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