Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 2003두5501

Revocation of Disposition Denying Survivor Benefits and Funeral Expenses (유족급여및장의비부지급처분취소)유족급여및장의비부지급처분취소

Decided2003. 11. 14. Court대법원Case remanded to the lower court (파기환송) — a decision favorable to the deceased worker's family, as the Supreme Court found the lower court had applied too strict a standard in denying industrial accident recognition.
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

A worker, who had accumulated fatigue and stress from an excessive workload, died of acute heart failure while sprinting to catch his commuter shuttle bus. The central issue was whether there was a 'substantial causal relationship' (상당인과관계) between his work and his death, which is required under Korean law to recognize a death as an industrial accident (산업재해) eligible for survivor benefits. The Supreme Court (대법원) held that such a causal relationship can be recognized when work-related overwork and stress combine with and either trigger or aggravate an underlying medical condition, and remanded the case because the lower court had failed to properly examine this possibility.

Key takeaways
  • CaseA worker suffering from chronic work-related overwork and stress died of acute heart failure after sprinting to catch his commuter shuttle bus.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court ruled that a causal link between work stress and death can be recognized even without strict medical proof, and sent the case back for further review.
  • LessonEmployers and insurers should note that industrial accident claims involving cumulative work stress can succeed even without definitive medical evidence, if circumstances reasonably support a causal connection.
Issues
  • What standard of proof is required to establish a substantial causal relationship (상당인과관계) between work and injury/death for purposes of industrial accident (산업재해) recognition
  • Whether the act of sprinting to catch a commuter shuttle bus, while suffering from accumulated work-related fatigue and stress, can be causally linked to a subsequent death from acute heart failure
Key reasoning

The Supreme Court reasoned that a causal relationship exists whenever job-related overwork or stress overlaps with the primary cause of a disease and either triggers or worsens it. Importantly, the Court clarified that this causal relationship does not need to be proven with strict medical or scientific certainty. Instead, if the totality of the circumstances reasonably supports an inference of a substantial causal link between the work and the death, that is sufficient to satisfy the burden of proof. Applying this looser evidentiary standard, the Court found that the lower court had improperly demanded overly rigorous medical proof and had not adequately considered whether the worker's accumulated overwork and stress, combined with the physical exertion of running for the bus, could have caused or worsened the heart condition leading to his death.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] The term "occupational injury or disease" under the Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance Act (산업재해보상보험법) refers to a disease that arises out of and in the course of an employee's performance of work; thus, there must be a causal relationship between the work and the disease. However, even if the primary cause of the disease is not directly related to the performance of work, if at least the fatigue or stress from work has been superimposed upon the primary cause of the disease so as to induce or aggravate the disease, a causal relationship between them must be recognized. Such causal relationship need not necessarily be clearly proven in a medical or natural scientific manner; it is sufficient if, in light of all the circumstances, a proximate causal relationship between the work and the disease can be inferred to exist.

[2] A case holding that it can be inferred that the deceased, who was in a state of accumulated fatigue and stress due to excessive work, suddenly died of acute cardiac failure, etc., triggered by the act of running to catch the commuter bus.

Full text (English, AI translation) 9,858 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellant] Plaintiff (Attorney Heo Tae-gun, Counsel for the Plaintiff)
[Defendant, Appellee] Korea Workers' Compensation & Welfare Service (근로복지공단)
[Judgment Below] Busan High Court Decision 2002Nu4204 rendered on May 16, 2003

[Order]

The judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Busan High Court.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal are examined.

1. The court below, upon comprehensive consideration of the evidence it adopted, found the following facts: the Plaintiff's husband, the deceased Nonparty 1 (born November 1, 1947), joined ○○○○ Co., Ltd. on October 28, 1983 and had worked as a maintenance worker in the support team of the △△ Factory. On February 8, 2001, at around 07:00, while heading to work, the deceased met his colleagues Nonparty 2 and Nonparty 3 in an alley and was walking with them toward the commuter bus stop in front of the Gwaebeop Police Substation when he saw the commuter bus passing by. In order not to miss it, he ran together with the other two colleagues, but unlike the two colleagues who gave up midway, he continued running for about 300 to 400 meters to the next stop in front of the Myeongmi Motel on the industrial road, and, out of breath, barely managed to board the bus and moved to the inside. As the bus was approaching the next stop, he said, "I can't stand it anymore. I have to get off," and moved toward the front of the bus to get off, but suddenly collapsed while holding onto a seat with both hands. He received emergency treatment from his colleagues and was transported for medical care, but died at around 07:15 that day. The physician who examined the body presumed the direct cause of death to be acute cardiac failure. The deceased's duties consisted of the overall management of all facilities and equipment at the factory, including welding of broken machinery using acetylene welding equipment and gas-gathering welding equipment, melting and intense-heat work, replacement of aged pipes, and maintenance of piping and mechanical equipment. Due to the nature of the work, he often performed extended work hours or worked on holidays mainly when the production line was stopped or during rest periods, but since he only performed work when there was machinery to repair or piping to replace, his workload was relatively manageable and he had considerable leeway. Although he worked on holidays about 2 to 3 days a month, this was the usual work pattern, and he was guaranteed about 3 to 4 days off per month; even when holiday work finished early, the pattern was such that he would rest in the locker room, etc., and leave only after filling the required working hours. The deceased's workplace at the aforementioned company was a large, old building with a total floor area of 20,313 pyeong, and most of the mechanical equipment was installed at a height of about 3 to 4 meters on the exterior of the building, so he often had to work while elevated in the air. The maintenance team to which the deceased belonged consisted of a total of 10 employees, including the deceased, of whom 4 rotated night shifts while the remaining 6 worked only day shifts. Daytime working hours were from 07:50 to 18:10 on weekdays, with lunch from 12:00 to 13:00, and from 07:50 to 15:30 on Saturdays, with Sundays generally being days off; night shift working hours were from 18:00 to 08:00. The deceased worked rotating day and night shifts from the time he joined the company until around the end of July 1997 in accordance with these working hours, and then switched to day shifts from around August 1997. He mainly commuted by commuter bus, usually leaving home at around 06:40 to catch the bus, and due to the nature of the work, he worked approximately 1 to 2 hours of overtime every day. In particular, from about three months before the accident in this case, due to the winter season, his workload increased more than usual because of preventive work and pipe replacement work caused by frozen pipes, and he worked even on regular days off and on the Lunar New Year holiday. Although two employees belonging to the maintenance team had retired due to age limits without being replaced, the duties handled by those retirees were facility repair work (electrical, carpentry, civil engineering) unrelated to the deceased, and when work that the deceased and his fellow worker Nonparty 4 could not handle arose, it was outsourced to external contractors. Having found these facts as stated in its reasoning, the court below determined that these findings alone were insufficient to conclude that the deceased was in a state of accumulated work-related fatigue and stress at the time of the accident in this case, that such accumulated occupational fatigue caused the acute cardiac failure at issue in this case, or that such fatigue and stress combined with the act of running to catch the commuter bus to cause death from acute cardiac failure. The court below further determined that the acute cardiac failure presumed to be the cause of the deceased's death could only be viewed as having occurred because the deceased, then 53 years and slightly over 3 months old, ran forcibly for 300 to 400 meters without regard to his physical condition in order not to miss the commuter bus; and that, according to the evidence adopted, most employees of the aforementioned company who resided in the Busan area commuted to and from work by the commuter bus provided by the company, and using the commuter bus took about 15 to 20 minutes longer than using other means of transportation; the two other employees who ran along with the deceased in an attempt to catch the commuter bus involved in this accident but gave up partway used other means of transportation and arrived at work without being late; and, in addition, whether or not to run in order to catch the bus before boarding was a matter left to the deceased's own choice. In light of these circumstances, the court below determined that the deceased's act of running forcibly to catch the commuter bus without regard to his own age and physical condition could not be viewed as a commuting act constituting preparatory action for work that was under the control of the employer.

2. However, the judgment of the court below cannot be upheld as it stands, for the following reasons.

An occupational accident under the Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance Act (산업재해보상보험법) refers to a disease arising in the course of an employee's performance of duties and attributable to those duties; therefore, there must be a causal relationship between the work and the disease. However, even if the primary cause of the disease is not directly related to the performance of duties, if work-related fatigue or stress at least combined with the primary cause of the disease to induce or aggravate the disease, a causal relationship should be found to exist between them. Such causal relationship need not be clearly proven medically or scientifically; even where it may be inferred, considering all the circumstances, that there is a substantial causal relationship between the work and the disease, such proof shall be deemed to have been established (see Supreme Court Decision 98Du12642 rendered on December 8, 1998; Supreme Court Decision 2000Du9922 rendered on April 13, 2001, etc.).

Considering the facts lawfully found by the court below and the following circumstances appearing in the record — namely, that the deceased worked approximately 1 to 2 hours of overtime every day from the time he joined the company until the day before the accident in this case; that, in particular, from about three months before the accident, his workload increased more than usual due to preventive work in preparation for the winter season and pipe replacement work caused by frozen pipes; that during the six-day Lunar New Year holiday period about two weeks before the accident, he came to work on two of those days; that he also worked on Sunday, February 4, 2001, four days before the accident; and that the work the deceased was in charge of, by its nature, often required him to work while elevated in the air, so that danger was always lurking and tension and concentration were constantly required — it may be considered that the deceased continued to perform work that was more burdensome than the ordinary working hours and job content of employees engaged in the same type of occupation over a long period. Meanwhile, it is a medical opinion that fatigue, stress, and sudden exertion such as running can be causes of acute cardiac failure. Given these circumstances, it may be inferred that the deceased, while in a state of accumulated fatigue and stress due to excessive work, suddenly died of acute cardiac failure or a similar condition triggered by the act of running to catch the commuter bus, whereas it is difficult to find in the record any circumstances suggesting that the deceased had any particular pre-existing illness or other cause of death.

Therefore, the court below's conclusion that the deceased's death did not constitute an occupational accident, based on the reasons stated in its judgment, involves an unlawful act affecting the judgment, in that it failed to fully examine the evidence and violated the rules of evidence, thereby erring in its findings of fact, or misunderstood the legal principles concerning occupational accidents under the Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance Act.

3. Accordingly, without examining the remaining grounds of appeal, the judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the court below for further examination and adjudication, in accordance with the unanimous opinion of the Justices participating in the decision, as stated in the Order.

Justice Byun Jae-seung (Presiding Justice), Yoon Jae-sik, Kang Sin-uk (Justice in Charge), Ko Hyeon-cheol

【판결요지】

[1] 산업재해보상보험법 소정의 업무상 재해라고 함은 근로자의 업무수행 중 그 업무에 기인하여 발생한 질병을 의미하는 것이므로 업무와 질병 사이에 인과관계가 있어야 하지만, 질병의 주된 발생원인이 업무수행과 직접적인 관계가 없더라도 적어도 업무상의 과로나 스트레스가 질병의 주된 발생원인에 겹쳐서 질병을 유발 또는 악화시켰다면 그 사이에 인과관계가 있다고 보아야 할 것이고, 그 인과관계는 반드시 의학적·자연과학적으로 명백히 입증되어야 하는 것은 아니고 제반 사정을 고려할 때 업무와 질병 사이에 상당인과관계가 있다고 추단되는 경우에도 그 입증이 있다고 보아야 한다.

[2] 망인이 과중한 업무로 인한 과로 및 스트레스가 누적된 상태에 있던 중 통근버스에 탑승하기 위하여 질주한 행위가 유발원인이 되어 급성심부전증 등으로 갑자기 사망한 것으로 추단할 수 있다고 한 사례.

【참조조문】

[1] 산업재해보상보험법 제4조 제1호, 민사소송법 제202조, 행정소송법 제8조 제2항, 제26조[입증책임]

[2] 산업재해보상보험법 제4조 제1호, 민사소송법 제202조, 행정소송법 제8조 제2항, 제26조[입증책임]

【참조판례】

[1] 대법원 1998. 12. 8. 선고 98두12642 판결(공1999상, 144), 대법원 1999. 12. 10. 선고 99두10360 판결(공2000상, 210), 대법원 2000. 1. 28. 선고 99두10438 판결(공2000상, 608), 대법원 2000. 3. 23. 선고 2000두130 판결, 대법원 2000. 5. 12. 선고 99두11424 판결(공2000하, 1431), 대법원 2000. 5. 12. 선고 99두11424 판결(공2000하, 1431), 대법원 2001. 4. 10. 선고 2000두3542 판결, 대법원 2001. 4. 13. 선고 2000두9922 판결(공2001상, 1148), 대법원 2001. 4. 13. 선고 2000두9922 판결(공2001상, 1148), 대법원 2001. 10. 12. 선고 2001두3723 판결, 대법원 2001. 10. 12. 선고 2001두3730 판결, 대법원 2003. 10. 10. 선고 2003두4164 판결

【주문】·【이유】 전문 3,874자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인】 원고 (소송대리인 변호사 허태군)

【피고, 피상고인】 근로복지공단

【원심판결】 부산고법 2003. 5. 16. 선고 2002누4204 판결

【주 문】

원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 부산고등법원에 환송한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 판단한다.

1. 원심은 그 채택증거를 종합하여 원고의 남편 망 소외 1(1947. 11. 1.생)은 1983. 10. 28. 주식회사 ○○○○에 입사하여 △△공장 지원팀 공무계 근로자로 근무하여 왔는데, 위 망인은 2001. 2. 8. 07:00 경 출근을 위해 골목길에서 만난 동료 소외 2, 소외 3과 함께 괘법파출소 앞 통근버스 정류장 쪽으로 가던 중 통근버스가 지나가는 것을 목격하고는 이를 놓치지 않으려고 같이 뛰다가 도중에 포기한 동료 2명과 달리 300 내지 400m 정도 떨어진 다음 정류장인 산업도로 명미모텔 앞까지 뒤쫓아 뛰어가서는 숨이 찬 상태에서 가까스로 탑승하여 안쪽으로 갔다가 그 다음 정류장에 도착할 무렵 "도저히 못 참겠다. 내려야겠다."고 하면서 버스 앞쪽으로 가서 내리려고 하다가 갑자기 의자를 양손으로 잡은 채 스르륵 쓰러져 동료들의 응급조치를 받고 후송되어 치료를 받았으나 그 날 07:15 경 사망하였고, 망인의 사체를 검안한 의사는 망인의 직접사인을 급성심부전증으로 추정한 사실, 망인의 취급업무는 아세틸렌용접장치 및 가스집합용접장치를 이용한 파손된 기계의 용접, 융단 및 강열작업, 노후된 파이프의 교체작업, 배관설비, 기계설비, 유지보수 등 위 공장의 모든 시설, 설비의 전반적인 관리를 하는 업무였는데, 업무특성상 주로 생산라인이 정지되거나 휴식시간에 작업을 하는 관계로 연장근로를 하거나 휴일에 근무를 하는 경우가 많았으나, 평소 손을 볼 기계가 있다든지 배관 등의 교체작업이 있을 경우에만 작업을 수행하였으므로 비교적 여유가 많은 편이었던 사실, 한 달에 2~3일 정도의 휴일근무가 있었으나 이는 통상적인 근무형태였고, 휴무도 한 달에 3~4일 정도는 보장이 되었으며, 휴일근무는 작업이 빨리 끝나더라도 근무시간을 채우기 위해 탈의실 등에서 쉬고 퇴근하는 형태로 이루어진 사실, 망인의 작업장인 소외 회사는 연면적이 20,313평이나 되는 큰 건물로 오래되어 낡았고, 또한 기계설비의 대부분이 건물 외곽 3~4m 정도의 높이에 설치되어 있어 공중에 올라가 작업을 하는 경우가 많았던 사실, 망인 소속의 공무계의 직원은 망인을 포함하여 총 10명으로 구성되어 있는데 그 중 4명은 야간업무를 교대로 수행하고 나머지 6명은 주간근무만 하는 체제로 운영되었으며, 주간근무시간은 평일 07:50∼18:10이고, 중식시간은 12:00∼13:00이며, 토요일은 07:50∼15:30까지이고, 일요일은 일반적으로 휴무이며, 야간근무조 근무시간은 18:00∼08:00이었던 사실, 망인은 위 근로시간에 맞추어 입사 시부터 1997. 7. 말경까지는 주·야간 교대업무를 하다가 1997. 8.경부터 주간근무로 전환하였고, 출근은 주로 통근버스를 이용하였는데 통근버스를 타기 위하여 집에서 보통 06:40경에 나왔으며, 근무시간은 작업 특성상 매일 약 1∼2시간 연장근무를 하였고, 특히 이 사건 재해발생 3개월 전부터는 동절기라 사전예방작업과 동파로 인한 파이프교체작업 등으로 평소보다 업무가 늘어났으며, 정기휴무 및 구정휴무일에도 근무하였던 사실, 공무계 소속 근로자 2명이 정년 퇴직하였음에도 인원충원이 되지 않은 사실은 있으나, 위 정년 퇴직자들이 담당한 업무는 영선업무(전지, 목공, 토목)로서 망인과는 무관하였고, 업무가 망인과 동료 근로자인 소외 4가 소화하기 어려울 경우에는 외부에 도급을 주어 처리한 사실 등 판시사실을 인정한 다음, 위 인정사실만으로는 망인이 이 사건 재해 당시 업무상 과로와 스트레스가 누적된 상태에 있었고 이러한 누적된 직무상 과로가 원인이 되어 이 사건 상병인 급성심부전증이 유발되었다거나, 이러한 과로와 스트레스가 통근버스 탑승시의 질주행위에 겹쳐서 급성심부전증 등으로 사망하였다고 보기 어렵다고 판단하고, 이어서 망인의 사망원인으로 추정되는 급성심부전증은 당시 만 53세 3개월 남짓된 망인이 통근버스를 놓치지 않으려고 자신의 신체상태를 고려하지 아니하고 무리하게 300-400m를 질주한 탓으로 발병한 것이라고 볼 수밖에 없다 할 것인데, 그 채택 증거에 의하면, 소외 회사 소속 근로자 중 부산지역에 거주하는 근로자는 대개 소외 회사가 제공하는 통근버스에 의하여 출·퇴근을 하였고, 통근버스를 이용하면 다른 교통수단을 이용하는 경우에 비하여 15~20분 정도의 시간이 더 소요되었던 사실, 이 사건 재해발생 통근버스를 타기 위하여 망인과 함께 통근버스를 뒤쫓아 뛰다가 포기한 다른 2명의 근로자들은 다른 교통수단을 이용하였으나 지각하지 않고 출근한 사실을 알 수 있고, 여기에다 통근버스 탑승 이전에 탑승을 위하여 질주할 것인지 여부는 망인의 선택에 달려 있다고 할 것이라는 점 등에 비추어 볼 때 망인이 자신의 나이와 신체상태를 고려하지 않은 채 통근버스에 타기 위하여 무리하게 질주한 행위가 작업의 사전준비행위에 해당하는 출근행위로서 사업주의 지배 하에 있는 것이라고 볼 수 없다고 판단하였다.

2. 그러나 원심의 판단은 다음과 같은 이유에서 그대로 수긍할 수 없다.

산업재해보상보험법 소정의 업무상 재해라고 함은 근로자의 업무수행 중 그 업무에 기인하여 발생한 질병을 의미하는 것이므로 업무와 질병 사이에 인과관계가 있어야 하지만, 질병의 주된 발생원인이 업무수행과 직접적인 관계가 없더라도 적어도 업무상의 과로나 스트레스가 질병의 주된 발생원인에 겹쳐서 질병을 유발 또는 악화시켰다면 그 사이에 인과관계가 있다고 보아야 할 것이고, 그 인과관계는 반드시 의학적·자연과학적으로 명백히 입증되어야 하는 것은 아니고 제반 사정을 고려할 때 업무와 질병 사이에 상당인과관계가 있다고 추단되는 경우에도 그 입증이 있다고 보아야 한다(대법원 1998. 12. 8. 선고 98두12642 판결, 2001. 4. 13. 선고 2000두9922 판결 등 참조).

원심이 적법하게 인정한 사실과 기록에 나타난 다음과 같은 사정 즉, 망인이 입사시부터 이 사건 재해발생 전일까지 매일 약 1∼2시간 연장근무를 한 점, 특히 이 사건 재해발생 3개월 전부터는 동절기에 대비한 사전예방작업과 동파로 인한 파이프교체작업 등으로 평소보다 업무가 늘어난 점, 재해발생 약 보름 전 6일간의 구정 휴무기간에도 2일간은 출근하여 근무한 점, 재해발생 4일 전인 2001. 2. 4. 일요일에도 근무한 점, 망인이 담당한 작업은 그 특성상 공중에 올라가 작업을 하여야 하는 경우가 많아 항상 위험이 도사리고 있어 긴장감과 집중력이 요구되었던 점 등을 고려하면, 망인은 오랜 기간 동안 같은 업종에 종사하는 근로자들의 통상적인 업무시간 및 업무내용에 비하여 과중한 업무를 계속하였다고 볼 여지가 있고, 한편 과로 및 스트레스나 질주 등의 갑작스러운 운동은 급성심부전증의 원인이 될 수 있다는 것이 의학적인 소견이므로, 사정이 그러하다면, 망인은 과중한 업무로 인한 과로 및 스트레스가 누적된 상태에 있던 중 통근버스에 탑승하기 위하여 질주한 행위가 유발원인이 되어 급성심부전증 등으로 갑자기 사망한 것으로 추단할 수 있는 반면, 기록상 망인에게 달리 특별한 지병이나 다른 사망원인이 있었다고 볼 만한 사정은 찾아보기 어렵다.

따라서 원심이 그 판시와 같은 사유로 망인의 사망이 업무상 재해에 해당하지 않는다고 단정한 데에는 심리를 다하지 아니하고 채증법칙을 위배하여 사실을 오인하였거나 산업재해보상보험법상의 업무상 재해에 관한 법리를 오해함으로써 판결에 영향을 미친 위법이 있다.

3. 그러므로 나머지 상고이유에 대한 판단을 생략한 채 원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 다시 심리·판단하도록 원심법원에 환송하기로 관여 대법관의 의견이 일치되어 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 변재승(재판장) 윤재식 강신욱(주심) 고현철

Related statutes

Similar cases

Cases with high content similarity to this one.

#1
2020구합83164 · 서울행정법원 0001-01-01
Revocation of Disposition Denying Survivors' Benefits and Fu
#2
2021구합55562 · 서울행정법원 0001-01-01
Revocation of Disposition Denying Survivors' Benefits and Fu
#3
2009두164 · 대법원 2009-03-26
Revocation of Decision Denying Survivor Compensation and Fun
#4
2016구합55780 · 서울행정법원 0001-01-01
Revocation of Disposition Denying Survivors' Benefits and Fu
#5
2003두12844 · 대법원 2004-03-26
Revocation of Disposition Denying Survivors' Compensation an

Cases citing this decision

2006두4912 · 대법원 2007-04-12
Revocation of Disposition Denying Medical Care Benefits
2005두8009 · 대법원 2005-11-10
Revocation of Disposition Denying Survivors' Benefits and Fu
2003두12912 · 대법원 2004-09-03
Revocation of Disposition Denying Survivors' Benefits and Fu
2003두12530 · 대법원 2004-04-09
Revocation of Non-Approval of Medical Care Benefits (요양불승인처분

Related tools & guides

AI answers need an account (free accounts: 2 per month) — submit and you'll return to this question after logging in. Search and case reading stay free.

Cross-check the original: 국가법령정보센터 (auxiliary link)