Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 2009두164

Revocation of Decision Denying Survivor Compensation and Funeral Expenses유족보상및장의비부지급결정취소

Decided2009. 03. 26. Court대법원Worker (family/survivors) won; case reversed and remanded (파기환송) in favor of recognizing the death as an industrial accident
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

A worker with a pre-existing arrhythmia (cardiac rhythm disorder) died suddenly of a cardiogenic cause (심인성 급사) while riding the company shuttle bus home after working overtime. The Korean Supreme Court (대법원) found that the combination of work-related overexertion and stress with the worker's underlying heart condition led to his death, and therefore ruled this qualified as an industrial accident (업무상 재해). The Court reversed and remanded the lower court's ruling, which had denied a substantial causal link (상당인과관계) between the work and the death.

Key takeaways
  • CaseA new employee with an existing heart arrhythmia died of a sudden cardiac event on the company bus after working overtime and struggling with job-related stress.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court ruled this was a compensable industrial accident, finding that work stress combined with the pre-existing condition to cause death, and sent the case back for reconsideration.
  • LessonEmployers should recognize that combining work-related stress with an employee's known health conditions can create legal liability for industrial accident compensation, even without absolute medical proof of causation.
Issues
  • Whether a death resulting from the interaction between work-related overexertion/stress and a pre-existing medical condition qualifies as an industrial accident (업무상 재해)
  • What standard should be applied to determine substantial causation (상당인과관계) between work duties and the onset or aggravation of illness leading to death
Key reasoning

Under Korean labor compensation law, when work-related overexertion or stress combines with an underlying medical condition to cause or worsen that condition, a substantial causal relationship (상당인과관계) between the work and the resulting death or injury can be established. Importantly, this causal link does not need to be proven with clear medical certainty—it is sufficient if it can be reasonably inferred from the overall circumstances of the case. In this case, the deceased worker, a new employee, faced significant difficulty adjusting to his job and experienced stress from work-related mistakes. The Court found that this workplace stress, combined with his pre-existing arrhythmia, was sufficient to have triggered the fatal cardiogenic event, even without definitive medical proof of the exact causal mechanism.

Full text (English, AI translation) 9,920 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellant]

[Defendant, Appellee] Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service (근로복지공단)
[Judgment Below] Gwangju High Court Judgment 2007Nu1674, decided December 4, 2008

[Order]

The judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Gwangju High Court.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal are examined.

1. The court below, comprehensively considering the evidence it adopted, found the following facts: the Plaintiff's wife, the deceased Nonparty 1 (born November 27, 1977; hereinafter "the Deceased"), joined Nonparty 2 Co., Ltd. (hereinafter "the Company"), a company manufacturing and assembling electronic products, on May 3, 2006, and worked there; on July 6, 2006, at around 22:00, after finishing overtime work, she boarded the company commuter bus to go home, and at around 22:20, while inside the commuter bus, she suffered a seizure and was transported to a hospital, but was already dead by the time of arrival; the autopsy result presumed the cause of the Deceased's death to be "psychogenic sudden death"; the Company operated on a five-day workweek, with weekday working hours from 08:00 to 16:50, but at the beginning and end of each month, workload typically increased, requiring the factory to operate an additional 4.5 hours per day for several days, and when 4.5 hours of overtime operation occurred on a weekday, work ended at 22:00; after joining the Company, the Deceased was assigned to the parts supply team of the switch assembly department for electronic products, where her duties involved loading approximately 80 kinds of parts onto a hand-cart or carrying them by hand from the materials warehouse to the assembly line; one or two days before the Deceased's death, she mistakenly failed to deliver parts to the necessary location in time, causing the operation line to be halted for three hours, for which she was reprimanded by her supervisor; during the 10 days before the Deceased's death, she did not work overtime for four days from June 26 to June 29, 2006, worked 4.5 hours of overtime on June 30, worked 4 hours of special overtime on Saturday, July 1, took a day off on Sunday, July 2, and then worked 4.5 hours of overtime for four consecutive days from July 3 until the day of her death, July 6; the Deceased was normally of an amicable and lively personality; and the Deceased had been diagnosed with arrhythmia on October 24, 2003, and had taken medication for the arrhythmia, but discontinued taking it after January 10, 2006. Based on these findings, the court below considered that: apart from her arrhythmia, the Deceased was healthy, lively, and active; her arrhythmia was in a state that did not interfere with daily life even after she stopped taking medication from January 10, 2006; her work duties, consisting of loading about 80 kinds of parts onto a hand-cart or carrying them by hand from the materials warehouse to the assembly line, were not of a nature likely to cause mental or physical overwork; although the Deceased worked 4.5 hours of overtime for four consecutive days up to the day of her death, she had rested sufficiently beforehand, having had the previous Sunday off and having worked only 4 hours on Saturday, such that the overtime work alone could not be deemed to have caused chronic physical or mental overwork; and although the Deceased, due to her own work error one or two days before the incident, caused a three-hour production halt and was reprimanded by her supervisor, and her colleagues had to work 4.5 hours of overtime that day to make up for the production shortfall, it was difficult to find, in light of the Deceased's ordinarily amicable personality, that she would have suffered severe mental stress from these circumstances alone. Comprehensively considering the foregoing, the court below determined that it was difficult to view the Deceased as having suffered overwork or excessive stress to the degree of causing psychogenic sudden death, and therefore no proximate causal relationship could be recognized between the Deceased's death and her work, and accordingly held that the Defendant's disposition in this case was lawful.

2. However, the judgment below cannot be upheld as it stands, for the following reasons.

Under Article 4, Subparagraph 1 of the former Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance Act (산업재해보상보험법; before its full amendment by Act No. 8373 of April 11, 2007), "occupational accident" means an injury or illness arising from and caused by an employee's performance of duties in the course of work; accordingly, there must be a causal relationship between the work and the illness that caused the death. However, even if the primary cause of the illness is not directly related to the performance of duties, if at least work-related overwork or stress was superimposed on the primary cause of the illness and thereby induced or aggravated the illness, a causal relationship between them should be recognized. Such causal relationship need not be clearly proven in a medical or scientific manner; even where it may be inferred, in light of all the circumstances, that there is a proximate causal relationship between the work and the illness, such proof shall be deemed to have been established. Moreover, this includes cases where an underlying or pre-existing illness, which would normally permit normal work performance, was rapidly aggravated beyond its natural progression due to excessive workload or other work-related causes. In such cases, whether there is a causal relationship between the work and the illness or death should be determined not on the basis of an ordinary average person, but on the basis of the health and physical condition of the employee in question. Furthermore, where the nature of the overwork is such that it would be difficult for an ordinary person to endure, and it is revealed that the person had an illness or constitutional factor that carried a risk of death, then, absent any special circumstance shown to have been another inducing cause of death apart from the overwork, it accords with empirical and logical rules to presume that the death resulted from work-related overwork and the physical factor (see, e.g., Supreme Court Judgment 98Du16873, decided February 9, 1999; Supreme Court Judgment 2006Du17956, decided February 28, 2008).

In light of the facts lawfully found by the court below and the following circumstances appearing in the record: ① the duties that the Deceased performed at the Company involved sorting approximately 80 kinds of parts, supplying them in a timely manner to the necessary operation lines, and checking for and requesting the supply of parts that were insufficient—work which, given its nature, would likely have been difficult for the Deceased to fully adapt to, having been employed for only a little over two months; ② Cho Chun-hwa, the production team leader and the Deceased's supervisor, stated during the Defendant's industrial accident investigation that the duties assigned to the Deceased could be difficult for a new and inexperienced employee, and that the Deceased was not among the quicker employees in grasping her work compared to others; ③ the Deceased had been solely a homemaker without prior work experience before taking this job, and thus likely experienced greater difficulty adapting to work compared to others with prior work experience; ④ the Deceased worked 4.5 hours of overtime for four consecutive days before her death (amounting to more than 12 hours of work per day), and on the day of her death as well, after finishing overtime work at around 22:00 and boarding the commuter bus to go home, she suffered a seizure inside the bus and died; ⑤ one or two days before her death, the Deceased mistakenly failed to deliver necessary parts in time, causing the operation line to halt for three hours, for which she was reprimanded by her supervisor, and her fellow workers had to work additional overtime as a result—circumstances which, even taking into account the Deceased's ordinarily amicable and lively personality, are likely to have imposed considerable psychological burden and stress on the Deceased, who had only begun working at the Company a little over two months earlier—it may be considered that, in light of the Deceased's health and physical condition, the Deceased suffered overwork due to an excessive workload or experienced stress due to a work-related mistake. Furthermore, it is a medical opinion that overwork and stress can be an inducing cause of psychogenic sudden death, and no special circumstance can be found suggesting any other inducing cause of death apart from overwork or stress. Given these circumstances, even if the Deceased's pre-existing illnesses, arrhythmia and cardiomegaly, were unrelated to her work, it may be inferred that the above overwork and stress aggravated the pre-existing illness beyond its natural rate of progression, causing the Deceased to suffer psychogenic sudden death, or that they were superimposed on the pre-existing illness to cause the psychogenic sudden death.

Therefore, the court below's determination that the Deceased's death does not constitute an occupational accident, for the reasons stated in its judgment, involves a failure to fully examine the evidence and a misapprehension of facts in violation of the rules of evidence, or a misunderstanding of the legal principles concerning occupational accidents under the Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance Act (산업재해보상보험법), which constitutes an unlawfulness that affected the judgment.

3. Accordingly, the judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the court below for further hearing and determination. This Decision is rendered by the unanimous opinion of the Justices participating, as set forth in the Order.

Justice Lee Hong-hoon (Presiding Justice), Kim Young-ran, Kim Neung-hwan, Cha Han-sung (Justice in Charge)

【참조조문】

[1] 구 산업재해보상보험법(2007. 4. 11. 법률 제8373호로 전문 개정되기 전의 것) 제4조 제1호(현행 제5조 제1호 참조)

[2] 구 산업재해보상보험법(2007. 4. 11. 법률 제8373호로 전문 개정되기 전의 것) 제4조 제1호(현행 제5조 제1호 참조)

【참조판례】

[1] 대법원 2007. 4. 12. 선고 2006두4912 판결(공2007상, 722), 대법원 2008. 2. 28. 선고 2006두17956 판결, 대법원 2008. 3. 13. 선고 2007두2029 판결

【주문】·【이유】 전문 3,944자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인】

【피고, 피상고인】 근로복지공단

【원심판결】 광주고법 2008. 12. 4. 선고 2007누1674 판결

【주 문】

원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 광주고등법원으로 환송한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 판단한다.

1. 원심은 그 채택 증거를 종합하여, 원고의 처 망 소외 1(1977. 11. 27.생, 이하 ‘망인’이라고 한다)는 2006. 5. 3. 전자제품 조립생산업체인 소외 2 주식회사(이하 ‘소외 회사’라고 한다)에 입사하여 근무해오다가, 2006. 7. 6. 22:00경 연장근무를 마치고 회사통근버스에 승차하여 퇴근하던 중 22:20경 통근버스 내에서 발작을 일으켜 병원으로 후송되었으나 이미 사망한 상태이었던 사실, 부검 결과 망인의 사망원인은 ‘심인성 급사’로 추정된 사실, 소외 회사는 주 5일제로 운영되었고 평일 근무시간은 08:00부터 16:50까지였는데, 통상 매월 월초와 월말에는 업무가 증가하여 공장을 1일 4.5시간씩 며칠간 연장가동하였고, 평일에 4.5시간 연장가동을 할 경우 조업은 22:00에 종료되었던 사실, 망인은 소외 회사에 입사한 후 전자제품용 스위치 조립부서의 부품공급팀에 소속되어 80여 종의 부품을 자재창고에서 손수레에 싣거나 손으로 들어 조립라인으로 운반하는 업무를 담당하였는데, 망인의 사망 1~2일 전에 망인이 실수로 부품을 필요한 곳에 적시에 운반해 주지 못하여 조업라인의 가동이 3시간 동안 중단되는 일이 발생하였고, 그로 인하여 망인은 상사로부터 질책을 받은 사실, 망인이 사망하기 전 10일의 기간 중 2006. 6. 26.부터 같은 달 29.까지 4일간은 연장근무를 하지 않았고, 6. 30.에는 4.5시간 연장근무를 하였으며, 토요일인 7. 1.에는 4시간의 특근을 하고, 이어 일요일인 7. 2. 휴무를 한 후 7. 3.부터 사망 당일인 7. 6.까지 4일 연속 4.5시간 연장근무를 한 사실, 망인은 평소 성격이 원만하고 활발하였던 사실, 망인이 2003. 10. 24. 부정맥으로 진단받고 부정맥 치료약을 복용하다가 2006. 1. 10. 이후에는 복용을 중단하였던 사실을 인정한 다음, 위 인정 사실과 같이 망인이 부정맥을 지닌 외에는 건강하고 활발하며 활동적이었던 점, 부정맥의 상태가 2006. 1. 10. 이후에는 약물복용을 중단하여도 일상생활에 지장이 없을 정도였던 점, 망인의 업무내용은 80여 종의 부품을 자재창고에서 손수레에 싣거나 손으로 들어 조립라인으로 운반하는 것으로서 정신적·육체적으로 과로를 일으킬 만한 것이 아니었던 점, 망인이 사망일까지 4일 연속하여 4.5시간의 연장근무를 하였으나 그 전 일요일은 휴무, 토요일에는 4시간의 근무만 하는 등 충분한 휴식을 한 후에 연장근무를 한 것이어서 그 정도만으로는 연장근무가 만성적으로 육체적·정신적 과로를 유발한 것으로 볼 수 없는 점, 망인이 재해 발생 1~2일 전 자신의 업무과실로 인하여 3시간 동안 생산이 중단되어 상사로부터 질책을 받았으며, 생산차질을 만회하기 위하여 동료들이 그 날 4.5시간 연장근무를 하게 되었다는 사정만으로는 망인의 평소 성격에 비추어 심한 정신적 스트레스를 받았을 것이라고 인정하기 어려운 점 등을 종합하면, 망인이 심인성 급사를 일으킬 정도로 과로를 하거나 과중한 스트레스를 받았던 것으로 보기 어려우므로, 망인의 사망과 업무 사이에 상당인과관계를 인정할 수 없다는 이유로 피고가 한 이 사건 처분은 적법하다고 판단하였다.

2. 그러나 원심의 판단은 다음과 같은 이유에서 그대로 수긍할 수 없다.

구 산업재해보상보험법(2007. 4. 11. 법률 제8373호로 전문 개정되기 전의 것) 제4조 제1호에 정한 ‘업무상의 재해’라고 함은 근로자의 업무수행 중 그 업무에 기인하여 발생한 질병을 의미하는 것이므로 업무와 사망의 원인이 된 질병 사이에 인과관계가 있어야 하지만, 질병의 주된 발생원인이 업무수행과 직접적인 관계가 없더라도 적어도 업무상의 과로나 스트레스가 질병의 주된 발생원인에 겹쳐서 질병을 유발 또는 악화시켰다면 그 사이에 인과관계가 있다고 보아야 할 것이고, 그 인과관계는 반드시 의학적·자연과학적으로 명백히 증명하여야 하는 것은 아니고 제반 사정을 고려할 때 업무와 질병 사이에 상당인과관계가 있다고 추단되는 경우에도 그 증명이 있다고 보아야 하며, 또한 평소에 정상적인 근무가 가능한 기초질병이나 기존질병이 직무의 과중 등이 원인이 되어 자연적인 진행속도 이상으로 급격하게 악화된 때에도 그 증명이 있는 경우에 포함되는 것이고, 이때 업무와 질병 또는 사망과의 인과관계 유무는 보통 평균인이 아니라 당해 근로자의 건강과 신체조건을 기준으로 판단하여야 한다. 나아가 과로의 내용이 통상인이 감내하기 곤란한 정도이고 본인에게 그로 인하여 사망에 이를 위험이 있는 질병이나 체질적 요인이 있었던 것으로 밝혀진 경우에는 과로 이외에 달리 사망의 유인이 되었다고 볼 특별한 사정이 드러나지 아니하는 한 업무상 과로와 신체적 요인으로 사망한 것으로 추정함이 경험칙과 논리칙에 부합한다 할 것이다 ( 대법원 1999. 2. 9. 선고 98두16873 판결, 대법원 2008. 2. 28. 선고 2006두17956 판결 등 참조).

원심이 적법하게 인정한 사실과 기록에 나타난 다음과 같은 사정들 즉, ① 망인이 소외 회사에서 담당했던 업무는 80여 종에 달하는 부품을 분류하여 필요한 조업라인에 적시에 공급하고 부족한 부품을 체크하여 공급을 요청하는 것으로서, 그 업무 내용상 입사한 지 두 달 남짓 되었을 뿐인 망인이 충분히 적응하기는 어려웠을 것으로 보이는 점, ② 망인의 상사인 생산조장 조춘화도 피고의 산재조사과정에서 망인의 담당업무가 숙련되지 않은 신규직원에게는 어려울 수 있는 일이고, 망인의 경우 다른 직원들에 비해 업무파악이 빠른 편이 아니었다고 진술한 바 있는 점, ③ 망인의 경우 직장생활을 하지 않고 주부로만 지내다가 취업을 한 것이어서 직장생활 경험이 있는 다른 사람들보다 업무적응에 더 어려움을 겪었을 것으로 보이는 점, ④ 망인이 사망 전 연속 4일간 4.5시간씩 연장근무를 하였고(하루 12시간 이상을 근무한 셈이 된다), 사망 당일에도 22:00경 연장근무를 마치고 통근버스를 이용하여 퇴근하던 중 통근버스 안에서 발작을 일으켜 사망에 이른 점, ⑤ 망인이 사망 1~2일 전 실수로 필요한 부품을 적시에 운반해주지 못하여 조업라인의 가동이 3시간 동안 중단되는 사고가 발생하여 상사로부터 질책을 받고 동료 근로자들이 추가로 연장근무를 해야 하는 일이 발생하였는데, 이와 같은 일은, 원만하고 활발했던 망인의 평소 성격을 감안하더라도, 직장생활을 시작한 지 두 달 남짓밖에 안 되었던 망인에게는 큰 심적 부담과 스트레스로 작용했을 것으로 보이는 점 등을 고려하면, 망인의 건강과 신체조건에 비추어 볼 때 망인이 과중한 업무로 과로하거나 업무상 실수로 인하여 스트레스를 받았다고 볼 여지가 있고, 한편 과로와 스트레스가 심인성 급사의 유인이 될 수 있다는 것이 의학적 소견이며, 나아가 과로나 스트레스 이외에 달리 사망의 유인이 되었다고 볼 만한 특별한 사정을 찾아볼 수도 없으므로, 사정이 이러하다면 망인의 기존질병인 부정맥이나 심비대가 업무와 관련이 없다고 하더라도, 위와 같은 과로와 스트레스가 기존질병을 자연적인 진행속도 이상으로 악화시켜 망인으로 하여금 심인성 급사에 이르게 하였거나 기존질병과 겹쳐 심인성 급사에 이르게 한 것으로 추단된다고 할 것이다.

따라서 원심이 그 판시와 같은 사유로 망인의 사망이 업무상 재해에 해당하지 않는다고 판단한 것은 심리를 다하지 아니하고 채증법칙을 위배하여 사실을 오인하였거나 산업재해보상보험법상의 업무상 재해에 관한 법리를 오해함으로써 판결에 영향을 미친 위법이 있다.

3. 그러므로 원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 다시 심리·판단하도록 원심법원에 환송하기로 하여 관여 대법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 이홍훈(재판장) 김영란 김능환 차한성(주심)

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