Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 97누18189

Revocation of Reexamination Decision on Unfair Dismissal Remedy부당해고구제재심판정취소

Decided1998. 11. 10. Court대법원Worker won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

Nursing assistants at a psychiatric hospital collectively took a one-day unauthorized absence, but the hospital only dismissed the chief nursing assistant while merely suspending the other participants. The Supreme Court ruled this differential treatment constituted an abuse of disciplinary authority and amounted to unfair dismissal (부당해고). The Court held that even when grounds for disciplinary dismissal exist under the employment rules (취업규칙), the dismissal must involve conduct so serious that continuing the employment relationship becomes socially unacceptable, and fairness among similarly situated employees must be considered.

Key takeaways
  • CasePsychiatric hospital nursing assistants collectively took a one-day unauthorized absence, but only the chief nursing assistant was dismissed while the rest received suspension.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court ruled that dismissing only one person among equally culpable employees was an abuse of disciplinary authority violating principles of fairness, making it an unfair dismissal (부당해고).
  • LessonWhen imposing discipline, employers must treat employees who committed the same misconduct equitably, and dismissal requires conduct serious enough that continuing the employment relationship becomes intolerable.
Issues
  • The standard for determining whether a dismissal is justified when the conduct falls under a disciplinary dismissal ground in the employment rules (취업규칙)
  • Whether imposing discriminatorily harsh discipline on only some participants in collective action, while treating others more leniently for the same conduct, is lawful
Key reasoning

Even if an employee's conduct falls under a disciplinary dismissal ground listed in the employment rules (취업규칙), the dismissal is only valid if the employee's responsibility is so serious that maintaining the employment relationship would be intolerable under general social norms. In this case, the chief nursing assistant neither instigated the collective absence nor held a supervisory position over the other participants. Singling out only this employee for dismissal, while imposing the lesser penalty of suspension on the remaining participants who committed the same misconduct, violated the principle of equity in disciplinary treatment. Therefore, the dismissal was an abuse of the employer's disciplinary authority and was unlawful as an unfair dismissal (부당해고).

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] Where a collective agreement, rules of employment, etc. contain provisions concerning dismissal, a dismissal made in accordance with such provisions must be regarded as a dismissal for justifiable cause, unless the provisions themselves violate Article 27(1) of the former Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) (before its full amendment by Act No. 5309 of March 13, 1997) and are therefore invalid.

[2] Even where a case falls under a ground for disciplinary dismissal as set forth in the rules of employment, etc., the dismissal disposition made thereunder does not thereby automatically become justified; rather, it is recognized as justified only where there exists a cause attributable to the employee of such a degree that, in light of common social norms, the employment relationship can no longer be continued. Whether the employment relationship with the employee concerned can no longer be continued in light of common social norms must be determined by comprehensively examining various circumstances, including the purpose and nature of the employer's business, the conditions of the workplace, the employee's status and the content of the duties in charge, the motive and circumstances of the misconduct, the impact on the order of the enterprise—including the risk of disturbing the enterprise's hierarchical discipline resulting therefrom—and the employee's past work attitude, among other factors.

[3] A case holding that, where nursing assistants at a psychiatric hospital collectively took a one-day unauthorized absence, the dismissal disposition imposed solely on the chief nursing assistant constituted an abuse of the disciplinary authority in violation of the principle of equity.

Full text (English, AI translation) 7,549 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellant] Plaintiff Medical Corporation (Attorney Lee Taek-don, Counsel for the plaintiff)
[Defendant, Appellee] Chairman of the National Labor Relations Commission
[Intervenor for the Defendant] Intervenor for the Defendant
[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Decision 97Gu807 delivered on October 9, 1997

[Order]

The appeal is dismissed.
The costs of the appeal are assessed against the Plaintiff.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal are examined.

1. According to the reasoning of the judgment below, the court below found that, among the 17 nursing assistants working at the mental hospital operated by the Plaintiff (hereinafter "the Plaintiff's hospital"), including the Intervenor for the Defendant (hereinafter "the Intervenor"), who were dissatisfied that only nurses were paid a retention allowance, and who, upon mutual communication of intent, collectively and without leave failed to report to work on September 4, 1996, the Intervenor did not instigate or incite this act, and that even though the Intervenor held the position of chief nursing assistant, she was not in a position to direct or supervise the other nursing assistants. Upon comparing and examining the relevant evidence against the record, it cannot be said that the court below's fact-finding and its evaluation of evidence as set out above are unlawful for violating the rules of evidence or the rules of experience as pointed out in the grounds of appeal.

2. Where a collective agreement, rules of employment, or the like contains provisions concerning dismissal, a dismissal made in accordance with such provisions shall be deemed a dismissal with justifiable cause, provided that such provisions are not invalid for violating Article 27(1) of the former Labor Standards Act (Act No. 5309, before the amendment of March 13, 1997) (see Supreme Court Decision 86Daka1875 delivered on April 14, 1987; Supreme Court Decision 89Daka5451 delivered on April 27, 1990, etc.). However, even where the grounds for disciplinary dismissal set forth in the rules of employment, etc. are met, the disciplinary dismissal made thereunder is not automatically deemed justifiable; its validity is recognized only where it is carried out on grounds attributable to the employee to such a degree that the employment relationship cannot reasonably be continued in light of common social norms (see Supreme Court Decision 94Da46596 delivered on May 26, 1995). Whether the employment relationship with the employee in question cannot reasonably be continued in light of common social norms must be determined by comprehensively examining various circumstances, including the purpose and nature of the employer's business, the conditions of the workplace, the employee's position and the content of the duties in charge, the motive and circumstances of the misconduct, the risk to the order of the enterprise that may result therefrom—including the danger of disrupting the hierarchical order of the enterprise—and the employee's past record of service (see Supreme Court Decision 94Nu13053 delivered on April 25, 1995).

Examining the instant case, under statutes, nursing assistants differ significantly from nurses in the requirements for obtaining their qualifications (Articles 7 and 58 of the Medical Service Act (의료법), Articles 3 and 4 of the Regulations on Nursing Assistants and Quasi-Medical Practitioners (간호조무사및의료유사업자에관한규칙), etc.), and the scope of their duties is limited to assisting with nursing work and assisting with medical treatment (Article 2(1) of the same Regulations). According to the facts established by the court below and the record, as of around September 1996, the Plaintiff's hospital employed approximately 480 workers, including 124 nurses and 19 nursing assistants (of whom 4 were senior chief nursing assistants and 15 were general nursing assistants); the nursing assistants (both chief and general) were assigned, at a ratio of one assistant to every 4-5 nurses, to departments (wards, outpatient clinics) under the direction and supervision of nurses, where they performed duties assisting with medical treatment and nursing work. It is also found that approximately 2,800 mentally ill patients were hospitalized in the various wards of the Plaintiff's hospital, and that approximately 130 staff members (guards/attendants) were employed to perform duties such as monitoring for the protection of patients and guarding against various accidents arising from the sudden behavior of mentally ill patients. On the day the nursing assistants collectively failed to report to work, the Plaintiff's hospital responded by having nurses who had worked the night shift the previous day work extended hours, and from the following day, September 5, 1996, through September 16, 1996, it received substitute nursing-assistant personnel supplied by a staffing agency and deployed them to the clinical sites (only one substitute worker was deployed from September 5 through September 8, 1996). It is further found that the Plaintiff's hospital's rules of employment provide for five types of disciplinary action—reprimand, salary reduction, suspension, recommended resignation, and disciplinary dismissal—and stipulate that negligence in following work-related instructions or orders, or leaving one's post without permission and thereby causing damage or disorder at the hospital or creating the risk thereof, shall constitute grounds for recommended resignation or disciplinary dismissal depending on the degree and circumstances.

In light of the fact that the scope of duties of nursing assistants is thus limited to assisting work, that nursing assistants constitute only a small numerical proportion of the Plaintiff hospital's entire workforce, that the Plaintiff's hospital has a separate category of employees, namely guards/attendants, who are primarily responsible for monitoring and guarding for the protection of mentally ill patients, and that the collective unauthorized absence in this case lasted only a single day and caused only minimal damage or disruption to medical treatment at the Plaintiff's hospital, even giving full consideration to the fact that the hospital business operated by the Plaintiff is a type of public-interest business (Article 71 of the Trade Union and Labor Relations Adjustment Act (노동조합및노동관계조정법), Article 4 of the former Labor Dispute Mediation Act (구 노동쟁의조정법)) and that mental hospitals have the characteristic of a heightened risk of sudden accidents, in this case, where the Intervenor neither instigated nor incited the collective absence nor was in a position to direct or supervise the general nursing assistants, the fact that the Plaintiff imposed on all but one of the nursing assistants who participated in the collective absence a disciplinary measure of only 10 days' suspension, while imposing on the Intervenor the harshest disciplinary measure, namely dismissal, must be deemed an unlawful abuse of the disciplinary power in violation of the principle of equity.

The judgment of the court below, being to the same effect, is justified, and it cannot be said to contain any error of misunderstanding the legal principles concerning the justifiability of disciplinary dismissal.

Therefore, the appeal is dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are assessed against the losing party. This judgment is rendered as set forth in the Order, with the unanimous concurrence of the participating Justices.

Justice Seo Seong (Presiding Justice), Park Jun-seo, Lee Don-hee (Justice in charge), Lee Im-su

【판결요지】

[1] 단체협약, 취업규칙 등에 해고에 관한 규정이 있는 경우에 그것이 구 근로기준법(1997. 3. 13. 법률 제5309호로 제정되기 전의 것) 제27조 제1항의 규정에 위배되어 무효가 아닌 이상 그에 따른 해고는 정당한 이유가 있는 해고라고 보아야 한다.

[2] 취업규칙 등의 징계해고사유에 해당하는 경우, 이에 따라 이루어진 해고처분이 당연히 정당한 것으로 되는 것이 아니라 사회통념상 고용관계를 계속할 수 없을 정도로 근로자에게 책임 있는 사유가 있는 경우에 행하여져야 정당성이 인정되는 것이고, 사회통념상 당해 근로자와의 고용관계를 계속할 수 없을 정도인지는 당해 사용자의 사업의 목적과 성격, 사업장의 여건, 당해 근로자의 지위 및 담당직무의 내용, 비위행위의 동기와 경위, 이로 인하여 기업의 위계질서가 문란하게 될 위험성 등 기업질서에 미칠 영향, 과거의 근무태도 등 여러 가지 사정을 종합적으로 검토하여 판단하여야 한다.

[3] 정신병원 간호조무사들의 1일 집단결근을 이유로 주임간호조무사에 대하여만 해고 처분을 한 것이 형평의 원칙에 반하여 징계권을 남용하였다고 본 사례.

【참조조문】

[1] 구 근로기준법(1997. 3. 13. 법률 제5309호로 제정되기 전의 것) 제27조 제1항(현행 제30조 제1항 참조)

[2] 구 근로기준법(1997. 3. 13. 법률 제5309호로 제정되기 전의 것) 제27조 제1항(현행 제30조 제1항 참조)

[3] 구 근로기준법(1997. 3. 13. 법률 제5309호로 제정되기 전의 것) 제27조 제1항(현행 제30조 제1항 참조)

【참조판례】

[1] 대법원 1987. 4. 14. 선고 86다카1875 판결(공1987, 800), 대법원 1990. 4. 27. 선고 89다카5451 판결(공1990, 1153), 대법원 1992. 3. 13. 선고 91다39559 판결(공1992, 1304) / [2] 대법원 1992. 5. 12. 선고 91다27518 판결(공1992, 1834), 대법원 1994. 1. 11. 선고 93다49192 판결(공1994상, 697), 대법원 1995. 4. 25. 선고 94누13053 판결(공1995상, 1987), 대법원 1995. 5. 26. 선고 94다46596 판결(공1995하, 2254)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 2,726자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인】 원고 의료법인 (소송대리인 변호사 이택돈)

【피고, 피상고인】 중앙노동위원회 위원장

【피고보조참가인】 피고보조참가인

【원심판결】 서울고법 1997. 10. 9. 선고 97구807 판결

【주 문】

상고를 기각한다.

상고비용은 원고의 부담으로 한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 판단한다.

1. 원심판결 이유에 의하면 원심은, 원고가 운영하는 정신병원(이하 원고 병원이라고 한다)에 근무하는 피고보조참가인(이하 참가인이라고 한다)을 비롯한 간호조무사 17명이 간호사들에게만 확보수당이 지급되는 데에 불만을 가지고 상호 의사 연락하에 1996. 9. 4. 집단적으로 무단결근을 함에 있어 참가인이 이를 주동하거나 선동하지 아니하였고, 또 참가인이 주임간호조무사의 직책에 있었다 하더라도 다른 간호조무사들을 지휘·감독할 지위에 있지 않았다는 사실을 인정하였는바, 관계 증거를 기록과 대조하여 검토하여 보면 원심의 위와 같은 사실인정 및 그 증거취사에 상고이유에서 지적하는 바와 같은 채증법칙이나 경험법칙에 위반한 위법이 있다고 할 수 없다.

2. 단체협약, 취업규칙 등에 해고에 관한 규정이 있는 경우에 그것이 구 근로기준법(1997. 3. 13. 법률 제5309호 이전의 것) 제27조 제1항의 규정에 위배되어 무효가 아닌 이상 그에 따른 해고는 정당한 이유가 있는 해고라고 할 것이나(대법원 1987. 4. 14. 선고 86다카1875 판결, 1990. 4. 27. 선고 89다카5451 판결 등 참조), 취업규칙 등의 징계해고사유에 해당하는 경우, 이에 따라 이루어진 해고처분이 당연히 정당한 것으로 되는 것이 아니라 사회통념상 고용관계를 계속할 수 없을 정도로 근로자에게 책임 있는 사유가 있는 경우에 행하여져야 정당성이 인정되는 것이고(대법원 1995. 5. 26. 선고 94다46596 판결 참조), 사회통념상 당해 근로자와의 고용관계를 계속할 수 없을 정도인지는 당해 사용자의 사업의 목적과 성격, 사업장의 여건, 당해 근로자의 지위 및 담당직무의 내용, 비위행위의 동기와 경위, 이로 인하여 기업의 위계질서가 문란하게 될 위험성 등 기업질서에 미칠 영향, 과거의 근무태도 등 여러 가지 사정을 종합적으로 검토하여 판단하여야 할 것이다(대법원 1995. 4. 25. 선고 94누13053 판결 참조).

이 사건에 관하여 보건대 법령상 간호조무사는 간호사와는 그 자격취득의 요건을 크게 달리하고(의료법 제7조 제58조, 간호조무사및의료유사업자에관한규칙 제3조, 제4조 등) 그 직무의 범위도 간호업무의 보조에 관한 업무 및 진료의 보조에 관한 업무에 한정되어 있으며(같은 규칙 제2조 제1항), 원심이 확정한 사실과 기록에 의하면 원고 병원에는 1996. 9.경 간호사 124명, 간호조무사 19명(그 중 경력이 오래된 주임간호조무사 4명, 일반간호조무사 15명)을 비롯하여 약 480명의 근로자가 근무하고 있었는데 간호조무사(주임간호조무사 및 일반간호조무사)들은 간호사 4 -5명에 1명이 배정되어 간호사의 지휘·감독하에 배치된 부서(병동, 외래)에서 진료보조 및 간호업무를 보조하는 직무를 수행한 사실, 원고 병원에는 약 2,800명의 정신질환자가 각 병동에 입원하고 있고 환자의 보호를 위한 감시 내지 정신질환자의 돌발적 행동으로 인한 각종 사고에 대비한 경계업무 등을 담당하는 직원(보호사)이 130명 정도 근무한 사실, 원고 병원은 간호조무사들이 집단 결근한 당일에는 전날 야근을 한 간호사들을 연장 근무시켜 대처하였고, 그 다음날인 1996. 9. 5.부터 같은 달 16.까지는 용역업체로부터 간호조무사의 대체인력을 공급받아 진료현장에 투입한 사실(1996. 9. 5.부터 1996. 9. 8.까지는 1명의 대체인력만이 투입되었을 뿐이다), 원고 병원은 그 취업규칙에서 징계의 종류로 견책, 감급, 정직, 권고사직 및 징계해고의 5가지를 두고 업무상의 지시명령을 소홀히 하였거나 승낙없이 근무장소를 이탈하여 병원에 손해나 혼란상태를 야기시켰을 때 또는 그 우려가 있을 때 등을 그 정도 및 정상에 따라 권고사직 또는 징계해고사유로 규정하고 있는 사실을 알 수 있다.

이와 같이 간호조무사의 직무범위가 보조업무에 제한되어 있고, 원고 병원 전체 근로자 중 간호조무사들이 차지하는 숫자상의 비율도 근소한 점, 원고 병원에는 정신질환자들의 보호를 위한 감시 내지 경계업무를 주로 담당하는 보호사라는 직종의 근로자가 따로 있는 점, 이 사건 집단적 무단결근이 단 1일에 그치고 이로 인하여 원고 병원에 끼친 손해나 진료상의 장애는 미미했던 점 등에 비추어 보면, 비록 원고가 경영하는 병원사업이 공익사업의 일종이고(노동조합및노동관계조정법 제71조, 구 노동쟁의조정법 제4조), 정신병원의 경우 돌발적 사고 발생의 위험성도 높은 특성을 가진다는 점을 충분히 감안한다고 하더라도 참가인이 위 집단결근을 주동 내지 선동하거나 일반간호조무사들을 지휘·감독할 지위에도 있지 아니한 이 사건에 있어 원고가 이 사건 집단결근에 가담한 간호조무사 중 1명을 제외한 나머지 직원들에 대하여 모두 정직 10일이라는 징계처분을 하였음에 반하여 원고에 대하여는 징계의 종류로서 가장 무거운 해고의 처분을 한 것은 형평의 원칙에 반하여 징계권을 남용한 위법한 것이라 할 것이다.

같은 취지의 원심의 판단은 정당하고, 거기에 징계해고의 정당성에 관한 법리를 오해한 위법이 있다고 할 수 없다.

그러므로 상고를 기각하고, 상고비용은 패소자의 부담으로 하기로 관여 법관의 의견이 일치되어 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 서성(재판장) 박준서 이돈희(주심) 이임수

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93누16185 · 대법원 1994-04-29
Revocation of Retrial Decision on Unfair Dismissal Remedy
#5
95누17571 · 대법원 1996-11-26
Revocation of Retrial Decision on Unfair Dismissal Remedy

Cases citing this decision

2015다5170 · 대법원 2016-10-27
Action to Confirm Invalidity of Dismissal, etc.
2009두16763 · 대법원 2012-07-05
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2006다48069 · 대법원 2006-11-23
Confirmation of Invalid Dismissal and Wage Claim
2001두8018 · 대법원 2003-07-08
Revocation of Reconsidered Decision on Remedy for Unfair Dis
2001두10455 · 대법원 2002-05-28
Revocation of Reexamination Decision on Unfair Dismissal Rem

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Cross-check the original: 국가법령정보센터 (auxiliary link)