Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 96누1795

Revocation of Reconsidered Decision on Remedy for Unfair Dismissal (부당해고구제재심판정취소)부당해고구제재심판정취소

Decided1997. 02. 14. Court대법원Employer won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

In a case where a driver who had entered into a transport contract with a ready-mix concrete company disputed his status as either an employee or an independent contractor, the Supreme Court held that he did not qualify as a 'worker' under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) due to the absence of subordination. The driver was paid solely based on the volume transported, was not subject to the company's work rules (취업규칙), and had registered as a business operator (사업자등록), leading the Court to recognize him as an independent contractor. Consequently, his application for remedy against unfair dismissal (부당해고) was denied.

Key takeaways
  • CaseIncident: A driver who had signed a transport contract with a ready-mix concrete company filed for relief, claiming he had been unfairly dismissed (부당해고).
  • OutcomeResult: The Supreme Court denied his 'worker' status, finding that he operated as an independent contractor—registered as a business owner and paid according to the volume he transported.
  • LessonLesson: What matters most in determining worker status is not the title of the contract, but the actual manner of work performance, including control over attendance, method of compensation, and whether the person is registered as an independent business.
Issues
  • Whether a ready-mix concrete truck driver qualifies as a 'worker' under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법)
  • The criteria for distinguishing between an employee and an independent business operator (개인사업자)
Key reasoning

The Court emphasized that whether someone qualifies as a 'worker' should be determined by the actual substance of the working relationship—specifically the degree of subordination—rather than by the formal title of the contract. In this case, the driver was excluded from the company's work rules, was not subject to control over his working hours or attendance, was compensated based on the volume of goods transported rather than a fixed wage, and had completed business registration and paid value-added tax as an independent business operator. These factors collectively demonstrated a greater degree of independence than subordination, leading the Court to conclude that he did not meet the criteria for 'worker' status under labor law.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] In determining whether a person constitutes a worker under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), regardless of whether the contract takes the form of an employment contract or a contract for work under the Civil Act (민법), the determination should be made according to whether, in substance, the worker provided labor to the employer in a subordinate relationship for the purpose of receiving wages at a business or workplace. In determining whether such a subordinate relationship exists, the following matters should be comprehensively considered: whether the content of the work is determined by the employer and is subject to rules of employment, service regulations, personnel regulations, etc.; whether, in the course of performing the work, the person is subject to specific and direct supervision and direction from the employer; whether working hours and place of work are designated by the employer and whether the person is bound thereby; whether there is substitutability of work, such as the worker himself hiring a third party to perform the work on his behalf; the ownership relationship regarding equipment, raw materials, and work tools; matters relating to remuneration, such as whether the remuneration has the character of consideration for the labor itself, whether a basic or fixed wage is set, and whether income tax is withheld at source; the continuity of the labor-providing relationship and the existence and degree of exclusive attachment to the employer; whether the person's status as a worker is recognized under other statutes, such as those relating to the social security system; and the economic and social conditions of both parties.

[2] A case holding that ready-mixed concrete truck drivers, who merely entered into transportation contracts with a ready-mixed concrete company to receive transportation fees according to the volume of ready-mixed concrete transported, and to whom the rules of employment, personnel regulations, and wage regulations applicable to the company's general employees did not apply, should be regarded merely as independent transportation business operators, and cannot be viewed as workers who provided labor to the company's workplace for the purpose of receiving wages in a subordinate relationship with the employer.

Full text (English, AI translation) 6,173 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellant] Plaintiff (Attorney Han Ki-jun, Counsel for the Plaintiff)
[Defendant, Appellee] Chairman of the National Labor Relations Commission
[Intervenor for the Defendant] Aju Remicon Co., Ltd. (Attorney Lee Seok-seon, Counsel for the Intervenor)
[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Decision 95Gu10985 rendered on December 14, 1995

[Order]

The appeal is dismissed. The costs of the appeal are to be borne by the Plaintiff.

[Reasoning] The grounds of appeal are examined.

In determining whether a person constitutes an employee under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), regardless of whether the contract is, in form, an employment contract or a service contract under the Civil Act, the determination must be made according to whether, in substance, the person provided labor to an employer in a subordinate relationship for the purpose of receiving wages at a business or workplace. In determining whether such a subordinate relationship exists, the following factors must be comprehensively considered: whether the content of the work is determined by the employer and is subject to the employment rules, service regulations, personnel regulations, etc.; whether, in the course of performing the work, the person is subject to specific and direct supervision and direction by the employer; whether the working hours and place of work are designated by the employer and the person is bound thereby; whether there is substitutability of work, such as the worker hiring a third party to perform the work on the worker's behalf; the ownership relationship regarding equipment, raw materials, work tools, etc.; matters concerning remuneration, such as whether the remuneration has the character of consideration for the labor itself, whether a basic salary or fixed wage is set, and whether income tax on wage income is withheld at source; the continuity of the labor-provision relationship and the existence and degree of exclusive affiliation with the employer; whether the person's status as an employee is recognized under other statutes, such as those concerning the social security system; and the economic and social conditions of both parties (see Supreme Court Decision 96Do732 rendered on July 30, 1996, etc.).

According to the reasoning of the judgment below, the court below found, based on the evidence presented, the following facts: On April 1, 1994, the Plaintiff entered into a remicon (ready-mixed concrete) transport contract with the Intervenor for the Defendant (hereinafter "the Intervenor"), which is engaged in the manufacture of remicon and warehousing business, etc., whereby the Plaintiff would drive a remicon vehicle owned by the Intervenor to transport remicon; the contract provided that the monthly standard transport volume would be 516.666㎥, with the unit transport price for the standard volume set at 2,003 won per ㎥, and that if the monthly transport volume fell short of the standard volume, 708 won per ㎥ would be paid for the shortfall, while if the monthly transport volume exceeded the standard volume, 1,418 won per ㎥ would be paid for the excess; the contract term was three months, and any extension of the contract term was to be made through the conclusion of a modification contract for the extension no later than 30 days before the expiration of the contract term. The court below further found that the Intervenor would ascertain the volume, transport time, and delivery destination of the remicon to be transported on a given day from each construction company one day in advance, and would post this information around 4:00 p.m. the previous day, and that the Plaintiff and other remicon vehicle drivers would determine the volume to be transported by writing their names in the order in which they reported for work the following day. The court below also found that the employment rules and personnel and salary regulations applicable to the Intervenor's general employees did not apply to the Plaintiff and other remicon vehicle drivers; that no attendance register was kept, and there was no control over arrival at or departure from work, tardiness, early leave, etc.; that, apart from the aforementioned transport fees, there was no payment of a basic salary, various allowances, bonuses, etc., and no benefits such as medical insurance or national pension; that income tax on wage income was not withheld at source for the Plaintiff and other remicon vehicle drivers, and rather, these drivers had completed business registration and paid value-added tax; that while the Intervenor bore the maintenance costs for the remicon vehicles, the tire costs were borne by the Plaintiff and other drivers to whom the remicon vehicles were assigned; and that when such drivers were unable to drive their assigned remicon vehicles themselves, they arranged for substitute drivers to transport the remicon on their behalf, and the Intervenor treated such transport in the same manner as if it had been performed by the Plaintiff and the other remicon vehicle drivers themselves. Based on these findings, the court below determined that the Plaintiff, having entered into the remicon transport contract with the Intervenor and having thereby independently operated a transport business, could not be regarded as an employee providing labor to an employer in a subordinate relationship for the purpose of receiving wages at the Intervenor's workplace.

Upon comparing and examining the relevant evidence against the record, the fact-finding and determination of the court below as set forth above are justified, and it cannot be said that there was any violation of the rules of evidence, misapprehension of facts due to incomplete deliberation, or misapprehension of the legal principles concerning the concept of an employee, as argued in the grounds of appeal. The argument is without merit.

Accordingly, the appeal is dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are to be borne by the losing party, in accordance with the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices, as set forth in the Order.

Supreme Court Justice Lee Yong-hoon (Presiding Justice), Park Man-ho, Park Jun-seo (Justice in Charge), Kim Hyung-seon

【판결요지】

[1] 근로기준법상의 근로자에 해당하는지 여부를 판단함에 있어서는 계약이 민법상의 고용계약이든 도급계약이든 계약의 형식에 관계없이 그 실질에 있어 근로자가 사업 또는 사업장에 임금을 목적으로 종속적인 관계에서 사용자에게 근로를 제공하였는지 여부에 따라 판단하여야 할 것이고, 여기서 종속적인 관계가 있는지 여부를 판단함에 있어서는 업무의 내용이 사용자에 의하여 정하여지고 취업규칙 $복무규정 $인사규정 등의 적용을 받으며, 업무수행 과정에 있어서도 사용자로부터 구체적이고 직접적인 지휘 감독을 받는지 여부, 사용자에 의하여 근무시간과 근무장소가 지정되고 이에 구속을 받는지 여부, 근로자 스스로가 제3자를 고용하여 업무를 대행케 하는 등 업무의 대체성 유무, 비품·원자재·작업도구 등의 소유관계, 보수가 근로 자체의 대상적(對償的) 성격을 갖고 있는지 여부와 기본급이나 고정급이 정하여져 있는지 여부 및 근로소득세의 원천징수 여부 등 보수에 관한 사항, 근로제공관계의 계속성과 사용자에의 전속성의 유무와 정도, 사회보장제도에 관한 법령 등 다른 법령에 의하여 근로자로서의 지위를 인정받는지 여부, 양 당사자의 경제·사회적 조건 등을 종합적으로 고려하여 판단하여야 한다.

[2] 레미콘 회사와 레미콘 운반량에 따라 운반비를 받도록 운반계약을 체결하였을 뿐, 레미콘 회사의 일반 근로자들에게 적용되는 취업규칙, 인사 및 급여규정 등이 적용되지 않는 레미콘차량 운전자들에 대하여, 독립적 운송사업을 하는 사업자에 해당할 뿐 당해 회사의 사업장에 임금을 목적으로 사용자와의 종속적인 관계에서 근로를 제공하는 근로자로 볼 수는 없다고 한 사례.

【참조조문】

[1] 근로기준법 제14조

[2] 근로기준법 제14조

【참조판례】

[1] 대법원 1996. 6. 11. 선고 96누1504 판결(공1996하, 2211), 대법원 1996. 7. 30. 선고 96도732 판결(공1996하, 2754), 대법원 1996. 10. 29. 선고 95다53171 판결(공1996하, 3514) /[2] 대법원 1995. 6. 30. 선고 94도2122 판결(공1995하, 2685), 대법원 1996. 4. 26. 선고 95다20348 판결(공1996상, 1690), 대법원 1996. 7. 30. 선고 95누13432 판결(공1996하, 2697), 대법원 1996. 9. 6. 선고 95다35289 판결(공1996하, 2972)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 2,149자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고,상고인】 원고 (소송대리인 변호사 한기준)

【피고,피상고인】 중앙노동위원회위원장

【피고보조참가인】 아주레미콘 주식회사 (소송대리인 변호사 이석선)

【원심판결】 서울고법 1995. 12. 14. 선고 95구10985 판결

【주문】

상고를 기각한다. 상고비용은 원고의 부담으로 한다.

【이유】 상고이유를 본다.

근로기준법상의 근로자에 해당하는지 여부를 판단함에 있어서는 계약이 민법상의 고용계약이든 도급계약이든 계약의 형식에 관계없이 그 실질에 있어 근로자가 사업 또는 사업장에 임금을 목적으로 종속적인 관계에서 사용자에게 근로를 제공하였는지 여부에 따라 판단하여야 할 것이고, 여기서 종속적인 관계가 있는지 여부를 판단함에 있어서는 업무의 내용이 사용자에 의하여 정하여지고 취업규칙·복무규정·인사규정 등의 적용을 받으며, 업무수행 과정에 있어서도 사용자로부터 구체적이고 직접적인 지휘 감독을 받는지 여부, 사용자에 의하여 근무시간과 근무장소가 지정되고 이에 구속을 받는지 여부, 근로자 스스로가 제3자를 고용하여 업무를 대행케 하는 등 업무의 대체성 유무, 비품·원자재·작업도구 등의 소유관계, 보수가 근로 자체의 대상적(對償的) 성격을 갖고 있는지 여부와 기본급이나 고정급이 정하여져 있는지 여부 및 근로소득세의 원천징수 여부 등 보수에 관한 사항, 근로제공관계의 계속성과 사용자에의 전속성의 유무와 정도, 사회보장제도에 관한 법령 등 다른 법령에 의하여 근로자로서의 지위를 인정받는지 여부, 양 당사자의 경제·사회적 조건 등을 종합적으로 고려하여 판단하여야 할 것이다( 대법원 1996. 7. 30. 선고 96도732 판결 등 참조).

원심판결이유에 의하면 원심은 거시 증거에 의하여, 원고는 1994. 4. 1. 레미콘 제조 및 창고업 등을 영위하는 피고보조참가인(이하 참가인이라 한다)과 참가인 소유의 레미콘차량을 운전하여 레미콘을 운반하는 레미콘 운반계약을 체결하였는바, 그 내용은 월간 레미콘 기준운반량을 516.666㎥로 하고 기준운반량에 대한 운반단가를 1㎥당 2,003원으로 하되, 월간 운반량이 기준운반량에 미달할 때는 미달한 양에 대하여 1㎥당 708원, 월간 운반량이 기준운반량을 초과할 때는 초과한 양에 대하여 1㎥당 1,418원을 지급받기로 하고, 계약기간은 3개월로 하되 계약기간의 연장은 계약기간 만료 30일 전까지 계약기간 연장에 대한 변경계약의 체결에 의하기로 한 사실, 참가인은 당일 운반하여야 할 레미콘의 물량과 운반시간, 운반지 등을 하루 전에 각 건설업체로부터 파악하여 전날 16:00경 게시하고, 원고를 포함한 레미콘차량 운전자들은 다음날 출근순서대로 이름을 기입하여 운반할 물량을 결정한 사실, 원고를 포함한 레미콘차량 운전자들에게는 참가인의 일반 근로자들에게 적용되는 취업규칙, 인사 및 급여규정이 적용되지 아니하였고, 출근부가 비치되거나 출퇴근, 지각, 조퇴 등에 대한 통제가 이루어지지 아니하였으며 그 보수에 있어서도 위와 같은 운반비 외에는 기본급이나 각종 수당, 상여금 등의 지급이 없고 의료보험, 국민연금등의 혜택이 없는 사실, 원고를 포함한 레미콘차량 운전자들에게는 근로소득세가 원천징수되지 아니하였고, 오히려 위 운전자들은 사업자등록을 마치고 부가가치세를 납부한 사실, 참가인이 레미콘차량에 대한 유지관리비를 부담하였으나 타이어대는 원고 등 레미콘차량을 배정받은 운전자들이 부담하였고, 그들이 배정된 레미콘차량을 운전하지 못할 경우에는 스스로 대리운전자를 내세워 레미콘을 운반하게 하였는데 참가인은 이를 원고 등 레미콘차량 운전자들이 운반한 것과 동일하게 취급하여 준 사실 등을 인정한 다음, 이를 기초로 원고는 참가인과 레미콘 운반계약을 체결하고 그에 따라 독립적으로 운송사업을 하는 사업자이지 참가인의 사업장에 임금을 목적으로 종속적인 관계에서 사용자에게 근로를 제공하는 근로자로 볼 수는 없다고 판단하였다.

관계 증거를 기록과 대조·검토하여 보면, 원심의 위와 같은 사실인정과 판단은 정당하고, 거기에 소론과 같은 채증법칙 위배나 심리미진으로 인한 사실오인 또는 근로자의 개념에 관한 법리오해의 위법이 있다고 할 수 없다. 논지는 이유가 없다.

그러므로 상고를 기각하고, 상고비용은 패소자의 부담으로 하기로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 이용훈(재판장) 박만호 박준서(주심) 김형선

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