Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 2000도4901

Fraud, Violation of the Labor Standards Act, and Violation of the Employment Security Act사기·근로기준법위반·직업안정법위반

Decided2001. 04. 13. Court대법원Employer won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

This case addressed whether vehicle owner-operators under a title-lending arrangement (지입차주) — who leased vehicles and used them to operate a transportation business — qualified as 'employees' under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법). The Supreme Court denied their employee status, finding that the form of the vehicle lease agreement and the substantively independent business nature of their operations outweighed any employment relationship. The Court laid out detailed criteria for determining employee status, holding that the existence of subordination (종속성) must be assessed comprehensively based on all relevant circumstances.

Key takeaways
  • CaseVehicle owner-operators who leased trucks to run a transportation business claimed they should be recognized as employees under the Labor Standards Act.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court ruled they were independent business operators, not employees, citing the vehicle lease agreement structure, their self-funding of operating costs, and their ability to use substitute drivers.
  • LessonWhen determining employee status, courts must look beyond the formal contract type and comprehensively examine factors such as the independence of the work performed, who bears operating costs, and whether internal company work rules apply.
Issues
  • Whether title-lending vehicle owner-operators (지입차주) qualify as 'employees' under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법)
  • Whether the concept of an 'employment contract' under the Employment Security Act (직업안정법) is identical to that of a 'labor contract' under the Labor Standards Act
Key reasoning

The Court considered several factors together: the arrangement was structured as a vehicle lease agreement (차량임대차계약) rather than an employment contract; the owner-operators bore all operating costs themselves, including fuel and maintenance expenses; they were free to arrange substitute drivers to run their routes; the company's internal work rules (취업규칙) did not apply to them; and no wage income tax was withheld from their earnings as would be done for employees. Based on the totality of these circumstances, the Court concluded that the relationship was one of independent business operation rather than subordinate employment, meaning no genuine employer-employee relationship existed under the Labor Standards Act.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] In determining whether a person constitutes an employee under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), the determination should be made based on whether, in substance, the employee provided labor to the employer in a subordinate relationship for the purpose of wages in a business or workplace, regardless of whether the form of the contract is an employment contract or a service (contract-for-work) contract under the Civil Act (민법). In determining whether such a subordinate relationship exists, the following factors should be comprehensively considered: whether the content of the work is determined by the employer and is subject to work rules or service (personnel) regulations, and whether the employer exercises specific and individual direction and supervision over the performance of the work; whether working hours and place of work are designated by the employer and the worker is bound by them; the substitutability of the work, such as whether the worker himself may hire a third party to perform the work on his behalf; the ownership relationship of equipment, raw materials, and work tools; matters concerning remuneration, including whether the nature of the remuneration is compensation for the labor itself, whether a basic or fixed wage is set, and whether income tax on wages is withheld at source; the continuity of the labor-providing relationship and the existence and degree of exclusive affiliation with the employer; whether the worker's status as an employee is recognized under other statutes, such as those relating to the social security system; and the social and economic conditions of both parties.

[2] Article 19(1) of the former Employment Security Act (직업안정법) (before amendment by Act No. 5453 of December 13, 1997) provides that a person who intends to operate a domestic paid job placement business must obtain permission from the Special Metropolitan City Mayor/Do Governor, and Article 4(2) of the same Act provides that "job placement" means arranging for the conclusion of an employment contract between a person seeking employees and a person seeking employment, upon receiving an application for either. Since the "employment contract" referred to therein and the "labor contract" under the Labor Standards Act are no different in that both presuppose the subordination of the provision of labor, and considering that the purpose of the Employment Security Act is to promote job security for workers, the "employment contract" under the Employment Security Act should be construed as having the same meaning as the "labor contract" under the Labor Standards Act.

Full text (English, AI translation) 6,109 chars

[Defendant] Defendant 1 and 1 other
[Appellant] Defendant 1 and the Prosecutor
[Defense Counsel] Attorney Choi Seung-jin and 3 others
[Judgment Below] Seoul District Court Judgment 2000No968, decided October 18, 2000

[Order]

All appeals are dismissed.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal (with respect to the supplemental brief on grounds of appeal submitted by Defendant 1's defense counsel after the deadline, only to the extent it supplements the grounds of appeal) are examined.

1. As to Defendant 1's grounds of appeal

Examining the evidence adopted by the court below in light of the record, the facts constituting the fraud charged against the Defendant as stated in the judgment can be sufficiently established, and it cannot be said that there was any illegality in the court below's judgment such as misapprehension of facts in violation of the rules of evidence, or misunderstanding of the legal principles concerning the intent required for the crime of fraud. The grounds of appeal disputing this point cannot be accepted.

Furthermore, in this case where the Defendant was sentenced to less than 10 years' imprisonment, the argument that the sentencing by the court below was excessive does not constitute a lawful ground of appeal.

2. As to the Prosecutor's grounds of appeal

In determining whether a person constitutes a worker (근로자) under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), the determination should be made based on whether, in substance, the worker provided labor to the employer in a subordinate relationship for the purpose of wages at a business or workplace, regardless of whether the form of the contract is an employment contract or a service (contract-for-work) contract under the Civil Act. In determining whether such a subordinate relationship exists, the following should be comprehensively considered: whether the content of the work was determined by the employer and whether the worker was subject to the application of work rules or service (personnel) regulations, and whether the worker was subject to specific and individual direction and supervision by the employer in the course of performing the work; whether working hours and place of work were designated by the employer and whether the worker was bound thereby; whether there was substitutability of work, such as the worker himself employing a third party to perform the work on his behalf; the ownership of equipment, raw materials, and work tools; matters concerning remuneration, such as whether the nature of the remuneration was compensation for the labor itself, whether a basic or fixed wage was set, and whether withholding tax on wage income was made; the continuity of the labor provision relationship and the existence and degree of exclusive affiliation with the employer; whether the worker's status as a worker is recognized under other statutes, such as social security laws; and the socio-economic conditions of both parties (see Supreme Court Decision 94Da22859, delivered on December 9, 1994; Supreme Court Decision 94Do2122, delivered on June 30, 1995, etc.).

Furthermore, Article 19(1) of the former Employment Security Act (직업안정법) (before its amendment by Act No. 5453 of December 13, 1997) provides that a person who intends to conduct a domestic paid job placement business shall obtain permission from the Mayor/Do Governor, and Article 4, Item 2 of the same Act provides that "job placement" means arranging for the conclusion of an employment contract (고용계약) between an employer seeking workers and a job seeker upon receiving an application for job vacancy or job seeking. The "employment contract" referred to herein and the labor contract (근로계약) under the Labor Standards Act are no different in that both presuppose the subordination of labor provision, and in light of the fact that the purpose of the Employment Security Act is to promote job security for workers, the employment contract under the Employment Security Act should be construed as having the same meaning as the labor contract under the Labor Standards Act.

The court below found that: the contract between Defendant 1 and the victims was concluded in the form of a "vehicle lease agreement," not a labor contract or employment contract, and the victims were to be paid 2,000,000 won per month as vehicle lease payments; the victims were vehicle owners registered under the name of a "consignment (jiip)" company and were business-registered consignment vehicle owners cum drivers; the victims bore all costs related to the operation of the trucks, such as the consignment fee, various insurance premiums, automobile tax, tire costs, and parts costs, except for engine oil, fuel costs, and road tolls; substitute performance of work was possible, and the victims did not perform day-duty or night-duty shifts; work rules or personnel regulations were not applied to them, there was no agreement regarding the payment of bonuses, and no withholding of labor income tax or medical insurance premiums was made. Based on these findings, the court below determined that it was difficult to regard the contractual relationship in this case, concluded between Defendant 1 and the victims, as a labor contract under the Labor Standards Act or an employment contract under the Employment Security Act, and accordingly found Defendant 1 not guilty of the violation of the Labor Standards Act and Defendant 2 not guilty of the violation of the Employment Security Act. In light of the legal principles set forth above and the record, this determination by the court below is justified, and it cannot be said that there was any illegality due to a misunderstanding of the legal principles concerning a labor contract under the Labor Standards Act or an employment contract under the Employment Security Act.

The grounds of appeal disputing this point are not accepted.

3. Therefore, all appeals are dismissed, and this Judgment is rendered as set forth in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices.

Justice Lee Gyu-hong (Presiding Justice), Song Jin-hun (Justice in charge), Yoon Jae-sik, Son Ji-yeol

【판결요지】

[1] 근로기준법상의 근로자에 해당하는지 여부를 판단함에는 그 계약의 형식이 민법상의 고용계약인지 또는 도급계약인지에 관계없이 그 실질면에서 근로자가 사업 또는 사업장에 임금을 목적으로 종속적인 관계에서 사용자에게 근로를 제공하였는지 여부에 따라 판단하여야 하고, 그러한 종속적인 관계가 있는지 여부를 판단함에는 업무의 내용이 사용자에 의하여 정하여지고 취업규칙 또는 복무(인사)규정 등의 적용을 받으며 업무수행과정에서도 사용자로부터 구체적 개별적인 지휘 감독을 받는지 여부, 사용자에 의하여 근무시간과 근무장소가 지정되고 이에 구속을 받는지 여부, 근로자 스스로가 제3자를 고용하여 업무를 대행케 하는 등 업무의 대체성 유무, 비품·원자재·작업도구 등의 소유관계, 보수의 성격이 근로 자체에 대한 대상적 성격이 있는지 여부와 기본급이나 고정급이 정하여져 있는지 여부 및 근로소득세의 원천징수 여부 등 보수에 관한 사항, 근로제공관계의 계속성과 사용자에의 전속성의 유무와 정도, 사회보장제도에 관한 법령 등 다른 법령에 의하여 근로자의 지위를 인정받는지 여부, 양 당사자의 사회·경제적 조건 등을 종합적으로 고려하여 판단하여야 한다.

[2] 구 직업안정법(1997. 12. 13. 법률 제5453호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제19조 제1항은, 국내유료직업소개사업을 하고자 하는 자는 시·도지사의 허가를 받아야 한다고 규정하고, 같은 법 제4조 제2호는, '직업소개'라 함은 구인 또는 구직의 신청을 받아 구인자와 구직자 간에 고용계약의 성립을 알선하는 것을 말한다고 규정하고 있는바, 여기에서 말하는 '고용계약'이나 근로기준법상의 근로계약은 모두 노무제공의 종속성을 전제로 하는 점에서 다를 바 없고, 직업안정법은 근로자의 직업안정을 도모하는 데 그 목적을 두고 있음에 비추어 보면, 직업안정법상 고용계약도 근로기준법상 근로계약과 그 의미가 같다고 보아야 한다.

【참조조문】

[1] 근로기준법 제14조, 제17조

[2] 구 직업안정법(1997. 12. 13. 법률 제5453호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제4조 제2호, 제19조 제1항, 근로기준법 제14조, 제17조

【참조판례】

[1] 대법원 1994. 12. 9. 선고 94다22859 판결(공1995상, 448), 대법원 1995. 6. 30. 선고 94도2122 판결(공1995하, 2685), 대법원 2000. 1. 28. 선고 98두9219 판결(공2000상, 598)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 2,140자 · 펼쳐 보기

【피 고 인】 피고인 1 외 1인

【상 고 인】 피고인 1 및 검사

【변 호 인】 변호사 최승진 외 3인

【원심판결】 서울지법 2000. 10. 18. 선고 2000노968 판결

【주 문】

상고를 모두 기각한다.

【이 유】 상고이유(기간 경과 후에 제출된 피고인 1 변호인의 상고이유보충서는 상고이유를 보충하는 범위 안에서)를 본다.

1. 피고인 1의 상고이유에 대하여

원심이 채용한 증거들을 기록에 비추어 살펴보면, 피고인에 대한 판시 사기의 범죄사실을 충분히 인정할 수 있고, 거기에 채증법칙을 위배하여 사실을 오인하거나, 사기죄의 범의에 관한 법리를 오해한 위법이 있다고 볼 수 없다. 이 점을 다투는 상고이유는 받아들일 수 없다.

그리고 피고인에게 징역 10년 미만의 형이 선고된 이 사건에서 원심의 양형이 과중하다는 사유는 적법한 상고이유가 되지 못한다.

2. 검사의 상고이유에 대하여

근로기준법상의 근로자에 해당하는지 여부를 판단함에는 그 계약의 형식이 민법상의 고용계약인지 또는 도급계약인지에 관계없이 그 실질면에서 근로자가 사업 또는 사업장에 임금을 목적으로 종속적인 관계에서 사용자에게 근로를 제공하였는지 여부에 따라 판단하여야 하고, 그러한 종속적인 관계가 있는지 여부를 판단함에는 업무의 내용이 사용자에 의하여 정하여지고 취업규칙 또는 복무(인사)규정 등의 적용을 받으며 업무수행과정에서도 사용자로부터 구체적 개별적인 지휘 감독을 받는지 여부, 사용자에 의하여 근무시간과 근무장소가 지정되고 이에 구속을 받는지 여부, 근로자 스스로가 제3자를 고용하여 업무를 대행케 하는 등 업무의 대체성 유무, 비품·원자재·작업도구 등의 소유관계, 보수의 성격이 근로 자체에 대한 대상적 성격이 있는지 여부와 기본급이나 고정급이 정하여져 있는지 여부 및 근로소득세의 원천징수 여부 등 보수에 관한 사항, 근로제공관계의 계속성과 사용자에의 전속성의 유무와 정도, 사회보장제도에 관한 법령 등 다른 법령에 의하여 근로자의 지위를 인정받는지 여부, 양 당사자의 사회 경제적 조건 등을 종합적으로 고려하여 판단하여야 한다(대법원 1994. 12. 9. 선고 94다22859 판결, 1995. 6. 30. 선고 94도2122 판결 등 참조).

그리고 구 직업안정법(1997. 12. 13. 법률 제5453호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제19조 제1항은, 국내유료직업소개사업을 하고자 하는 자는 시·도지사의 허가를 받아야 한다고 규정하고, 같은 법 제4조 제2호는, '직업소개'라 함은 구인 또는 구직의 신청을 받아 구인자와 구직자 간에 고용계약의 성립을 알선하는 것을 말한다고 규정하고 있는바, 여기에서 말하는 '고용계약'이나 근로기준법상의 근로계약은 모두 노무제공의 종속성을 전제로 하는 점에서 다를 바 없고, 직업안정법은 근로자의 직업안정을 도모하는 데 그 목적을 두고 있음에 비추어 보면, 직업안정법상 고용계약도 근로기준법상 근로계약과 그 의미가 같다고 보아야 할 것이다.

원심은, 피고인 1과 피해자들 사이에 근로계약이나 고용계약이 아닌 차량임대차계약서라는 형식으로 계약이 체결되고, 차량임대금액으로 월 200만 원을 지급받기로 한 사실, 피해자들은 지입회사 명의로 등록된 차량을 가지고 사업자등록을 한 지입차주 겸 운전기사인 사실, 엔진오일·유류대금·도로이용료를 제외한 차량지입료·각종 보험료·자동차세·타이어대·부품대 등 트럭의 운행과 관련된 모든 비용을 피해자들이 부담하고, 대체근무가 가능하며, 일직이나 당직근무도 하지 아니한 사실, 취업규칙이나 인사규정도 적용되지 않고 상여금 지급에 대한 약정도 없으며, 근로소득세나 의료보험료가 공제된 바도 없는 사실을 인정한 다음, 이러한 사실에 비추어 피고인 1과 피해자들 사이에 체결된 이 사건 계약관계를 근로기준법상의 근로계약이나 직업안정법상의 고용계약이라고 보기 곤란하다는 이유로 피고인 1에 대한 근로기준법위반의 점과 피고인 2에 대한 직업안정법위반의 점을 모두 무죄로 판단하였는바, 앞서 본 법리와 기록에 비추어 살펴보면, 이러한 원심의 판단은 정당하고, 거기에 근로기준법상 근로계약이나 직업안정법상 고용계약에 관한 법리를 오해한 위법이 있다고 볼 수 없다.

이 점을 다투는 상고이유는 받아들이지 아니한다.

3. 그러므로 상고를 모두 기각하기로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 이규홍(재판장) 송진훈(주심) 윤재식 손지열

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