[Defendant]
[Appellant] Defendant's Defense Counsel, Attorney Kim Byung-cheol
[Judgment Below] Cheongju District Court Decision 93No702, rendered June 17, 1994
[Order]
The judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Cheongju District Court Panel Division.
[Reasoning]
We examine the grounds of appeal.
1. According to the reasoning of the judgment below, the court below found, based on the transportation contract, the agreement, each statement of the witnesses below ○○○, Jo Nam-il, and Sa Yeong-gi, and the evidence cited, that non-party ○○○ joined as a truck driver of
Non-party 1 Co., Ltd.
(hereinafter referred to as "the Company"), which was operated by the Defendant, on or about February 22, 1985, and that between on or about July 1, 1986 and on or about March 28, 1991, pursuant to the Company's instructions, he changed his affiliation to become an employee of companies such as Cheongwang Co., Ltd., Baekyeon Development, and Jangwon Development, which were operated by persons who were relatives of or closely related to the Company's management, but that he nevertheless continued to perform work for the Company under its direction and supervision; that on March 29, 1991, he purchased (so-called "allotment purchase") one concrete mixer truck owned by the Company for 10,800,000 won (on condition of payment of 300,000 won per month for 36 months), registered the said truck in the name of non-party Hanguk Jungi Co., Ltd. (a subsidiary of the Company) (so-called "jiip" or consignment registration), and thereafter entered into a concrete transportation contract with the Company, engaging in the business of transporting concrete using the said truck as a consignment vehicle owner and driver; that he demanded an increase in the transportation unit price from the Company but was refused, and subsequently, on March 7, 1992, his relationship with the Company was terminated. The court below also found that although the said ○○○ had purchased the said truck from the Company and registered a business in his own name and issued tax invoices while engaging in the business of transporting the Company's concrete, the agreement contained provisions regarding working hours, working days, disciplinary rules, and the like, similar to those found in ordinary employment rules; moreover, even after actually purchasing the truck, the said ○○○, as before, did not have freedom to accept or refuse the Company's work requests, but performed only specific tasks in a dependent relationship, following the Company's instructions regarding commuting and delivery destinations (the said ○○○ was suspended from operation for two days pursuant to the provisions of the agreement for having transported ready-mixed concrete for another company on December 3, 1991 without the Company's knowledge); and that his remuneration, as before the purchase of the truck, was determined according to the volume transported, which was not calculated on the said ○○○'s own account but was recorded monthly by the Company, which then deducted certain costs calculated by the Company and paid the remainder together with a pay statement on a fixed date each month. Based on these findings, the court below determined that, notwithstanding the fact that the said ○○○ had at times worked for an entity with a different affiliation from the Company, and that the form of the transportation contract with the Company took the form of a subcontract, in substance the relationship between the said ○○○ and the Company showed that, since his entry into employment on February 22, 1985, he had continued to work for the Company without any actual severance of the employment relationship even after becoming a consignment vehicle owner, and that, in relation to his employer, he provided labor to the Company, as employer, in a dependent relationship for the purpose of wages, under the Company's comprehensive direction and supervision, and accordingly that he fell under the category of "worker" prescribed in Article 14 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법). On this basis, the court below rejected the Defendant's ground of appeal that the said ○○○ was an individual business operator, not a worker, and found the Defendant, as the Company's representative director, guilty on all charges of violating the Labor Standards Act in this case, namely, that the Defendant dismissed the said ○○○ without justifiable cause on or about March 7, 1992, failed to give advance notice of dismissal 30 days prior thereto or pay at least 30 days' ordinary wages in lieu thereof, and failed to pay the said ○○○'s retirement allowance of 5,879,955 won within 14 days from the date the cause for payment arose, there being no agreement between the parties regarding the payment date.
2. In determining whether a person falls under the category of "worker" under the Labor Standards Act, the determination should be made based on whether, in substance, the worker provided labor to the employer at a business or workplace for the purpose of wages in a dependent relationship, regardless of whether the form of the contract is an employment contract or a subcontract under the Civil Act (민법). In determining whether such a dependent relationship exists, the following factors should be comprehensively considered: whether the content of the work is determined by the employer, and whether the worker is subject to employment rules or service (personnel) regulations and receives specific and individual direction and supervision from the employer in the course of performing the work; whether working hours and the place of work are designated by the employer and whether the worker is bound thereby; whether there is substitutability of work, such as the worker's ability to hire a third party to perform the work on his behalf; the ownership of equipment, raw materials, or work tools; matters concerning remuneration, such as whether the remuneration has the character of consideration for the labor itself, whether a basic or fixed wage is set, and whether income tax is withheld at source; the continuity of the labor-provision relationship and the existence and degree of exclusive affiliation with the employer; whether the worker's status as such is recognized under other statutes, such as those concerning the social security system; and the economic and social conditions of both parties (see Supreme Court Decision 94Da22859, rendered December 9, 1994). In particular, in a case such as the present one, where a person who was previously merely an ordinary worker, upon some occasion, comes to take on the appearance of a business entity and enters into a subcontract with the former employer (the parent enterprise) so as to provide labor of the same or similar content as before (the so-called "small boss" [so-sajang] arrangement), it is also necessary to consider: whether the worker voluntarily terminated the previous employment relationship and retired, or whether he was compelled, against his will, to adopt the small-boss arrangement in form only; whether he acquired independence in the operation of the business as the subject of business planning, profit-and-loss calculation, and risk-bearing; the degree of intervention or interference by the parent enterprise in the process of performing the work or in labor management; how the method and amount of remuneration changed from before, and what differences exist compared to workers belonging to the parent enterprise who perform the same kind of work.
The matters relied upon by the court below—namely, that the agreement provided that daily working hours would last until the completion of the day's volume, that the worker must follow the plant manager's instructions regarding all matters arising during working hours and may not raise any objection to the plant manager's measures in case of non-compliance, that vehicle operation would be on a full-attendance basis of 28 days per month with two days off per month, and that in the event of an unfortunate incident occurring at the site or damage to the Company's image, a warning would be given on the first occasion and a two-day suspension of operation on the second occasion; that even after purchasing the truck, the said ○○○ continued, as before, to receive the Company's instructions regarding commuting and delivery destinations and performed only the task of driving the said truck to transport concrete; that the said ○○○ had been suspended from operation for two days for having transported ready-mixed concrete for another company without the Company's knowledge; and that his remuneration, as before the purchase of the truck, was determined according to the volume transported, with the Company recording the monthly transport volume and deducting certain costs calculated by the Company before paying the remainder together with a pay statement on a fixed date each month—indeed indicate that there is substantial room to view the said ○○○ as having remained, even after purchasing the truck and becoming a consignment vehicle owner and driver, a worker in a subordinate relationship with the Company as before.
However, first of all, according to the record, the Defendant asserts that, as to the circumstances leading to the Company's sale of trucks to the said ○○○ and other workers, the workers first staged a sit-in protest demanding such a sale, citing examples from other companies, and that the Company, believing this could also contribute to rationalizing its management, decided to accede to the workers' demand and sold 12 trucks, excluding 5 old vehicles, to 12 workers including the said ○○○, who were selected based on criteria such as length of service, diligence, and driving experience; and the statements of the witnesses below Jo Nam-il and Sa Yeong-gi, as well as the statement of the said ○○○ himself, are in some respects consistent with this assertion, so that there is room to view that the said ○○○ and others voluntarily terminated their previous employment relationship with the Company and established a new relationship. Furthermore, the court below itself acknowledged the fact that the workers, including the said ○○○, who purchased trucks, separately registered businesses and issued tax invoices in their own names to the Company in connection with receiving transportation fees under the said transportation contract. Moreover, according to the materials submitted by the Defendant in support of his defense, the workers, including the said ○○○, who purchased trucks, bore all costs related to the operation of the trucks, such as consignment fees, various insurance premiums, automobile tax, fuel costs, tire costs, and parts costs, by having these deducted from the transportation fee; and, unlike employees belonging to the Company, they were not subject to the Company's employment rules or personnel and wage regulations, did not perform daily or night duty, and, in the event of absence or early leave, were able to have a substitute driver of their own selection operate the vehicle in their stead—although, when they did not themselves arrange for a substitute driver to operate the vehicle, 20,000 won per day was deducted as a substitute driver replacement cost, and, as noted above, in certain cases they were subject to warnings or suspension of operation, and in other respects they were subject to the Company's control regarding working hours and working days; however, in the transportation of ready-mixed concrete, there are special characteristics such as the requirement to deliver a fixed volume within a fixed time, and the risk that the concrete will harden and lose its commercial value if not delivered in time, so that some degree of regulation by the Company was unavoidable from the Company's standpoint. Meanwhile, as to the method of paying remuneration or transportation fees, although it was the same both before and after the purchase in that it was calculated by multiplying the subcontract unit price by the transport volume, there were differences in that, before the purchase, bonuses were paid and earned income tax and medical insurance premiums were deducted, whereas after the purchase, no bonuses were paid, value-added tax was added, and, as noted above, various costs related to truck operation and industrial accident insurance premiums were deducted; and the subcontract unit price itself was set differently as between those who had purchased trucks and those who had not, such that in the case of the said ○○○, his income after the purchase was approximately three times his previous income or the wages of employees belonging to the Company. These points appear to be factors that could support the view that, after the said ○○○ purchased the said truck and became a consignment vehicle owner and driver, he became, unlike before, a business operator independent of the Company.
Accordingly, the court below should have carefully examined and determined whether the said ○○○ and others voluntarily terminated their previous employment relationship with the Company when purchasing the said trucks; whether they thereafter bore all costs related to the operation of the trucks; whether they were subject to the Company's employment rules and personnel and wage regulations and performed daily or night duty; whether they were able to have a third party perform the work on their behalf; the reasons for the provisions in the agreement regarding warnings, suspension of operation, and working hours and working days; how the method of calculating remuneration or transportation fees differed as compared with the period before the purchase of the trucks or as compared with drivers who remained employees of the Company without purchasing trucks, what degree of difference existed in the amounts actually received, and why such differences arose; and should have made its determination as to whether the said ○○○, regardless of having taken on the appearance of a business entity, nonetheless still fell under the category of a worker in a subordinate relationship with the Company, by comprehensively examining and weighing these matters together with the matters relied upon by the court below.
Nevertheless, the court below erred in determining that the said ○○○ fell under the category of worker prescribed in the Labor Standards Act by relying solely on the matters set forth in its judgment, thereby failing to exhaust its examination of the evidence or misapprehending the legal principles regarding workers subject to the Labor Standards Act, and this error appears to have affected the judgment. The ground of appeal pointing out this error is therefore well-founded.
3. Accordingly, the judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the court below for further examination and determination, this Court's Justices being unanimous in rendering judgment as set forth in the Order.
Supreme Court Justice Lee Yong-hoon (Presiding Judge), Park Man-ho, Park Jun-seo (Justice in Charge), Kim Hyeong-seon