Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 2001도5995

Violation of the Employment Security Act (직업안정법위반)직업안정법위반

Decided2002. 07. 12. Court대법원Reversed and remanded; the Supreme Court ruled in favor of acquittal, effectively siding with the company/defendant.
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

A door-to-door sales company was prosecuted for posting a false job advertisement while recruiting sales agents. The Supreme Court held that because the sales agents did not qualify as 'workers' (근로자) under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), the company could not be found guilty of violating the Employment Security Act (직업안정법). The Court reversed the lower court's guilty verdict and remanded the case with instructions pointing toward acquittal.

Key takeaways
  • CaseA door-to-door sales company was charged with violating the Employment Security Act after allegedly posting a false job advertisement to recruit sales agents.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court ruled that since the sales agents were independent contractors, not employees, no violation of the Employment Security Act occurred, and remanded the case for acquittal.
  • LessonBusinesses recruiting independent contractors—who have work autonomy, non-wage-based compensation, and no exclusive obligation to the company—generally fall outside the scope of Employment Security Act worker-recruitment regulations.
Issues
  • The meaning and scope of 'worker recruitment' under the Employment Security Act
  • The criteria for determining whether a person qualifies as a 'worker' under the Labor Standards Act
  • Whether door-to-door sales agents qualify as workers under labor law
Key reasoning

The Supreme Court clarified that the term 'worker' under the Employment Security Act carries the same meaning as 'worker' under the Labor Standards Act. Worker status must be determined by examining whether the person provides labor in a subordinate relationship (종속적 관계) to the employer, rather than by the label given to the working arrangement. Applying this standard, the Court found that the sales agents had significant autonomy in how they performed their work, their compensation was structured differently from typical wages, and they were not exclusively bound to the company. Based on these factors, the Court concluded the sales agents were independent contractors rather than employees, meaning the Employment Security Act's worker-recruitment provisions did not apply.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1]
According to Article 4, Subparagraph 6 of the Employment Security Act (직업안정법), "recruitment" means an act whereby a person who intends to employ a worker induces, or causes another person to induce, a person seeking employment to become an employee, and in light of the fact that the Employment Security Act (직업안정법) has as its purpose the promotion of employment stability for workers,

in order to fall under "a person who recruits workers or a person engaged therein," who may be punished as the actor of false job advertisement, etc. prohibited under Article 34(1) of the same Act, the worker being recruited by that person must be a person who, in a subordinate relationship, bears the obligation to provide labor to an employer and obtains consideration therefor, and "worker" in this context must be interpreted as having the same meaning as "worker" under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법).

[2]
Whether a person constitutes a worker under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) is to be determined, regardless of whether the contract is in the form of an employment contract or a contract for work under the Civil Act (민법), according to whether the worker, in substance, provided labor to the employer for the purpose of wages in a business or workplace, in a subordinate relationship. In determining whether such a subordinate relationship exists, the following matters must be comprehensively considered based on the overall circumstances appearing in the relationship between the parties: whether the content of the work is determined by the employer and is subject to employment rules, service regulations, personnel regulations, etc., and whether the person is subject to specific and direct direction and supervision by the employer in the course of performing the work; whether working hours and place of work are designated by the employer and whether the person is bound thereby; whether there is substitutability of work, such as the worker himself employing a third person to perform the work on his behalf; the ownership relationship of equipment, raw materials, work tools, etc.; matters concerning remuneration, such as whether the remuneration has the character of consideration for the labor itself, whether a basic or fixed wage is set, and whether income tax on wages is withheld at source; the continuity of the provision of labor and the existence and degree of exclusive affiliation to the employer; whether the person is recognized as having the status of a worker under other statutes, such as those concerning the social security system; and the economic and social conditions of both parties.

[3]
A case holding that a person who placed a false job advertisement with the intention of recruiting sales agents for a door-to-door sales company cannot be deemed to have committed the offense of violating the Employment Security Act (직업안정법) based on the false job advertisement, on the ground that the sales agents he intended to recruit could not be considered workers under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) who provide labor to an employer for the purpose of wages in a business or workplace in a subordinate relationship, and therefore he did not fall under "a person who recruits workers or a person engaged therein" under the Employment Security Act (직업안정법).

Full text (English, AI translation) 8,208 chars

[Defendant] Stock Company
[Appellant] Defendant
[Defense Counsel] Attorney

[Original Decision]

Incheon District Court Decision 2001No1386 rendered on October 31, 2001

[Order]

The original decision is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Incheon District Court, Panel Division.

[Reasoning]

1.
Pursuant to Article 4, Item 6 of the Employment Security Act (직업안정법), "recruitment" refers to a person who wishes to employ workers soliciting a person who wishes to find employment to become an employee, or causing another person to solicit such person. In light of the fact that the purpose of the Employment Security Act is to promote job security for workers,
in order to fall under "a person who recruits workers or a person engaged therein" who may be punished as an actor committing acts such as false job advertisements prohibited under Article 34, Paragraph 1 of the same Act, the worker being recruited must be a person who bears an obligation to provide labor to an employer in a subordinate relationship and receives consideration therefor, and the meaning of "worker" in this context must be construed as the same as "worker" under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법)
(see Supreme Court Decision 99Do2451 rendered on November 12, 1999, and Supreme Court Decision 2000Do4901 rendered on April 13, 2001, among others),
and whether a person falls under the category of worker under the Labor Standards Act is to be determined, regardless of whether the contract is, in form, an employment contract or a contract for work under the Civil Act (민법), based on whether the worker, in substance, provided labor to the employer in a subordinate relationship for the purpose of wages at a business or workplace. In determining whether such a subordinate relationship exists, the following factors must be comprehensively considered based on the overall circumstances appearing in the relationship between the parties: whether the content of the work is determined by the employer and whether the worker is subject to employment rules, service regulations, personnel regulations, etc., and whether the worker receives concrete and direct direction and supervision from the employer in the course of performing the work; whether working hours and place of work are designated by the employer and whether the worker is bound thereby; whether there is substitutability of work, such as whether the worker may employ a third party to perform the work on his/her behalf; the ownership relationship regarding equipment, raw materials, work tools, etc.; matters concerning remuneration, such as whether the remuneration has the character of consideration for the labor itself, whether a basic or fixed salary is set, and whether income tax is withheld as wage income; the continuity of the labor-providing relationship and the existence and degree of exclusive affiliation with the employer; whether the worker's status as a worker is recognized under other statutes, such as social security legislation; and the economic and social conditions of both parties
(see Supreme Court Decision 98Du9219 rendered on January 28, 2000, among others).

2. The court below upheld the first instance judgment, which found the defendant guilty of the charges in this case—namely, that C, D, and E (hereinafter "C et al."), who were division heads (본부장) affiliated with the defendant company, which operates a door-to-door sales business for household appliances such as water purifiers, being persons who recruit workers or persons engaged therein, were prohibited from placing false job advertisements or presenting false hiring conditions; that, notwithstanding this, while in fact recruiting sales agents, they did not accurately indicate the identity of the recruiter and, using a false trade name, placed false job advertisements as if special hiring were being conducted for executive staff, client account managers, etc., under conditions markedly different from those actually presented by the recruiter, thereby violating Article 34, Paragraph 1 of the Employment Security Act in connection with the business of the defendant company—and dismissed the defendant's appeal.

3. However, the judgment of the court below, which found the defendant guilty on the premise that C et al. fell under the category of persons who recruit workers or persons engaged therein, cannot be upheld for the following reasons.

It is clear from the facts charged themselves that the persons whom C et al. sought to recruit were sales agents who sold household appliances manufactured by the defendant company. Examining the record in light of the legal principles set forth above, it can be seen that: the sales agents sold household appliances based on their own judgment and ability and were paid sales commissions solely according to their sales performance; the content of the work was not determined by the defendant company or C et al., nor were the sales agents subject to employment rules, service regulations, personnel regulations, etc., nor did they receive concrete and direct direction and supervision from the defendant company, etc. in the course of performing their work; the working hours and place of work were not designated, and they were not bound thereby (although they could not arbitrarily set prices, this alone is difficult to regard as constituting direction, supervision, or restraint); the sales agents were not required to personally carry out the sale of household appliances, such that there was substitutability of the work, and they were also permitted to engage in other occupations concurrently; furthermore, the remuneration paid to the sales agents was paid solely according to sales performance, with no basic or fixed salary whatsoever, making it difficult to regard the remuneration as having the character of consideration for the labor itself; income tax was withheld not as wage income but classified as business income; there was no continuity whatsoever in the labor-providing relationship, and since concurrent engagement in other occupations was permitted, there was no exclusive affiliation with the employer whatsoever; and the sales agents enjoyed no social security benefits whatsoever, such that their status as workers was not recognized under other statutes.

Considering these overall circumstances, it is difficult to regard the sales agents whom C et al. sought to recruit as workers under the Labor Standards Act who provide labor to an employer in a subordinate relationship for the purpose of wages at a business or workplace, and upon close examination of the record, there is no material whatsoever to support the view that the sales agents whom C et al. sought to recruit fell under the category of workers under the Labor Standards Act. Accordingly, it must be held that C et al. do not fall under the category of persons who recruit workers or persons engaged therein under Article 34, Paragraph 1 of the Employment Security Act.

Nevertheless, the court below, based solely on the facts it found, concluded that C et al. fell under the category of persons who recruit workers or persons engaged therein under Article 34, Paragraph 1 of the Employment Security Act, and on that premise, convicted the defendant pursuant to the joint penal provision (양벌규정) under Article 50 of the Employment Security Act. This constitutes an error of law that misapprehended the legal principles concerning the elements of the offense under Article 34, Paragraph 1 of the Employment Security Act, or failed to fully examine the substantive relationship between the sales agents whom C et al. sought to recruit and the defendant company or C et al., and such error affected the outcome of the judgment. The ground of appeal pointing out this error is well-founded.

4. Accordingly, without deciding on the remaining grounds of appeal, the original decision is reversed, and the case is remanded to the court below for further hearing and determination. This judgment is rendered as stated in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the Justices participating in this decision.

Supreme Court Justice Song Jin-hoon (Presiding Justice), Byun Jae-seung, Yoon Jae-sik (Justice in Charge), Lee Kyu-hong

【판결요지】

[1] 직업안정법 제4조 제6호에 의하면, "모집"이란 근로자를 고용하고자 하는 자가 취직하고자 하는 자에게 피용자가 되도록 권유하거나 다른 사람으로 하여금 권유하게 하는 것을 말하고 있고, 직업안정법은 근로자의 직업안정을 도모하는 데 그 목적을 두고 있음에 비추어 보면, 같은 법 제34조 제1항에서 금지하는 허위구인광고 등의 행위자로 되어 처벌될 수 있는 '근로자모집을 하는 자나 이에 종사하는 자'에 해당하기 위해서는 그가 모집하는 근로자가 종속적인 관계에서 사용자에게 근로를 제공할 의무를 지고 대가를 얻는 자여야만 할 것이고, 이 때의 근로자는 근로기준법상의 근로자와 그 의미가 같다고 보아야 한다.

[2] 근로기준법상의 근로자에 해당하는지 여부는 그 계약이 민법상의 고용계약이든 또는 도급계약이든 그 계약의 형식에 관계없이 그 실질에 있어 근로자가 사업 또는 사업장에 임금을 목적으로 종속적인 관계에서 사용자에게 근로를 제공하였는지 여부에 따라 결정되는 것이고, 여기서 종속적인 관계가 있는지 여부를 판단함에 있어서는 업무의 내용이 사용자에 의하여 정하여지고 취업규칙·복무규정·인사규정 등의 적용을 받으며 업무수행 과정에 있어서도 사용자로부터 구체적이고 직접적인 지휘·감독을 받는지 여부, 사용자에 의하여 근무시간과 근무장소가 지정되고 이에 구속을 받는지 여부, 근로자 스스로가 제3자를 고용하여 업무를 대행케 하는 등 업무의 대체성 유무, 비품·원자재·작업도구 등의 소유관계, 보수가 근로 자체의 대상적(對償的) 성격을 갖고 있는지 여부와 기본급이나 고정급이 정하여져 있는지 여부 및 근로소득세의 원천징수 여부 등 보수에 관한 사항, 근로제공관계의 계속성과 사용자에의 전속성의 유무와 정도, 사회보장제도에 관한 법령 등 다른 법령에 의하여 근로자로서의 지위를 인정받는지 여부, 양 당사자의 경제·사회적 조건 등 당사자 사이의 관계 전반에 나타나는 사정을 종합적으로 고려하여 판단하여야 한다.

[3] 방문판매회사의 판매대리인을 모집할 의도로 허위구인광고를 한 자는, 그가 모집하고자 했던 판매대리인이 사업 또는 사업장에 임금을 목적으로 종속적인 관계에서 사용자에게 근로를 제공하는 근로기준법상의 근로자에 해당한다고 볼 수 없어, 직업안정법상의 근로자모집을 하는 자나 이에 종사하는 자에 해당하지 아니하므로 허위구인광고에 따른 직업안정법위반죄의 죄책을 지지 않는다고 한 사례.

【참조조문】

[1] 직업안정법 제1조 , 제4조 제6호 , 제34조 제1항 , 근로기준법 제14조

[2] 근로기준법 제14조 , 제17조

[3] 직업안정법 제34조 제1항 , 제47조 제5호

【참조판례】

[1] 대법원 1999. 11. 12. 선고 99도2451 판결(공1999하, 2556), 대법원 2001. 4. 13. 선고 2000도4901 판결(공2001상, 1179) /[2] 대법원 1994. 12. 9. 선고 94다22859 판결(공1995상, 448), 대법원 1995. 6. 30. 선고 94도2122 판결(공1995하, 2685), 대법원 2000. 1. 28. 선고 98두9219 판결(공2000상, 598), 대법원 2001. 4. 13. 선고 2000도4901 판결(공2001상, 1179)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 3,150자 · 펼쳐 보기

【피고인】 주식회사

【상고인】 피고인

【변호인】 변호사

【원심판결】 인천지법 200 1. 10. 31. 선고 2001노1386 판결

【주문】

원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 인천지방법원 본원 합의부에 환송한다.

【이유】 1. 직업안정법 제4조 제6호에 의하면, "모집"이란 근로자를 고용하고자 하는 자가 취직하고자 하는 자에게 피용자가 되도록 권유하거나 다른 사람으로 하여금 권유하게 하는 것을 말하고 있고, 직업안정법은 근로자의 직업안정을 도모하는 데 그 목적을 두고 있음에 비추어 보면, 같은 법 제34조 제1항에서 금지하는 허위구인광고 등의 행위자로 되어 처벌될 수 있는 '근로자모집을 하는 자나 이에 종사하는 자'에 해당하기 위해서는 그가 모집하는 근로자가 종속적인 관계에서 사용자에게 근로를 제공할 의무를 지고 대가를 얻는 자여야만 할 것이고, 이 때의 근로자는 근로기준법상의 근로자와 그 의미가 같다고 보아야 할 것이며 ( 대법원 1999. 11. 12. 선고 99도2451 판결, 2001. 4. 13. 선고 2000도4901 판결 등 참조), 근로기준법상의 근로자에 해당하는지 여부는 그 계약이 민법상의 고용계약이든 또는 도급계약이든 그 계약의 형식에 관계없이 그 실질에 있어 근로자가 사업 또는 사업장에 임금을 목적으로 종속적인 관계에서 사용자에게 근로를 제공하였는지 여부에 따라 결정되는 것이고, 여기서 종속적인 관계가 있는지 여부를 판단함에 있어서는 업무의 내용이 사용자에 의하여 정하여지고 취업규칙·복무규정·인사규정 등의 적용을 받으며 업무수행 과정에 있어서도 사용자로부터 구체적이고 직접적인 지휘·감독을 받는지 여부, 사용자에 의하여 근무시간과 근무장소가 지정되고 이에 구속을 받는지 여부, 근로자 스스로가 제3자를 고용하여 업무를 대행케 하는 등 업무의 대체성 유무, 비품·원자재·작업도구 등의 소유관계, 보수가 근로 자체의 대상적(對償的) 성격을 갖고 있는지 여부와 기본급이나 고정급이 정하여져 있는지 여부 및 근로소득세의 원천징수 여부 등 보수에 관한 사항, 근로제공관계의 계속성과 사용자에의 전속성의 유무와 정도, 사회보장제도에 관한 법령 등 다른 법령에 의하여 근로자로서의 지위를 인정받는지 여부, 양 당사자의 경제·사회적 조건 등 당사자 사이의 관계 전반에 나타나는 사정을 종합적으로 고려하여 판단하여야 한다 할 것이다( 대법원 2000. 1. 28. 선고 98두9219 판결 등 참조).

2. 원심은, 정수기 등 가전제품 방문판매업을 하는 피고인 회사의 소속 본부장이었던 C, D, E(이하 'C 등'이라고 한다)이 근로자를 모집하는 자나 이에 종사하는 자로서 허위의 구인광고를 하거나 허위의 구인조건을 제시하여서는 아니됨에도 불구하고, 사실은 판매대리인을 모집하면서도, 구인자의 신원을 정확히 표시하지 아니하고 허위의 상호로 구인자가 제시하는 조건과 현저히 다르게 간부사원, 거래처관리자 등을 특채하는 것처럼 허위의 구인광고를 하여 피고인 회사의 업무에 관하여 직업안정법 제34조 제1항의 규정을 위반하였다는 이 사건 공소사실을 유죄로 인정한 제1심판결을 유지하고, 피고인의 항소를 기각하였다.

3. 그러나 C 등이 근로자를 모집하는 자나 이에 종사하는 자에 해당함을 전제로 하여 피고인에게 유죄를 인정한 원심의 판단은 다음과 같은 이유로 수긍할 수 없다.

C 등이 모집하고자 한 자가 피고인 회사 생산의 가전제품을 판매하는 판매대리인인 사실은 공소사실 자체에 의하여 분명하다 할 것인데, 앞서 본 법리에 비추어 기록을 살펴보면, 그 판매대리인은 스스로의 판단과 능력에 따라 가전제품을 판매하고, 그 판매실적에 따라 판매수수료를 지급받을 뿐이고, 피고인 회사나 위 C 등에 의하여 업무의 내용이 정하여진다거나, 취업규칙·복무규정·인사규정 등의 적용을 받거나 업무수행 과정에 있어서 피고인 회사 등으로부터 구체적이고 직접적인 지휘·감독을 받는 일이 없으며, 또 근무시간과 근무장소가 지정되어 이에 구속을 받지도 아니하고(비록 가격을 임의로 정할 수 없기는 하나, 이를 가지고 지휘·감독이나 구속을 받는다고 보기는 어려울 것이다.), 가전제품 판매 행위를 반드시 자신이 하여야만 하는 것도 아니어서 업무의 대체성도 있으며, 다른 직업을 겸업할 수도 있는 사실, 또한 판매대리인이 지급받는 보수도 판매실적에 따라 지급받는 것일 뿐, 기본급이나 고정급이 전혀 없어, 그 보수가 근로 자체의 대상적(對償的) 성격을 갖고 있다고 보기 어려우며, 소득세도 근로소득이 아니라 사업소득으로 분류하여 원천징수되고 있는 사실, 그리고 근로제공관계의 계속성은 전혀 없으며, 타 직업과의 겸업도 가능한 점에서 사용자에의 전속성도 전혀 없다 할 것이고, 사회보장제도도 전혀 누리지 못하여 다른 법령에 의하여 근로자로서의 지위를 인정받지도 못하는 사실을 알 수 있다.

이러한 제반 정황을 종합하여 보면, C 등이 모집하고자 했던 판매대리인은 사업 또는 사업장에 임금을 목적으로 종속적인 관계에서 사용자에게 근로를 제공하는 근로기준법상의 근로자로는 보기가 어렵다 할 것이고, 기록을 정사해 보아도 C 등이 모집하고자 했던 판매대리인이 근로기준법상의 근로자에 해당한다고 볼 만한 아무런 자료가 없으므로, C 등은 직업안정법 제34조 제1항 소정의 근로자모집을 하는 자나 이에 종사하는 자에 해당하지 아니한다고 보아야 할 것이다.

그럼에도 불구하고, 원심이 그 인정 사실만으로 C 등이 직업안정법 제34조 제1항 소정의 근로자모집을 하는 자나 이에 종사하는 자에 해당한다고 단정하여, 그를 전제로 하여 직업안정법 제50조 소정의 양벌규정에 따라 피고인을 유죄로 처벌한 것은, 직업안정법 제34조 제1항 소정의 구성요건에 관한 법리를 오해하였거나, C 등이 모집하고자 했던 판매대리인과 피고인 회사 또는 C 등과의 실질적인 관계에 관한 심리를 다하지 아니한 나머지 판결 결과에 영향을 미친 위법을 저지른 것이라 할 것이다. 이 점을 지적하는 상고이유는 그 이유 있다.

4. 그러므로 나머지 상고이유에 관한 판단을 생략한 채 원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 다시 심리·판단하게 하기 위하여 원심법원에 환송하기로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 송진훈(재판장) 변재승 윤재식(주심) 이규홍

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