Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 94다21160

Objection to Distribution of Auction Proceeds (배당이의)배당이의

Decided1996. 02. 23. Court대법원Worker (and the subrogating payer) prevailed
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

When a company went bankrupt, another company paid the unpaid wages and severance pay (퇴직금) owed to the workers on the bankrupt company's behalf. The issue was whether the company that made this substitute payment could step into the workers' shoes and exercise the statutory right of preferential payment (우선변제권) under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법). The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the worker's side, holding that a party who pays on behalf of the employer may indeed exercise this preferential right, and that the preferential right covers the entire severance pay, not just the amount corresponding to the final three months of service.

Key takeaways
  • CaseA company went bankrupt, and another company paid the unpaid wages and severance pay owed to its workers.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court held that the paying company, as a subrogee, could exercise the workers' statutory preferential payment right, covering the full amount of severance pay.
  • LessonEmployers and third parties who cover unpaid wages or severance pay on behalf of an insolvent company can claim the same statutory priority as the workers themselves when seeking reimbursement from the debtor's assets.
Issues
  • Whether a party who makes a subrogated payment (대위변제) of a wage claim may exercise the worker's preferential payment right (우선변제권) under the Labor Standards Act
  • Whether a party exercising voluntary subrogation (임의대위) must satisfy requirements for perfection against third parties (제3자 대항요건)
  • The scope of severance pay (퇴직금) subject to preferential payment under the Labor Standards Act
Key reasoning

A third party who repays a wage claim on behalf of the debtor (subrogation, 대위변제) automatically acquires the underlying claim by operation of law while its identity remains unchanged, and therefore may exercise the preferential payment right (우선변제권) granted to workers under the Labor Standards Act. This does not violate the principle of direct payment to the worker (직접불 원칙), since the substitute payer is merely stepping into the original creditor's position rather than receiving payment through an unauthorized channel. Furthermore, the Court clarified that the severance pay eligible for preferential treatment is not limited to the amount equivalent to the final three months of employment, but extends to the full severance pay amount in principle.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] In the case of subrogation by repayment where a person repays another's debt and is subrogated to the creditor's position, the creditor's claim, while maintaining its identity, is legally transferred as a matter of course to the person who made the repayment, and this principle applies equally even where the claim is a wage claim under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법).

Accordingly, a person who has repaid a wage claim entitled to preferential repayment under Article 30-2, Paragraph 2 of the Labor Standards Act becomes a wage creditor against the employer who is the debtor, and where compulsory execution proceedings or a voluntary auction proceeding against the employer's total assets is commenced, such person may file a demand for distribution by the date of the auction and, in the distribution proceedings, receive repayment in priority over claims secured by mortgage or general claims. Recognizing such priority right to wages in favor of a person who is not the employee but who has made repayment by subrogation does not violate the principle of direct payment set forth in Article 36, Paragraph 1 of the Labor Standards Act, in light of the fact that the wages were in fact directly paid to the employee.

[2] In the case of voluntary subrogation, in order for the person making repayment to assert such subrogation against a third party, notice of the subrogation or consent thereto by an instrument bearing a fixed date is required; however, in this context, "third party" refers only to a person who stands in a legal position incompatible with that of the subrogee with respect to the very claim that is the subject of the subrogation by repayment.

[3] A creditor holding a claim secured by a collateral mortgage (근저당권) against the employer, who has no connection whatsoever with the wage claim, cannot be regarded as a "third party" against whom the person who has repaid the wage claim by subrogation must establish requirements for assertion. Accordingly, this is a case holding that, so long as the notice of subrogation to the employer by the voluntary subrogee due to repayment was lawfully given, the subrogation is not affected even if the date of such notice of subrogation is later than the date on which the effect of the attachment arising from the commencement decision of the auction took effect in the auction proceedings initiated by the holder of the collateral mortgage claim.

[4] In light of the legislative process, purpose, and intent of Article 30-2, Paragraph 2 of the Labor Standards Act, the phrase "of the final three months" in that provision does not appear to modify "retirement allowance." Accordingly, the retirement allowance subject to preferential repayment under that provision cannot be construed as being limited only to the portion of the retirement allowance corresponding to the final three months of service, and in principle, the entire amount of the retirement allowance is subject to such preferential repayment.

Full text (English, AI translation) 5,485 chars

[Plaintiffs, Appellees] Yonhap Steel Industry Co., Ltd. and 1 other (Attorney Ko Seok-yun for the Plaintiffs)
[Defendant, Appellant] Seoul Bank Co., Ltd. (Attorney Jeong Gyeong-cheol for the Defendant)

[Judgment Below]

Seoul High Court Decision 93Na46546 rendered on March 23, 1994

[Order]

The appeal is dismissed. The costs of the appeal shall be borne by the Defendant.

[Reasoning]

We examine the grounds of appeal.
1. As to Grounds of Appeal Nos. 1 and 2
In cases of subrogated payment where a person pays another's debt and thereby subrogates the creditor's position, the creditor's claim, while maintaining its identity, is transferred to the person who made the payment as a matter of law (Article 482, Paragraph 1 of the Civil Act (민법)). This legal principle applies equally even where the claim is a wage claim under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법). Therefore, a person who has paid a wage claim entitled to preferential payment under Article 30-2, Paragraph 2 of the Labor Standards Act becomes a wage creditor against the employer who is the debtor, and where compulsory execution proceedings or a voluntary auction proceeding are commenced against the employer's total assets, such person may file a demand for distribution by the date of the successful bid (Articles 605 and 728 of the Civil Procedure Act (민사소송법)) and thereby receive payment in the distribution procedure in preference to claims secured by a mortgage or general claims. Recognizing such preferential right of payment of wages in favor of a subrogated payer who is not the worker does not violate the principle of direct payment under Article 36, Paragraph 1 of the Labor Standards Act, in light of the fact that the wages were already directly paid to the worker.

Furthermore, a seizure resulting from a decision to commence auction proceedings on real estate merely has the effect of prohibiting the debtor from transferring rights to the seized object, and does not have the effect of prohibiting a creditor of the debtor from assigning that claim, or prohibiting a third party from making subrogated payment of the debtor's debt. Meanwhile, in the case of voluntary subrogation, in order for the person who made the payment to assert the subrogation against a third party, notice of the subrogation or consent thereto by an instrument bearing a fixed date is required (Article 480, Paragraph 2 and Article 450, Paragraph 2 of the Civil Act). In this context, the term "third party" refers only to a person who stands in a legal position incompatible with that of the subrogated payer with respect to the very claim that is the object of the subrogated payment.

Accordingly, the court below's determination — that the Plaintiffs, having made payment, may exercise by subrogation the wage and retirement allowance claims of the workers against the non-party company, and may thus participate in the auction proceedings and assert the preferential right of payment under Article 30-2, Paragraph 2 of the Labor Standards Act by filing a demand for distribution in their own names; and that the Defendant, having no connection whatsoever to the wage claims and being merely a creditor holding a claim secured by a collateral mortgage against the non-party company, cannot be regarded as a third party against whom the Plaintiffs, as subrogated payers, must have perfected the requirements for assertion against third parties, such that, so long as the notice of subrogation to the non-party company by the workers was lawfully given, the fact that the date of such notice of subrogation was later than the date on which the seizure resulting from the decision to commence auction proceedings in the auction proceedings initiated upon the Defendant's application took effect does not affect the subrogation — is in accordance with the foregoing legal principles and is justified. There is no error in the judgment below that misapprehended the legal principles regarding voluntary subrogation, the requirements for assertion against third parties in voluntary subrogation, or the principle of direct payment of wages, such as would have affected the judgment.

The argument is without merit.

2. As to Ground of Appeal No. 3
In light of the legislative process, purpose, and intent of Article 30-2, Paragraph 2 of the Labor Standards Act, it appears that the phrase "for the last three months" in the said provision does not modify "retirement allowance." Therefore, the retirement allowance subject to preferential payment under the said provision cannot be regarded as limited only to the portion of the retirement allowance corresponding to the last three months of service, and in principle, the entire amount of the retirement allowance shall be the subject thereof (see Supreme Court Decision 94Da54474 rendered on July 25, 1995; Supreme Court Decision 94Da57718 rendered on July 28, 1995).

The judgment of the court below, which is to the same effect, is justified, and there is no error therein that misapprehended the legal principles regarding preferential payment of retirement allowances, such as would have affected the judgment.

The argument is without merit.

3. Accordingly, the appeal is dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are to be borne by the losing party. This Judgment is rendered as stated in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices.

Presiding Justice Lee Yong-hun
Justice Park Man-ho
Justice Park Jun-seo (Justice in charge)
Justice Kim Hyeong-seon

【판결요지】

[1] 타인의 채무를 변제하고 채권자를 대위하는 대위변제의 경우 채권자의 채권은 동일성을 유지한 채 법률상 당연히 변제자에게 이전하고, 이러한 법리는 채권이 근로기준법상의 임금채권이라 하더라도 그대로 적용되므로, 근로기준법 제30조의2 제2항에 규정된 우선변제권이 있는 임금채권을 변제한 자는 채무자인 사용자에 대한 임금채권자로서 사용자의 총재산에 대한 강제집행절차나 임의경매절차가 개시된 경우에 경락기일까지 배당요구를 하여 그 배당절차에서 저당권의 피담보채권이나 일반채권보다 우선하여 변제받을 수 있으며, 이와 같이 근로자가 아닌 대위변제자에게 임금의 우선변제권을 인정하더라도 근로자에 대하여 임금이 직접 지급된 점에 비추어 이를 근로기준법 제36조 제1항 소정의 직접불의 원칙에 위배된다고 할 수 없다.

[2] 임의대위에 있어서는 변제자가 제3자에게 대항하기 위하여는 확정일자 있는 증서에 의한 대위의 통지나 승낙이 필요한 것이지만, 이 경우 제3자라 함은 대위변제의 목적인 그 채권 자체에 관하여 대위변제자와 양립할 수 없는 법률상 지위에 있는 자만을 의미한다.

[3] 임금채권에 대하여 아무런 관련이 없는 사용자에 대한 근저당권부 채권자는 임금채권의 대위변제자가 대항요건을 갖추어야 할 제3자에 해당된다고 할 수 없으므로, 변제로 인한 임의대위자의 사용자에 대한 대위의 통지가 적법히 된 이상 근저당채권자가 신청한 경매절차에서 경매개시결정으로 인한 압류의 효력이 발생한 날보다 그 대위 통지 일자가 늦다고 하더라도 대위에 영향이 없다고 한 사례.

[4] 근로기준법 제30조의2 제2항의 입법 과정이나 목적 및 취지에 비추어 보면 그 조항에서의 '최종 3월분의'라는 문구는 퇴직금을 수식하지 않는다고 보여지므로, 그 조항상의 우선변제의 대상이 되는 퇴직금이 최종 3개월간 근무한 부분에 대한 퇴직금만으로 한정되는 것이라고는 볼 수 없고, 원칙적으로 퇴직금 전액이 그 대상이 된다.

【참조조문】

[1] 근로기준법 제30조의2 제2항 , 제36조 제1항 , 민법 제482조 제1항 , 민사소송법 제605조 , 제728조

[2] 민법 제450조 제2항 , 제480조 제2항

[3] 민법 제450조 제2항 , 제480조 제2항

[4] 근로기준법 제30조의2 제2항

【참조판례】

[2] 대법원 1989. 1. 17. 선고 87다카1814 판결(공1989, 288) /[4] 대법원 1995. 7. 25. 선고 94다54474 판결(공1995하, 2942), 대법원 1995. 7. 28. 선고 94다57718 판결(공1995하, 2971)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 2,068자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고,피상고인】 연합철강공업 주식회사 외 1인 (원고들 소송대리인 변호사 고석윤)

【피고,상고인】 주식회사 서울은행 (소송대리인 변호사 정경철)

【원심판결】 서울고법 1994. 3. 23. 선고 93나46546 판결

【주문】

상고를 기각한다. 상고비용은 피고의 부담으로 한다.

【이유】 상고이유를 본다.

1. 상고이유 제1,2점에 대하여

타인의 채무를 변제하고 채권자를 대위하는 대위변제의 경우 채권자의 채권은 동일성을 유지한 채 법률상 당연히 변제자에게 이전하는 것이고( 민법 제482조 제1항), 이러한 법리는 채권이 근로기준법상의 임금채권이라 하더라도 그대로 적용된다 할 것이므로, 근로기준법 제30조의2 제2항에 규정된 우선변제권이 있는 임금채권을 변제한 자는 채무자인 사용자에 대한 임금채권자로서 사용자의 총재산에 대한 강제집행절차나 임의경매절차가 개시된 경우에 경락기일까지 배당요구를 하여( 민사소송법 제605조, 제728조) 그 배당절차에서 저당권의 피담보채권이나 일반채권보다 우선하여 변제받을 수 있는 것이며, 이와 같이 근로자가 아닌 대위변제자에게 임금의 우선변제권을 인정하더라도 근로자에 대하여 임금이 직접 지급된 점에 비추어 이를 근로기준법 제36조 제1항 소정의 직접불의 원칙에 위배된다고 할 수 없다.

또한, 부동산에 대한 경매개시결정으로 인한 압류는 채무자로 하여금 압류된 목적물에 대한 권리이전을 금지하는 효력을 가지는 것일 뿐 채무자에 대한 채권자가 그 채권을 양도하는 것을 금지하거나 제3자가 채무자의 채무를 대위변제하는 것을 금지하는 효력은 없는 것이고, 한편 임의대위에 있어서는 변제자가 제3자에게 대항하기 위하여는 확정일자 있는 증서에 의한 대위의 통지나 승낙이 필요한 것이지만( 민법 제480조 제2항, 제450조 제2항) 이 경우 제3자라 함은 대위변제의 목적인 그 채권 자체에 관하여 대위변제자와 양립할 수 없는 법률상 지위에 있는 자만을 의미한다 할 것이다.

따라서, 원심이 원고들은 변제로 인하여 근로자들의 소외 회사에 대한 임금 및 퇴직금 채권을 대위하여 행사할 수 있는 것이어서 경매절차에 참가하여 근로기준법 제30조의2 제2항에 의한 우선변제권을 주장하면서 원고들 자신들의 이름으로 배당요구를 할 수 있고, 또한, 피고는 임금채권에 대하여 아무런 관련이 없고 단지 소외 회사에 대한 근저당권부 채권자에 지나지 아니하여 대위변제자인 원고들이 대항요건을 갖추어야 할 제3자에 해당된다고도 할 수 없어 근로자들의 소외 회사에 대한 대위의 통지가 적법히 된 이상 피고 신청의 경매절차에서 경매개시결정으로 인한 압류의 효력이 발생한 날보다 위 대위통지 일자가 늦다고 하더라도 대위에 영향이 없다고 판단한 것은 이러한 법리에 따른 것으로서 정당하고, 거기에 임의대위의 법리나 임의대위에 있어서의 대항요건에 관한 법리 또는 임금의 직접불에 관한 법리를 오해하여 판결에 영향을 미친 위법이 있다고 할 수 없다.

논지는 이유 없다.

2. 상고이유 제3점에 대하여

근로기준법 제30조의2 제2항의 입법 과정이나 목적 및 취지에 비추어 보면 위 조항에서의 '최종 3월분의'라는 문구는 퇴직금을 수식하지 않는다고 보여지므로, 위 조항상의 우선변제의 대상이 되는 퇴직금이 최종 3개월간 근무한 부분에 대한 퇴직금만으로 한정되는 것이라고는 볼 수 없고 원칙적으로 퇴직금 전액이 그 대상이 되는 것이라 할 것이다 ( 대법원 1995. 7. 25. 선고 94다54474 판결, 1995. 7. 28. 선고 94다57718 판결 참조).

같은 취지의 원심판단은 정당하고, 거기에 퇴직금 우선변제에 관한 법리를 오해하여 판결에 영향을 미친 위법이 있다고 할 수 없다.

논지는 이유 없다.

3. 그러므로 상고를 기각하고 상고비용은 패소자의 부담으로 하기로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 이용훈(재판장) 박만호 박준서(주심) 김형선

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