Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 94누13053

Revocation of Retrial Decision on Remedy for Unfair Dismissal (부당해고구제재심판정취소)부당해고구제재심판정취소

Decided1995. 04. 25. Court대법원Case remanded (파기환송) — Employer's dismissal ultimately upheld as lawful
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

A worker was ordered five times within less than a year to submit a written statement of reflection (시말서) for workplace infractions, but refused every time. The company ultimately dismissed the worker for disciplinary reasons (징계해고). The Korean Supreme Court examined how to interpret conflicting provisions in the collective bargaining agreement (단체협약) and, weighing all relevant circumstances, upheld the dismissal as lawful.

Key takeaways
  • CaseAn employee refused all five orders to submit a written statement of reflection (시말서) within less than a year, leading the company to impose disciplinary dismissal (징계해고).
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court ruled the dismissal valid, finding that the employee's persistent defiance and complete lack of remorse made continuing the employment relationship untenable.
  • LessonRepeatedly refusing to comply with a company's legitimate disciplinary procedures, such as submitting a written statement of reflection, can constitute serious misconduct sufficient to justify dismissal.
Issues
  • How to interpret conflicting collective bargaining agreement provisions — one stating that submitting a written statement of reflection (시말서) five or more times per year constitutes grounds for dismissal, another stating that three submissions results in a reprimand
  • What standard should be used to determine whether a disciplinary dismissal for repeated refusal to submit a written statement of reflection is legally justified
Key reasoning

When a collective bargaining agreement contains conflicting clauses, the interpretation more favorable to the employee should be adopted. However, the legitimacy of a disciplinary dismissal (징계해고) must be assessed not merely by formal compliance with procedural rules, but by comprehensively considering the nature of the misconduct, whether the employee showed remorse, and the impact on workplace order. In this case, the worker repeatedly and without any sign of remorse refused to comply with the company's lawful directive to submit written statements of reflection, which the Court found made it impossible to continue the employment relationship. Accordingly, the dismissal was found to be justified despite the ambiguous wording of the collective agreement provisions.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] Since the collective agreement (단체협약) provides "when a written statement of reasons (시말서) has been submitted five or more times per year" as a ground for disciplinary action, an employee whose number of submissions of a written statement of reasons or whose number of sanctions imposing submission of a written statement of reasons is less than five times per year cannot be referred to disciplinary action on that ground alone. Nevertheless, if the same collective agreement, in prescribing reprimand (견책) as one of the types of discipline corresponding to the disciplinary grounds set forth therein, provides that a reprimand shall be imposed "upon the third submission of a written statement of reasons," this constitutes a conflict between provisions. In order to reasonably interpret such conflicting provisions of the collective agreement in favor of the employee, one has no choice but to regard the notation "upon the third submission of a written statement of reasons," appended to the reprimand disposition listed as one of the types of discipline, as meaningless.

[2] In determining the validity of a disciplinary dismissal made on the ground of "submission of a written statement of reasons five or more times per year," which is a disciplinary ground prescribed in the collective agreement, the determination should not be made merely by formally assessing whether the misconduct of the person subject to discipline falls under the above disciplinary ground; rather, it should be made by examining whether, through "the fact of having submitted a written statement of reasons five or more times per year or having received sanctions imposing submission of a written statement of reasons five or more times per year," there exist circumstances from which it can be found, in light of common social norms, that the employer has reached a state in which it can no longer continue the employment relationship with the employee concerned. In making such a determination, various circumstances must be comprehensively examined, including the background leading to the disciplinary subject's receipt of the sanctions imposing submission of a written statement of reasons, the specific content and degree of the misconduct that led to such sanctions, the impact on corporate order such as the risk of disorder in the corporate hierarchy caused thereby, whether the disciplinary subject has reflected on his or her misconduct, such as by submitting the written statement of reasons in accordance with the sanction, the employee's past work attitude, and whether the employee has a history of having received other disciplinary sanctions for violations of corporate order.

[3] A case in which the Supreme Court reversed the judgment of the court below, which had found that the disciplinary dismissal of an employee who, during a period of employment of less than one year, received sanctions imposing submission of a written statement of reasons on five occasions, constituted an abuse or deviation of the employer's disciplinary authority.

Full text (English, AI translation) 8,885 chars

[Plaintiff, Respondent] Plaintiff's Litigation Representative Attorney Lim Hong-jong and 2 others
[Defendant, Appellant] Chairman of the National Labor Relations Commission
[Intervenor for the Defendant, Appellant] Sambo Printing Machinery Industrial Co., Ltd., Litigation Representative Mirae General Law Firm, Attorney in Charge Kim Byeong-jae and 2 others
[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Decision 92Gu19912, decided September 16, 1994

[Order]

The judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal by the Defendant and the Litigation Representative of the Defendant's Intervenor are examined together.

1. According to the reasoning of the judgment below, the court below, citing the evidence set forth therein, found that the Plaintiff, due to the misconduct as stated in its ruling, received disciplinary measures in the form of submission of a letter of apology (示末書) five times from the Intervenor company for the Defendant (hereinafter referred to as "the Intervenor company"), and refused to submit the letter of apology each time. The court below then held that although such conduct by the Plaintiff constituted the disciplinary ground under Article 24, Item 5 of the collective agreement, namely "when a person has submitted letters of apology five or more times in a year," in light of various circumstances—including that the reasons for each of the Plaintiff's letters of apology did not appear to be so serious, that the collective agreement did not directly establish "submission of letters of apology five or more times in a year" as a ground for disciplinary dismissal but merely as a ground for discipline in general, that the types of discipline were divided into warning, reprimand, wage reduction, suspension from work, and disciplinary dismissal, and that "submission of three letters of apology" was set as a ground for reprimand, which is significantly lighter than disciplinary dismissal—the court below determined that the dismissal in this case was excessively severe in relation to the disciplinary grounds, constituting an abuse of discretion or a departure from the permissible scope in determining the disciplinary measure, and thus was an unjust dismissal without just cause for dismissal as required under Article 27 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법).

2. However, the above determination by the court below regarding the legitimacy of the disciplinary dismissal is difficult to readily accept.

A. Article 24 of the collective agreement of the Intervenor company provides that "the company may discipline a union member who falls under any of the following items," and lists in Item 5 "when a person has submitted letters of apology five or more times in a year." Article 25 provides for the types of discipline as warning, reprimand, wage reduction, suspension from work, and disciplinary dismissal, and provides that a reprimand shall be given "upon the third submission of a letter of apology."

Since the collective agreement thus provides "submission of letters of apology five or more times in a year" as a ground for discipline, it follows that where the number of times a person has submitted a letter of apology or received a disciplinary measure requiring submission of a letter of apology is less than five in a year, that person cannot be referred to disciplinary proceedings on that ground alone. Nevertheless, the same collective agreement, in providing for the types of discipline corresponding to the prescribed disciplinary grounds, also provides that reprimand shall be given "upon the third submission of a letter of apology," which cannot but be regarded as contradictory to the aforementioned provision.

Therefore, in order to reasonably interpret these conflicting provisions of the collective agreement in favor of the worker, the reference to "upon the third submission of a letter of apology," appended to the reprimand provision as one of the enumerated types of discipline, must ultimately be regarded as meaningless.

Accordingly, it was erroneous for the court below to determine the legitimacy of the dismissal in this case on the basis of its view that "upon the third submission of a letter of apology" under the collective agreement was provided solely as a ground for reprimand.

B. In determining the legitimacy of a disciplinary dismissal made on the ground of "submission of letters of apology five or more times in a year," which is a disciplinary ground under the collective agreement of the Intervenor company, the determination should not be made simply on the basis of whether the misconduct of the person subject to discipline formally corresponds to the above disciplinary ground. Rather, it should be determined based on whether, through the fact that the person has "submitted letters of apology five or more times in a year or received disciplinary measures requiring submission of letters of apology five or more times in a year," circumstances exist from which it can be considered, in light of social norms, that the employer has reached a state in which it can no longer continue the employment relationship with the worker in question. In making such a determination, various circumstances must be comprehensively examined, including: the circumstances under which the person subject to discipline came to receive the disciplinary measures requiring submission of letters of apology; the specific content and degree of the misconduct that led to each such measure; the risk to corporate order, such as the danger of disrupting the hierarchical order of the enterprise, arising therefrom; whether the person subject to discipline, in submitting the letter of apology pursuant to the disciplinary measure, demonstrated reflection on his or her misconduct; the person's past work attitude; and whether the person has a history of having received other disciplinary measures for violations of corporate order.

In the present case, the circumstances under which the Plaintiff received disciplinary measures requiring submission of letters of apology five times from the Intervenor company within less than one year from October 15, 1991, are as stated in the judgment below. Among the specific instances of misconduct for which the Plaintiff received these measures, some correspond to misconduct that, under the rules of employment, should originally have resulted in suspension from work—a measure heavier than the disciplinary measure of submitting a letter of apology. Moreover, some of the instances involved insubordination against a superior's legitimate work order, and thus the degree of misconduct cannot be regarded as light. If such conduct by a worker were to be left unaddressed, there would be a risk of significant disruption to the hierarchical order within the enterprise. Furthermore, the Plaintiff never once submitted the letter of apology required by the disciplinary measures, and thus does not appear to have shown reflection on his misconduct; rather, the Plaintiff consistently maintained an attitude denying the legitimacy of the Intervenor company's exercise of its disciplinary authority with respect to each of the above instances of misconduct. Considering the Plaintiff's past work attitude, as well as the fact that around August 14, 1990, the Plaintiff had submitted a written pledge to the Intervenor company promising not to engage in similar conduct in the future, after having engaged in illegal industrial action—demanding a wage increase contrary to the content of labor-management consultations and inciting other workers to refuse to work—and considering the various circumstances appearing in the record as a whole, it must be found that there existed, on the part of the Plaintiff, a culpable ground, in light of social norms, rendering the continuation of the employment relationship impossible. Therefore, the disciplinary dismissal of the Plaintiff by the Intervenor company must be held to have had just cause as required under Article 27 of the Labor Standards Act.

C. Notwithstanding these circumstances, the court below's determination, on the grounds stated in its judgment, that the dismissal in this case was an unjust dismissal, amounts to a mistaken finding of fact regarding the legitimacy of the disciplinary dismissal and, further, a misunderstanding of the legal principles concerning "just cause" under Article 27 of the Labor Standards Act. This error clearly affected the judgment, and therefore the argument contesting this point is well-founded.

3. Accordingly, the appeal is accepted, the judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the court below. This judgment is rendered as stated in the Order, by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices.

Justice Lee Im-su (Presiding Justice), Kim Seok-su, Jeong Gwi-ho (Justice in Charge), Lee Don-hui

【판결요지】

가. 단체협약에서 “시말서를 연 5회 이상 제출한 때”를 징계사유로 규정하고 있으므로, 시말서를 제출하거나 시말서제출의 제재처분을 받은 횟수가 연 5회 미만인 경우에는 그 해당자에 대하여 그 사유만으로는 징계회부를 할 수 없는 것이라 할 것임에도, 같은 단체협약에서 그 소정의 징계사유에 따른 징계의 종류로 견책을 규정하면서 견책처분은 “시말서 3회 제출시”에 하도록 규정하였다면 서로 상충되는 것으로, 이와 같이 단체협약상의 상충하는 규정을 근로자에게 유리하게 합리적으로 해석하려면 결국 징계의 종류를 규정하면서 그 하나로 열거하고 있는 견책처분에 병기한 “시말서 3회 제출시”라는 기재를 무의미한 것으로 보는 수밖에 없다.

나. 단체협약 소정의 징계사유인 “시말서를 연 5회 이상 제출한 때”를 이유로 이루어진 징계해고의 정당성을 판단함에 있어서는, 징계대상자의 비위사실이 단순히 형식적으로 위 징계사유에 해당하는가에 의할 것이 아니라 “시말서를 연 5회 이상 제출하거나 시말서 제출의 제재처분을 연 5회 이상 받은 사실”을 통해서 사회통념상 사용자가 당해 근로자와 근로계약관계를 계속할 수 없는 상태에 이르렀다고 볼 사정이 있는지의 여부에 의하여 판단하여야 할 것이고, 이와 같은 판단을 하려면 징계대상자가 시말서 제출의 제재처분을 받게된 경위, 그 처분을 받게 된 비위사실의 구체적인 내용과 정도, 이로 인하여 기업의 위계질서가 문란케 될 위험성 등 기업질서에 미칠 영향, 징계대상자가 그 제재처분에 따라 시말서를 제출하는 등으로 자신의 비위사실에 대하여 반성하고 있는지의 여부, 과거의 근무태도, 기업질서위반으로 다른 징계처분 등을 받은 전력이 있는지의 여부 등 여러 사정을 종합적으로 검토하여야 한다.

다. 1년도 안된 근무기간 동안 5차례 걸쳐 시말서 제출의 제재처분을 받은 근로자에 대한 징계해고를 징계권 남용·일탈로 본 원심판결을 파기한 사례.

【참조조문】

근로기준법 제27조 제1항, 제27조의3

【주문】·【이유】 전문 2,970자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 피상고인】 원고 소송대리인 변호사 임홍종 외 2인

【피고, 상고인】 중앙노동위원회위원장

【피고보조참가인, 상고인】 주식회사 삼보인쇄지기공업사 소송대리인 미래종합법무법인 담당변호사 김병재 외 2인

【원심판결】 서울고법 1994. 9. 16. 선고 92구19912 판결

【주 문】

원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.

【이 유】 피고와 피고보조참가인 소송대리인의 상고이유를 함께 본다.

1. 원심판결 이유에 의하면, 원심은 그 거시의 증거들을 들어 원고가 그 판시와 같은 비위사실로 피고보조참가인 회사(이하 참가인 회사라 한다)로부터 5차례에 걸쳐서 시말서제출이라는 제재처분을 받고도 매번 시말서의 제출을 거부한 사실을 인정한 다음 원고의 그와 같은 행위는 단체협약 제24조 제5호 소정의 징계사유인 “시말서를 연 5회 이상 제출한 때”에 해당한다고 하면서도, 원고의 각 시말서 제출사유가 그렇게 무거워 보이지 않는 점, 단체협약에서 “시말서를 연 5회 이상 제출한 때”를 바로 징계해고사유로 정한 것이 아니고 단지 징계사유로 정한 것에 불과하며, 징계의 종류를 경고, 견책, 감봉, 출근정지 및 징계해고로 나누어 두었고, “시말서 3회 제출”을 징계해고보다 현저히 가벼운 견책사유로 규정하고 있는 점 등의 여러 사정을 들어 이 사건 해고가 그 징계사유에 비하여 너무 과중하여 징계양정에 있어 재량권을 남용하거나 그 범위를 일탈한 것으로서, 근로기준법 제27조가 정한 해고의 정당한 이유가 없는 부당한 해고라고 판단하였다.

2. 그러나, 징계해고의 정당성에 관한 원심의 위와 같은 판단은 쉽게 수긍하기 어렵다.

가. 참가인 회사의 단체협약 제24조는 “회사는 조합원 중 다음 각호의 1에 해당하는 자는 징계할 수 있다”고 규정하면서 제5호에서 “시말서를 연 5회 이상 제출한 때”를 들고 있고, 제25조는 징계의 종류로서 경고, 견책, 감봉, 출근정지 및 징계해고를 규정하면서 견책처분은 “시말서 3회 제출시”에 하도록 규정하고 있다.

이처럼 단체협약에서 “시말서를 연 5회 이상 제출한 때”를 징계사유로 규정하고 있으므로, 시말서를 제출하거나 시말서제출의 제재처분을 받은 횟수가 연 5회 미만인 경우에는 그 해당자에 대하여 그 사유만으로는 징계회부를 할 수 없는 것이라 할 것임에도 같은 단체협약에서 그 소정의 징계사유에 따른 징계의 종류로 견책을 규정하면서 견책처분은 “시말서 3회 제출시”에 하도록 규정한 것은 서로 상충되는 것이라 아니 할 수 없다.

따라서 이와 같이 단체협약상의 상충하는 규정을 근로자에게 유리하게 합리적으로 해석하려면 결국 징계의 종류를 규정하면서 그 하나로 열거하고 있는 견책처분에 병기한 “시말서 3회 제출시”라는 기재를 무의미한 것으로 보는 수밖에 없다.

그렇다면, 원심이 위 단체협약 소정의 “시말서 3회 제출시”가 견책사유로만 규정되어 있다고 보고 이를 토대로 이 사건 해고의 정당성 여부를 판단한 것은 잘못이라 할 것이다.

나. 참가인 회사의 단체협약 소정의 징계사유인 “시말서를 연 5회 이상 제출한 때”를 이유로 이루어진 징계해고의 정당성을 판단함에 있어서는, 징계대상자의 비위사실이 단순히 형식적으로 위 징계사유에 해당하는가에 의할 것이 아니라 “시말서를 연 5회 이상 제출하거나 시말서제출의 제재처분을 연 5회 이상 받은 사실”을 통해서 사회통념상 사용자가 당해근로자와 근로계약관계를 계속할 수 없는 상태에 이르렀다고 볼 사정이 있는지의 여부에 의하여 판단하여야 할 것이고, 이와 같은 판단을 하려면 징계대상자가 시말서제출의 제재처분을 받게 된 경위, 그 처분을 받게 된 비위사실의 구체적인 내용과 정도, 이로 인하여 기업의 위계질서가 문란케 될 위험성 등 기업질서에 미칠 영향, 징계대상자가 그 제재처분에 따라 시말서를 제출하는 등으로 자신의 비위사실에 대하여 반성하고 있는지의 여부, 과거의 근무태도, 기업질서위반으로 다른 징계처분 등을 받은 전력이 있는지의 여부 등 여러사정을 종합적으로 검토하여야 할 것이다.

이 사건의 경우 원고가 1991.10.15.부터 1년도 안된 기간 동안 5차례에 걸쳐 참가인 회사로부터 시말서제출의 제재처분을 받은 경위가 원심 판시와 같고, 그 처분을 받게 된 원고의 구체적인 비위사실 중 일부는 원래 취업규칙 소정의 시말서제출의 제재처분보다 무거운 출근정지의 제재처분을 하도록 규정된 비위사실에 해당할 뿐 아니라 그 중에는 상사의 정당한 업무명령에 불복종하는 내용을 담고 있어 그 비위정도가 결코 가볍다고 보이지 아니하며, 이와 같은 근로자의 행태를 방치한다면 기업내의 위계질서가 크게 문란케 될 위험성이 있는 점, 더욱이 원고가 그 제재처분에 따른 시말서를 한번도 제출하지 아니함으로써 자신의 비위사실에 대하여 반성하고 있는 것으로 보이지 아니할 뿐 아니라 오히려 원고의 위 각 비위사실에 대한 참가인 회사의 징계권행사를 부정하는 태도로 일관하고 있는 점, 원고의 과거의 근무태도, 원고가 노사협의내용에 따르지 아니하고 임금인상을 요구하며 다른 근로자들에게 작업을 거부하도록 선동하는 등의 불법쟁의행위를 한 사실로 1990.8.14.경에도 참가인 회사에 대하여 향후 그와 같은 행위를 하지 아니하겠다는 각서를 제출하였던 점 등 기록에 나타난 여러 사정을 종합하여 보면, 원고에게는 사회통념상 근로계약관계를 계속할 수 없는 책임 있는 사유가 있다고 보이므로 참가인 회사의 원고에 이 사건 징계해고는 근로기준법 제27조 소정의 정당한 이유가 있다고 하여야 할 것이다.

다. 사정이 이러함에도 원심이 그 판시와 같은 이유로 이 사건 해고가 부당한 해고라고 한 것은 결국 징계해고의 정당성에 관한 사실을 오인하고 나아가 근로기준법 제27조 소정의 정당한 이유에 관한 법리를 오해하였다 할 것이고 이는 판결에 영향을 미쳤음이 분명하므로 이 점을 다투는 논지는 이유 있다.

3. 그러므로 상고를 받아들여 원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 원심법원에 환송하기로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 이임수(재판장) 김석수 정귀호(주심) 이돈희

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