[Defendant] Defendant
[Appellant] Defendant
[Defense Counsel] Attorney Kwon Jung-yeong of Naeil Law Firm
[Judgment Below] Daejeon District Court Decision 2016No2086, decided August 10, 2017
[Order]
The judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Daejeon District Court.
[Reasoning]
The grounds of appeal are examined.
1. With respect to cases that do not fall under offenses punishable by death, life imprisonment, or imprisonment with or without labor for a maximum term exceeding ten years, Article 23 of the Act on Special Cases Concerning the Promotion, etc. of Legal Proceedings (소송촉진 등에 관한 특례법; hereinafter “the Special Provision at issue in this case”) allows special exceptions to the first-instance trial procedure, whereby, if the defendant’s whereabouts remain unascertainable for six months after receipt of a report of unsuccessful service on the defendant, the court may adjudicate the case without the defendant’s statement, in accordance with the procedures prescribed by the Supreme Court Regulations.
However, where a defendant who has received a guilty verdict pursuant to the Special Provision at issue in this case, and whose judgment has become final, was unable to attend the trial proceedings due to a cause not attributable to him or her, the defendant or others may, pursuant to Article 23-2, Paragraph 1 of the same Act (hereinafter “the Retrial Provision at issue in this case”), request a retrial from the court of first instance within 14 days from the date on which he or she became aware of the fact that the judgment had been rendered. If the defendant was unable to request a retrial within the said period due to a cause not attributable to him or her, the defendant may request a retrial from the court of first instance within 14 days from the date on which such cause ceased to exist.
In light of the language and legislative purpose of the Special Provision at issue in this case and the Retrial Provision at issue in this case as set forth above, even in a case where, following a trial held in absentia at the first instance pursuant to the Special Provision at issue in this case, only the prosecutor appealed, the appellate court likewise proceeded with the trial in the defendant’s absence, and the prosecutor’s appeal was dismissed such that the first-instance guilty judgment became final, a defendant who was unable to attend the trial proceedings at both the first instance and the appellate stage due to a cause not attributable to him or her must be deemed entitled to request a retrial of that guilty judgment from the court of first instance within the period prescribed by the Retrial Provision at issue in this case, pursuant to that provision.
Furthermore, in such a case, if the defendant, instead of requesting a retrial, files an appeal to the Supreme Court through restoration of the right to appeal, this may be deemed to constitute “a case where there exists a ground for requesting a retrial,” which is prescribed as a ground for appeal to the Supreme Court under Article 383, Item 3 of the Criminal Procedure Act (형사소송법), and may thus constitute a ground for reversing the judgment below. Moreover, where the court to which the case is remanded upon such reversal conducts the appellate proceedings anew, that court, in accordance with the purport of the judgment of reversal and remand—namely, that the first-instance trial was conducted pursuant to the Special Provision at issue in this case due to no fault attributable to the defendant—must find that the first-instance judgment contains a ground for appeal under Article 361-5, Item 13 of the Criminal Procedure Act (i.e., “a case where there exists a ground for requesting a retrial”), constituting a ground for ex officio reversal, and must then proceed with new trial procedures, including re-serving a copy of the indictment and other documents, and thereafter render a new judgment based on the results of the new trial (see Supreme Court en banc Decision 2014Do17252, decided June 25, 2015; Supreme Court Decision 2015Do1054, decided August 27, 2015, etc.).
2. According to the record, the following facts may be ascertained: ① the court of first instance, pursuant to the Special Provision at issue in this case, served a copy of the indictment and the summons, etc. by public notice, and proceeded with the trial in the defendant’s absence, ultimately sentencing the defendant to ten months’ imprisonment; ② only the prosecutor appealed, on the ground of unfairness of the sentence, and the court below likewise served the summons, etc. by public notice and, pursuant to Article 365 of the Criminal Procedure Act, proceeded with the trial in the defendant’s absence, after which it dismissed the prosecutor’s appeal, resulting in the formal finality of the judgment below; ③ the defendant did not receive service of the copy of the indictment, etc., and was thus unaware even of the fact that prosecution had been instituted, and, upon later learning that a judgment had been rendered, immediately filed a request for restoration of the right to appeal; and ④ the court, finding that the defendant’s failure to appeal within the appeal period was due to a cause not attributable to him, issued a decision restoring the right to appeal. In light of the foregoing, it can be said that the defendant was unable to attend the trial proceedings at both the first instance and the court below due to a cause not attributable to him.
3. Examining these circumstances in light of the legal principles set forth above, the judgment below—rendered where the first-instance trial was conducted pursuant to the Special Provision at issue in this case while the defendant was absent due to a cause not attributable to him, and where the appellate court likewise proceeded with the trial while the defendant was absent due to a cause not attributable to him, thereby upholding the first-instance judgment as is—contains a ground for requesting a retrial as prescribed by the Retrial Provision at issue in this case, and this constitutes a ground for appeal to the Supreme Court as prescribed by Article 383, Item 3 of the Criminal Procedure Act.
4. Accordingly, without rendering judgment on the remaining grounds of appeal, the judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the court below for further trial and judgment. This judgment is rendered by the unanimous opinion of the Justices participating in the decision, as set forth in the Order above.
Justice Cho Hee-dae (Presiding Justice), Ko Young-han, Kwon Soon-il, Cho Jae-yeon (Justice in Charge)