Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 2017도17083

Violation of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법위반)근로기준법위반

Decided2017. 12. 22. Court대법원Case reversed and remanded (파기환송) — the defendant (worker's employer, prosecuted for Labor Standards Act violations) was granted the opportunity for a proper retrial
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

The defendant was prosecuted for violating the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) but was tried in absentia (불출석 재판) because court documents could not be delivered to him. The Supreme Court found that since the defendant was not personally at fault for missing the trial, he was entitled to file a request for retrial (재심청구), and reversed and remanded the case (파기환송) to the lower court.

Key takeaways
  • CaseThe defendant, prosecuted for violating the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), was tried without being present in court because summons could not be delivered to him.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court ruled that if the defendant was not at fault for missing the trial, he is entitled to file a request for retrial under the Act on Special Cases Concerning Expedition of Legal Proceedings (소송촉진법), and remanded the case for retrial.
  • LessonIf you are prosecuted for a Labor Standards Act violation and fail to receive court notices due to an address change or similar reason beyond your control, you should immediately file a request for retrial (재심청구).
Issues
  • Whether a defendant tried in absentia under the special provisions of the Act on Special Cases Concerning Expedition of Legal Proceedings (소송촉진법) may file a request for retrial (재심청구)
  • Whether such a retrial request constitutes a valid ground for appeal when the defendant exercises a restored right to appeal (상고권회복)
  • What measures the lower court must take upon remand after the Supreme Court reverses the judgment
Key reasoning

Under the Act on Special Cases Concerning Expedition, etc. of Legal Proceedings (소송촉진법), Article 23-2, a defendant who was tried in absentia through no fault of his own may file a request for retrial (재심청구) even after a special in-absentia trial has concluded. The Supreme Court held that this right to seek retrial also qualifies as a valid ground for appeal under Article 383, Item 3 of the Criminal Procedure Act (형사소송법) when the defendant later regains standing to appeal (상고권회복). Since the defendant here was not at fault for failing to receive the court's summons (due to delivery failure, not his own negligence), he should have been permitted to pursue this remedy. Accordingly, the Supreme Court reversed the lower court's judgment and remanded the case for further proceedings.

Full text (English, AI translation) 6,604 chars

[Defendant] Defendant
[Appellant] Defendant
[Defense Counsel] Attorney Kwon Jung-yeong of Naeil Law Firm
[Judgment Below] Daejeon District Court Decision 2016No2086, decided August 10, 2017

[Order]

The judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Daejeon District Court.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal are examined.

1. With respect to cases that do not fall under offenses punishable by death, life imprisonment, or imprisonment with or without labor for a maximum term exceeding ten years, Article 23 of the Act on Special Cases Concerning the Promotion, etc. of Legal Proceedings (소송촉진 등에 관한 특례법; hereinafter “the Special Provision at issue in this case”) allows special exceptions to the first-instance trial procedure, whereby, if the defendant’s whereabouts remain unascertainable for six months after receipt of a report of unsuccessful service on the defendant, the court may adjudicate the case without the defendant’s statement, in accordance with the procedures prescribed by the Supreme Court Regulations.

However, where a defendant who has received a guilty verdict pursuant to the Special Provision at issue in this case, and whose judgment has become final, was unable to attend the trial proceedings due to a cause not attributable to him or her, the defendant or others may, pursuant to Article 23-2, Paragraph 1 of the same Act (hereinafter “the Retrial Provision at issue in this case”), request a retrial from the court of first instance within 14 days from the date on which he or she became aware of the fact that the judgment had been rendered. If the defendant was unable to request a retrial within the said period due to a cause not attributable to him or her, the defendant may request a retrial from the court of first instance within 14 days from the date on which such cause ceased to exist.

In light of the language and legislative purpose of the Special Provision at issue in this case and the Retrial Provision at issue in this case as set forth above, even in a case where, following a trial held in absentia at the first instance pursuant to the Special Provision at issue in this case, only the prosecutor appealed, the appellate court likewise proceeded with the trial in the defendant’s absence, and the prosecutor’s appeal was dismissed such that the first-instance guilty judgment became final, a defendant who was unable to attend the trial proceedings at both the first instance and the appellate stage due to a cause not attributable to him or her must be deemed entitled to request a retrial of that guilty judgment from the court of first instance within the period prescribed by the Retrial Provision at issue in this case, pursuant to that provision.

Furthermore, in such a case, if the defendant, instead of requesting a retrial, files an appeal to the Supreme Court through restoration of the right to appeal, this may be deemed to constitute “a case where there exists a ground for requesting a retrial,” which is prescribed as a ground for appeal to the Supreme Court under Article 383, Item 3 of the Criminal Procedure Act (형사소송법), and may thus constitute a ground for reversing the judgment below. Moreover, where the court to which the case is remanded upon such reversal conducts the appellate proceedings anew, that court, in accordance with the purport of the judgment of reversal and remand—namely, that the first-instance trial was conducted pursuant to the Special Provision at issue in this case due to no fault attributable to the defendant—must find that the first-instance judgment contains a ground for appeal under Article 361-5, Item 13 of the Criminal Procedure Act (i.e., “a case where there exists a ground for requesting a retrial”), constituting a ground for ex officio reversal, and must then proceed with new trial procedures, including re-serving a copy of the indictment and other documents, and thereafter render a new judgment based on the results of the new trial (see Supreme Court en banc Decision 2014Do17252, decided June 25, 2015; Supreme Court Decision 2015Do1054, decided August 27, 2015, etc.).

2. According to the record, the following facts may be ascertained: ① the court of first instance, pursuant to the Special Provision at issue in this case, served a copy of the indictment and the summons, etc. by public notice, and proceeded with the trial in the defendant’s absence, ultimately sentencing the defendant to ten months’ imprisonment; ② only the prosecutor appealed, on the ground of unfairness of the sentence, and the court below likewise served the summons, etc. by public notice and, pursuant to Article 365 of the Criminal Procedure Act, proceeded with the trial in the defendant’s absence, after which it dismissed the prosecutor’s appeal, resulting in the formal finality of the judgment below; ③ the defendant did not receive service of the copy of the indictment, etc., and was thus unaware even of the fact that prosecution had been instituted, and, upon later learning that a judgment had been rendered, immediately filed a request for restoration of the right to appeal; and ④ the court, finding that the defendant’s failure to appeal within the appeal period was due to a cause not attributable to him, issued a decision restoring the right to appeal. In light of the foregoing, it can be said that the defendant was unable to attend the trial proceedings at both the first instance and the court below due to a cause not attributable to him.

3. Examining these circumstances in light of the legal principles set forth above, the judgment below—rendered where the first-instance trial was conducted pursuant to the Special Provision at issue in this case while the defendant was absent due to a cause not attributable to him, and where the appellate court likewise proceeded with the trial while the defendant was absent due to a cause not attributable to him, thereby upholding the first-instance judgment as is—contains a ground for requesting a retrial as prescribed by the Retrial Provision at issue in this case, and this constitutes a ground for appeal to the Supreme Court as prescribed by Article 383, Item 3 of the Criminal Procedure Act.

4. Accordingly, without rendering judgment on the remaining grounds of appeal, the judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the court below for further trial and judgment. This judgment is rendered by the unanimous opinion of the Justices participating in the decision, as set forth in the Order above.

Justice Cho Hee-dae (Presiding Justice), Ko Young-han, Kwon Soon-il, Cho Jae-yeon (Justice in Charge)

【참조조문】

소송촉진 등에 관한 특례법 제23조, 제23조의2 제1항, 형사소송법 제361조의5 제13호, 제383조 제3호

【참조판례】

대법원 2015. 6. 25. 선고 2014도17252 전원합의체 판결(공2015하, 1112), 대법원 2015. 8. 27. 선고 2015도1054 판결

【주문】·【이유】 전문 2,189자 · 펼쳐 보기

【피 고 인】 피고인

【상 고 인】 피고인

【변 호 인】 법무법인 내일 담당변호사 권중영

【원심판결】 대전지법 2017. 8. 10. 선고 2016노2086 판결

【주 문】

원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 대전지방법원에 환송한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 판단한다.

1. 사형, 무기 또는 장기(長期) 10년이 넘는 징역이나 금고에 해당하지 아니하는 사건에 대하여는 소송촉진 등에 관한 특례법 제23조(이하 ‘이 사건 특례 규정’이라고 한다)에 의하여 제1심 공판절차에 관한 특례가 허용되어, 피고인에 대한 송달불능보고서가 접수된 때부터 6개월이 지나도록 피고인의 소재를 확인할 수 없는 경우에는 대법원규칙으로 정하는 바에 따라 피고인의 진술 없이 재판할 수 있다.

다만 이 사건 특례 규정에 따라 유죄판결을 받고 그 판결이 확정된 피고인이 책임을 질 수 없는 사유로 공판절차에 출석할 수 없었던 경우에는, 피고인 등이 위 법률 제23조의2 제1항(이하 ‘이 사건 재심 규정’이라고 한다)에 의하여 그 판결이 있었던 사실을 안 날부터 14일 이내에 제1심법원에 재심을 청구할 수 있으며, 만약 책임을 질 수 없는 사유로 위 기간에 재심청구를 하지 못한 경우에는 그 사유가 없어진 날부터 14일 이내에 제1심법원에 재심을 청구할 수 있다.

위와 같은 이 사건 특례 규정과 이 사건 재심 규정의 문언 및 입법 취지에 의하면, 이 사건 특례 규정에 따라 진행된 제1심의 불출석 재판에 대하여 검사만 항소하고 항소심도 불출석 재판으로 진행한 후에 검사의 항소를 기각하여 제1심의 유죄판결이 확정된 경우에도 귀책사유 없이 제1심과 항소심의 공판절차에 출석할 수 없었던 피고인으로서는 이 사건 재심 규정에 따라 이 사건 재심 규정이 정한 기간 내에 제1심법원에 그 유죄판결에 대한 재심을 청구할 수 있다고 보아야 한다.

그리고 위 경우에 피고인이 재심을 청구하지 않고 상고권회복에 의한 상고를 제기하였다면, 이는 형사소송법 제383조 제3호에서 상고이유로 정한 ‘재심청구의 사유가 있는 때’에 해당한다고 볼 수 있으므로 원심판결에 대한 파기사유가 될 수 있다. 나아가 위 사유로 파기되는 사건을 환송받아 다시 항소심 절차를 진행하는 원심으로서는 피고인의 귀책사유 없이 이 사건 특례 규정에 의하여 제1심이 진행되었다는 파기환송 판결 취지에 따라, 제1심판결에 형사소송법 제361조의5 제13호의 항소이유(재심청구의 사유가 있는 때)가 있어 직권 파기 사유에 해당한다고 보고, 다시 공소장 부본 등을 송달하는 등 새로 소송절차를 진행한 다음 새로운 심리 결과에 따라 다시 판결을 하여야 할 것이다(대법원 2015. 6. 25. 선고 2014도17252 전원합의체 판결, 대법원 2015. 8. 27. 선고 2015도1054 판결 등 참조).

2. 기록에 의하면, ① 제1심은 이 사건 특례 규정에 따라 공시송달의 방법으로 공소장 부본과 소환장 등을 송달하고 피고인이 불출석한 상태에서 심리를 진행하여 징역 10월을 선고하였고, ② 이에 대하여 검사만 양형부당으로 항소하자, 원심도 공시송달의 방법으로 소환장 등을 송달하고 형사소송법 제365조에 따라 피고인이 불출석한 상태에서 심리를 진행한 후, 검사의 항소를 기각하여 원심판결이 형식적으로 확정되었는데, ③ 피고인은 공소장 부본 등을 송달받지 못해 공소가 제기된 사실조차 알지 못하였으며, 그 후 피고인이 판결선고 사실을 알게 되자 곧바로 상소권회복청구를 하였고, ④ 이에 법원은 피고인이 상고기간 내에 상고하지 못한 것은 책임을 질 수 없는 사유로 인한 것이라고 인정하여 상고권회복결정을 한 사실을 알 수 있다. 이에 비추어 보면 피고인은 책임을 질 수 없는 사유로 제1심과 원심의 공판절차에 출석하지 못하였다고 할 수 있다.

3. 이러한 사정을 앞에서 본 법리에 비추어 살펴보면, 피고인이 책임을 질 수 없는 사유로 불출석한 상태에서 이 사건 특례 규정에 의하여 제1심 재판이 진행되고 항소심 역시 피고인이 책임질 수 없는 사유로 불출석한 채 재판을 진행하여 제1심판결을 그대로 유지한 원심판결에는 이 사건 재심 규정에서 정한 재심청구의 사유가 있다 할 것이고, 이는 형사소송법 제383조 제3호에서 정한 상고이유에 해당한다.

4. 그러므로 나머지 상고이유에 대한 판단을 생략한 채 원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 다시 심리·판단하도록 원심법원에 환송하기로 하여, 관여 대법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 조희대(재판장) 고영한 권순일 조재연(주심)

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