[Plaintiffs, Appellants and Appellees]
[Defendants, Appellees and Appellants] Woori Bank Co., Ltd. and 2 others (Litigation representative: Jipyong Jisung LLC, 1 attorney)
[Lower Court Judgment] Seoul High Court Judgment of October 29, 2010, Case No. 2010Na15532
[Order]
All appeals are dismissed. The costs of the appeal are to be borne by each appellant.
[Reasoning]
The grounds of appeal are examined (the supplementary briefs on grounds of appeal submitted by the Plaintiffs and by Defendants Woori Bank Co., Ltd. and Kyongnam Bank Co., Ltd. after the expiration of the period for submission of grounds of appeal are considered only to the extent that they supplement the grounds of appeal already timely submitted).
1. As to the portion of Ground of Appeal No. 2 of Defendants Woori Bank Co., Ltd. and Kyongnam Bank Co., Ltd. concerning the misapplication of law regarding transactional causation, Grounds of Appeal Nos. 1 and 3 of the same Defendants, and Grounds of Appeal Nos. 1 through 3 of Defendant Woori Asset Management Co., Ltd.
A. Under the former Act on the Business of Operating Indirect Investment Assets (간접투자자산운용업법) (enacted as Act No. 8635 on August 3, 2007, prior to its abolition pursuant to Article 2 of the Addenda to the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act (자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법률), which took effect on February 4, 2009; hereinafter the "Indirect Investment Act"), a distributing company in the sale of beneficiary certificates is not merely an agent of the asset management company, but stands in the position of the investor's counterparty, recommending investments to investors and selling beneficiary certificates in the distributing company's own name. Where such a distributing company commits a wrongful act in breach of its duty to protect investors—by impeding an inexperienced general investor's proper understanding of the risks inherent in a transaction, or by actively recommending a transaction involving excessive risk in light of the customer's investment circumstances—and thereby causes damage to the investor, the distributing company is liable to compensate for damages arising from the tortious act (see Supreme Court Decision 97Da47989, decided October 27, 1998, etc.).
In soliciting an investor to acquire beneficiary certificates for the purpose of selling them, the distributing company must provide the investor with the prospectus supplied by the asset management company and explain its principal contents, and must comply with the rules of conduct for sales, including the duty not to make representations likely to cause misunderstanding of important matters to the investor, and the duty not to fail to fully and accurately inform the investor of the principal contents of the trust agreement and the prospectus regarding the characteristics of indirect investment and the risk of investment, such as performance-based dividends and the possibility of loss of principal (Article 56(2) and Article 57(1) of the Indirect Investment Act). Accordingly, the distributing company must thoroughly understand the contents of the prospectus provided by the asset management company, and where any part thereof is unclear, must obtain an accurate explanation from the asset management company so as to clearly understand the contents itself, and must then explain to the investor the method of operation of the investment trust, the investment plan, and the resulting profits and risks in a manner that allows the investor to understand them accurately and in a balanced way. The mere fact that the distributing company believed the sales assistance materials provided by the asset management company to be accurate and sufficient, and relied on them in explaining the investment trust, cannot be deemed to constitute fulfillment of the duty to protect investors.
Furthermore, even where an asset management company as defined under the Indirect Investment Act does not directly handle the sale of beneficiary certificates, it has a direct interest in the sale of beneficiary certificates and, as the entity that establishes and operates the investment trust, is in the position of primarily generating and disseminating information concerning the investment trust. Accordingly, such an asset management company bears a duty of care to protect investors by providing the distributing company or investors with accurate information regarding the profit structure and risk factors of the investment trust so that investors may make rational investment decisions based on that information, and bears tort liability arising from breach of this duty (see Supreme Court Decision 2004Da53197, decided September 6, 2007).
While the information provided by an asset management company in the process of selling beneficiary certificates is basically the content of the prospectus, where the asset management company itself prepares and provides or delivers to the distributing company and investors, in addition to the prospectus, sales assistance materials to help understand the contents of the prospectus, or advertisements informing of the characteristics of the investment trust, and such sales assistance materials or advertisements contain representations likely to cause misunderstanding of important matters to investors, or information lacking balance regarding the profits and risks of the investment trust, and this information, as a result, affected the investor's investment decision in the course of the distributing company's sale of the beneficiary certificates, the mere fact that the prospectus provided by the asset management company to the distributing company faithfully contained such information cannot be deemed to constitute fulfillment of the asset management company's duty to protect investors.
B. According to the reasoning of the lower court's judgment and the evidence lawfully adopted by the lower court, the following facts may be found:
(1) Fund No. 1 in this case is an over-the-counter derivatives investment trust with an establishment date of November 11, 2005 and a maturity date of November 22, 2011. Since most of its trust assets are invested in the over-the-counter derivative product No. 1 at issue in this case, its profit structure is linked to the profit structure of that derivative product. The over-the-counter derivative product No. 1 at issue in this case is a synthetic collateralized debt obligation issued according to loss-bearing priority, with its main assets being a long/short Equity Default Swap (EDS) portfolio based on the stock prices of 112 specific foreign stocks as underlying assets, and collateral bonds. The quarterly fixed return and the maturity redemption amount of the over-the-counter derivative product No. 1 at issue in this case are directly reflected in the quarterly fixed return and maturity redemption amount of Fund No. 1 at issue in this case. As a result, the amount of the invested principal of Fund No. 1 at issue in this case to be redeemed at maturity is determined between 0% and 100% of the invested principal, and the amount to be redeemed is determined by the "Fund Event Number," which is calculated by observing the stock prices of the 112 underlying stocks every Thursday for approximately three years from November 19, 2008 until maturity; this is calculated by subtracting the sum of the number of insurance portfolio events during that period from the sum of the number of risk portfolio events during that period. A risk portfolio event refers to an event occurring in one of the 56 stocks included in the risk portfolio among the 112 underlying stocks, i.e., a fall in the stock price below 35% of the reference stock price (the average closing price for 3 business days from November 18, 2005). An insurance portfolio event refers to an event occurring in one of the 56 stocks included in the insurance portfolio among the 112 stocks, i.e., a fall in the stock price below 35% of the reference stock price. However, the maximum number of events per stock in the risk portfolio and the insurance portfolio is limited to 10. If the Fund Event Number is less than 58 at maturity, the entire invested principal is recovered; if it is 91 or more, the entire invested principal is lost; and if it is 58 or more but less than 91, a portion of the invested principal is recovered according to the formula "Recovery Amount = Principal × [1 - (Fund Event Number - 57.4) / 33.6]." Meanwhile, regardless of the amount of principal recovered at maturity, Fund No. 1 at issue in this case pays beneficiaries a fixed return of 6.70% per annum (the 5-year government bond yield as of the initial establishment date of the investment trust plus 1.2% per annum) every quarter from the establishment date to the maturity date, the source of which is the difference between the equity default swap premiums generated from the risk portfolio and the equity default swap premiums paid out from the insurance portfolio of the over-the-counter derivative product at issue, as well as the interest on the collateral bonds.
(2) Fund No. 2 in this case is an over-the-counter derivatives investment trust with an establishment date of December 28, 2005 and a maturity date of December 26, 2011. Since most of its trust assets are invested in the over-the-counter derivative product No. 2 at issue in this case, its profit structure is linked to the profit structure of that derivative product. The over-the-counter derivative product No. 2 at issue in this case is a synthetic collateralized debt obligation issued according to loss-bearing priority, with its main assets being a long/short EDS portfolio based on the stock prices of 112 specific foreign stocks—partly different from those underlying derivative product No. 1—as underlying assets, and collateral bonds. The quarterly fixed return and maturity redemption amount of the over-the-counter derivative product No. 2 at issue in this case are directly reflected in the quarterly fixed return and maturity redemption amount of Fund No. 2 at issue in this case. As a result, the amount of the invested principal of Fund No. 2 at issue in this case to be redeemed at maturity is determined between 0% and 100% of the invested principal, and the amount to be redeemed is determined by the "Fund Event Number," which is calculated by observing the stock prices of the 112 underlying stocks every Monday for approximately three years from January 5, 2009 until maturity; this is calculated by subtracting the sum of the number of insurance portfolio events during that period from the sum of the number of risk portfolio events during that period. A risk portfolio event refers to an event occurring in one of the 56 stocks included in the risk portfolio among the 112 underlying stocks, i.e., a fall in the stock price below 35% of the reference stock price (the average closing price for 3 business days from January 4, 2006). An insurance portfolio event refers to an event occurring in one of the 56 stocks included in the insurance portfolio among the 112 stocks, i.e., a fall in the stock price below 35% of the reference stock price. However, the maximum number of events per stock in the risk portfolio and the insurance portfolio is limited to 10. If the Fund Event Number is less than 56 at maturity, the entire invested principal is recovered; if it is 89 or more, the entire invested principal is lost; and if it is 56 or more but less than 89, a portion of the invested principal is recovered according to the formula "Recovery Amount = Principal × [1 - (Fund Event Number - 55.16) / 33.6]." Meanwhile, regardless of the amount of principal recovered at maturity, Fund No. 2 at issue in this case pays beneficiaries a fixed return of 6.47% per annum (the 5-year government bond yield as of the initial establishment date of the investment trust plus 1.2% per annum) every quarter from the establishment date to the maturity date, the source of which is the difference between the equity default swap premiums generated from the risk portfolio and the equity default swap premiums paid out from the insurance portfolio of the over-the-counter derivative product No. 2 at issue in this case, as well as the interest on the collateral bonds.
(3) Investors who subscribed to each of the funds at issue in this case could request early redemption of beneficiary certificates from the distributing company even before maturity, and the redemption price was calculated based on the base price announced by Defendant Woori Asset Management Co., Ltd. (hereinafter "Defendant Woori Asset Management") on the 14th business day (or the 15th business day, if the redemption request was made after 5:00 p.m.) from the date the redemption was requested, less a redemption fee. The base price of each fund at issue in this case is calculated by reflecting the appraised price of each over-the-counter derivative product at issue in this case; the price of each such derivative product is evaluated and determined by the Indirect Investment Property Evaluation Committee, taking into account the indicative bid price provided by Credit Suisse First Boston International (hereinafter "CSFBi"), the operator of each such derivative product, reflecting various factors such as the stock price level, volatility, and correlation of the stocks included in the portfolio.
(4) Defendant Woori Asset Management, as an asset management company under the Indirect Investment Act, established each of the funds at issue in this case and issued the beneficiary certificates thereof, while Defendant Woori Bank Co., Ltd. (hereinafter "Defendant Woori Bank") and Defendant Kyongnam Bank Co., Ltd. (hereinafter "Defendant Kyongnam Bank"), as distributing companies under the Indirect Investment Act, sold the beneficiary certificates of each fund at issue in this case to investors. Defendant Woori Bank sold beneficiary certificates of Fund No. 1 and Fund No. 2 to Plaintiffs 6 and 7; beneficiary certificates of Fund No. 1 to Plaintiffs 3, 4, 5, and 8; and beneficiary certificates of Fund No. 2 to Plaintiffs 1 and 2. Defendant Kyongnam Bank sold beneficiary certificates of Fund No. 1 to Plaintiff Miryang City Forestry Cooperative. All of the Plaintiffs requested early redemption of their beneficiary certificates before the close of pleadings at the lower court and received the early redemption proceeds, and had received fixed quarterly returns until the time of early redemption.
(5) At the time of issuance, each of the over-the-counter derivative products at issue in this case received an investment-grade credit rating of A3 from Moody's, a credit rating agency; however, the credit rating of structured bonds such as the derivative products at issue in this case does not evaluate the issuer's ability to repay principal and interest, but rather evaluates, using statistical techniques, the likelihood of repayment of principal and interest by comprehensively assessing the profit structure of the bond, the creditworthiness of the participating institutions in the issuance, and the cash flow under various stock price scenarios—a rating methodology different from that used for ordinary bonds. The fact that each of the derivative products at issue in this case received an A3 rating from Moody's is not specifically mentioned in the respective prospectuses at issue in this case. Although the advertisement flyers, Q&A materials, product summaries, and product proposals concerning each fund at issue in this case, which were prepared by Defendant Woori Asset Management and distributed to distributing companies such as Defendant Woori Bank and Defendant Kyongnam Bank, do state that there is a possibility of loss of principal for each fund at issue in this case, the font size is small or relatively unemphasized, making it difficult to easily notice. Meanwhile, the above materials emphasize wording and expressions to the effect that the interest rate of the fixed quarterly return paid by each fund at issue in this case is higher than that of high-interest products in the market, such as subordinated bonds of commercial banks, national housing bonds, and special deposits of commercial banks, and that since each of the derivative products at issue in this case received an A3 rating from Moody's, the possibility of loss of principal in each fund at issue in this case is at a level of stability similar to the default probability of Korean government bonds, is more stable than commercial bank bonds due to its higher credit rating, and has a higher likelihood of principal preservation than bank deposits.
(6) The additional information appendix to the derivative transaction confirmation sent by CSFBi, the operator of each of the derivative products at issue in this case, to Defendant Woori Asset Management, sets forth the risk factors of each such derivative product under the heading "Matters to Consider When Investing," stating to the effect that "each of the derivative products at issue in this case involves substantial risk and is therefore suitable only for investors who possess the financial and business knowledge and experience necessary to evaluate the risks and advantages and disadvantages of investing in over-the-counter derivatives, who review all risk factors on their own before making an investment decision, conduct the necessary research, and are ultimately able to bear the risk of losing the entire invested amount." However, Defendant Woori Asset Management guided distributing companies, through the Q&A materials concerning each fund at issue in this case distributed to distributing companies including Defendant Woori Bank and Defendant Kyongnam Bank, to conduct sales activities for each fund at issue in this case targeting investors who wished to invest their retirement pay or other surplus funds stably over a long period, pension-style.
(7) The sales personnel of Defendant Woori Bank and Defendant Kyongnam Bank, in selling the beneficiary certificates of each fund at issue in this case to the Plaintiffs, had not been properly trained regarding the structure of each fund and did not understand its characteristics or risks, and merely emphasized to the Plaintiffs that "the Woori Power Income Fund is a stable derivative product that pays a fixed return every quarter for six years at a fixed interest rate at the level of the '5-year government bond yield + 1.2% per annum,' based on the Republic of Korea's credit rating," stressing only that each fund at issue in this case was a high-yield, safe product, without properly explaining the structure by which the redemption amount payable at maturity is determined, and the risks involved.
C. In light of the legal principles set forth above, since each of the derivative products at issue in this case, which are the main investment targets of each fund at issue in this case, are structured bonds issued based on equity default swaps (EDS)—a very unfamiliar financial technique—the determining factors for the possibility of loss of invested principal differ from those of ordinary bonds or bank deposits, and it would have been difficult for investors to properly recognize that the quarterly fixed return, whose main source is the equity default swap premium, differs in nature from ordinary interest rates. Accordingly, the Defendants had a duty to protect investors by accurately understanding the profits and risks of investing in each of the derivative products at issue in this case, and by providing balanced and accurate information and explaining its contents in a manner that would enable investors to make rational investment decisions. However, Defendant Woori Asset Management excessively emphasized the significance of the A3 credit rating given to each of the derivative products at issue in this case by Moody's at that time, and, through sales assistance materials such as the advertisement flyers, Q&A materials, product summaries, and product proposals at issue in this case, directly compared the interest rates and credit ratings of each of the derivative products at issue in this case with Korean government bonds, subordinated bonds of commercial banks, and bank deposits, thereby using representations likely to cause misunderstanding of important matters, or providing distributing companies and investors with information lacking balance regarding the profits and risks of the investment trust. Furthermore, Defendant Woori Bank and Defendant Kyongnam Bank, relying on the information provided by Defendant Woori Asset Management in this manner, impeded the Plaintiffs' proper understanding of the risks inevitably accompanying subscription to each fund at issue in this case, or actively recommended a transaction involving excessive risk in light of the customers' investment circumstances. In this way, the Defendants committed wrongful acts in breach of their duty to protect the Plaintiffs, and as a result, the Plaintiffs subscribed to each fund at issue in this case without accurately recognizing its risks. Accordingly, the Defendants are liable to compensate for the damages the Plaintiffs suffered by subscribing to each fund at issue in this case, arising from the Defendants' joint wrongful acts.
The lower court's determination, to the same effect, that the Defendants committed a joint wrongful act in breach of their duty to protect the Plaintiffs, is justified, and there is no error in misapprehending the legal principles concerning the duty to protect investors of asset management companies and distributing companies under the Indirect Investment Act, or the legal principles concerning causation for the establishment of joint tort liability.
Furthermore, the Defendants' remaining arguments in this portion of the grounds of appeal merely find fault with the fact-finding court's exclusive authority to select and weigh evidence and to find facts, and thus cannot constitute legitimate grounds of appeal.
The Defendants' arguments in this portion of the grounds of appeal are all without merit.
2. As to the portion of Ground of Appeal No. 2 of Defendants Woori Bank and Kyongnam Bank concerning the misapplication of law regarding the causal relationship of damages, and Ground of Appeal No. 5 of Defendant Woori Asset Management
Property damage caused by an unlawful act of infringement refers to a disadvantage to property caused by such unlawful act, i.e., the difference between the state of property that would have existed had the unlawful act not occurred and the actual present state of property caused by the unlawful act, and includes both actual losses, in which existing benefits are lost, and lost profits, in which future gains that could have been obtained are not obtained. Whether such damage has actually occurred must be determined reasonably in light of social norms (see Supreme Court en banc Decision 91Da33070, decided June 23, 1992; Supreme Court Decision 97Da4760, decided August 25, 1998, etc.).
In light of the above legal principles applied to the facts previously found, the damages suffered by the Plaintiffs due to the Defendants' breach of their duty to protect investors constitute the sum of the invested amount that becomes unrecoverable by subscribing to each fund at issue in this case, and the lost profits representing the future gains that could have been obtained but were not. However, since the Plaintiffs' investment decisions, made due to the Defendants' breach of their duty to protect investors, were in principle premised on holding the beneficiary certificates until maturity, with the Plaintiffs merely being granted the option to redeem the beneficiary certificates before maturity, and since the funds at issue in this case have a structure in which a fixed quarterly return is paid until maturity while the base price fluctuates, making it difficult to predict in advance the amount that can be recovered by the time of maturity, the damage suffered by the Plaintiffs due to the Defendants' wrongful act arises actually and definitively only at the time of maturity or at the time the Plaintiffs actually redeemed the certificates, and the damage suffered by the Plaintiffs up to that point in time, measured as of that point, is in a causal relationship with the Defendants' wrongful act. It cannot be said that only the damage arising up to the time the Plaintiffs received the redemption notice, or shortly thereafter when early redemption became possible, is in a causal relationship with the Defendants' wrongful act.
The lower court's calculation of the amount of damages, recognizing the damage as of the time the Plaintiffs actually redeemed their certificates, to the same effect, is justified, and there is no error in misapprehending the legal principles concerning causation or the time of occurrence of damage in tort liability.
The Defendants' arguments in this portion of the grounds of appeal are without merit.
3. As to the portion of Ground of Appeal No. 4 of Defendants Woori Bank and Kyongnam Bank concerning the misapplication of law regarding special damages, and Ground of Appeal No. 6 of Defendant Woori Asset Management
According to the reasoning of the lower court's judgment, it can be seen that each fund at issue in this case has a long maturity of six years, and that the Defendants conducted sales activities for each fund at issue in this case by comparing it with lower-risk financial products such as government bonds, subordinated bonds of commercial banks, and bank deposits. Based on the above findings, absent other special circumstances, the Plaintiffs would, had the Defendants not committed the wrongful act, have invested the principal invested in each fund at issue in this case in a stable financial product guaranteeing at least an interest rate equivalent to a time deposit rate; thus, the Plaintiffs suffered special damages consisting at least of the loss of the expected profit equivalent to time deposit interest on the invested principal, due to the Defendants' wrongful act, and it appears that the Defendants knew or could have known of these circumstances.
The lower court's calculation of the amount of damages, to the same effect, by reflecting lost profits at an annual rate of 5% on the Plaintiffs' fund subscription principal, is justified, and there is no error in misapprehending the legal principles concerning the requirements for the occurrence of special damages.
The Defendants' arguments in this portion of the grounds of appeal are without merit.
4. As to the portion of Ground of Appeal No. 4 of Defendants Woori Bank and Kyongnam Bank concerning the misapplication of law regarding the offsetting of profit and loss, and Ground of Appeal No. 7 of Defendant Woori Asset Management
According to the reasoning of the lower court's judgment, the lower court, after finding the facts as stated in its judgment, calculated the Plaintiffs' damages using the formula "the sum of the fund subscription principal and the lost profits calculated at an annual interest rate of 5% thereon, minus the early redemption proceeds received, minus the fixed quarterly returns received," and, based on that amount of damages, considered the Plaintiffs' negligence to determine the amount that the Defendants are to pay to the Plaintiffs as damages. In light of the facts previously found, the Plaintiffs' damage arises actually and definitively at the time the Plaintiffs redeemed their certificates in each fund at issue in this case and received the redemption proceeds, and the fixed returns received by the Plaintiffs up to that point constitute a factor in calculating the Plaintiffs' amount of damages prior to comparative negligence offsetting; they cannot be regarded as a benefit to be additionally deducted, based on the amount obtained by applying comparative negligence offsetting to the damages calculated excluding such returns.
Although there is some inappropriate wording in the reasoning, the lower court's determination, to the effect that the fixed returns are a factor in calculating the Plaintiffs' amount of damages rather than a benefit to be deducted after comparative negligence offsetting, is ultimately justified, and there is no error in misapprehending the legal principles concerning the factors for calculating the amount of damages or the benefits to be deducted after comparative negligence offsetting.
The Defendants' arguments in this portion of the grounds of appeal are without merit.
5. As to the Plaintiffs' grounds of appeal, Ground of Appeal No. 5 of Defendants Woori Bank and Kyongnam Bank, and Ground of Appeal No. 4 of Defendant Woori Asset Management
In a tort damages case, where the victim was negligent in the occurrence or expansion of the damage, this must naturally be taken into account in determining the scope of liability for damages; however, the fact-finding regarding the grounds for comparative negligence offsetting and the determination of the ratio thereof fall within the exclusive authority of the fact-finding court, unless found to be manifestly unreasonable in light of the principle of equity (see Supreme Court Decision 2002Da43165, decided November 26, 2002).
According to the reasoning of the lower court's judgment, the lower court, taking into account various circumstances as stated in its judgment, set the Plaintiffs' negligence ratio at 60% or 70%, and accordingly set the Defendants' liability ratio at 40% or 30%; the lower court's fact-finding regarding the grounds for comparative negligence offsetting and its determination of the ratio fall within an acceptable range and cannot be deemed manifestly unreasonable in light of the principle of equity, and there is no error in misapprehending the legal principles concerning comparative negligence offsetting and limitation of liability.
The arguments of the Plaintiffs and the Defendants in this portion of the grounds of appeal are all without merit.
6. Conclusion
Therefore, all appeals are dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are to be borne by each losing appellant, in accordance with the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices, as set forth in the Order.
Justice Kim Ji-hyeong (Presiding Justice), Jeon Su-an, Yang Chang-su (Justice in Charge), Lee Sang-hun