[Plaintiff, Appellant and Appellee] Plaintiff 1 and 6 others
[Plaintiff, Appellant] Seokjeon 1-dong Community Credit Cooperative (Litigation Counsel: Hannuri Law Firm, Attorneys Kim Sang-won and 2 others)
[Defendant, Appellee and Appellant] Woori Asset Management Co., Ltd. and 1 other (Litigation Counsel: Sejong Law Firm and 1 other)
[Lower Court Judgment] Seoul High Court Judgment rendered August 12, 2010, Case No. 2009Na87876
[Order]
The part of the lower court judgment concerning the plaintiffs' loss as to the conjunctive claims of Plaintiff 1, Plaintiff 2, Plaintiff 3, Plaintiff 4, Plaintiff 5, Plaintiff 6, and Plaintiff 7; the part concerning the defendants' loss as to the delay damages portion of the conjunctive claims of Plaintiff 1, Plaintiff 2, Plaintiff 3, Plaintiff 4, and Plaintiff 6; and the part concerning Defendant Kyongnam Bank Co., Ltd.'s loss as to the delay damages portion of the conjunctive claims of Plaintiff 5 and Plaintiff 7, are each reversed, and this portion of the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court. The appeal by Plaintiff Seokjeon 1-dong Community Credit Cooperative, the remaining appeals of Plaintiff 1, Plaintiff 2, Plaintiff 3, Plaintiff 4, Plaintiff 5, Plaintiff 6, and Plaintiff 7, and the remaining appeals of the defendants are all dismissed. The costs of the appeal arising from the appeal by Plaintiff Seokjeon 1-dong Community Credit Cooperative shall be borne by the said plaintiff.
[Reasoning]
1. We first determine the appeal concerning the plaintiffs' primary claims.
The plaintiffs also filed an appeal with respect to the primary claims in the lower court judgment; however, no grounds are stated in the notice of appeal, and no grounds of objection concerning this point can be found in the appellate brief either.
2. We determine the defendants' grounds of appeal (with respect to the supplementary appellate brief filed by Defendant Kyongnam Bank Co., Ltd. after the expiration of the period for submitting the appellate brief, only insofar as it supplements the grounds of appeal).
A. As to Grounds of Appeal Nos. 1, 2, and 3 of Defendant Woori Asset Management Co., Ltd. and Grounds of Appeal Nos. 1 and 3, and the portion of Ground No. 2 concerning misapprehension of the legal principles on transactional causation, of Defendant Kyongnam Bank Co., Ltd.
(1) A selling company as provided under the former Indirect Investment Asset Management Business Act (제정 2007. 8. 3. 법률 제8635호, 폐지 전; enacted as Act No. 8635 on August 3, 2007, and repealed pursuant to Article 2 of the Addenda to the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act (자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법률), which took effect on February 4, 2009; hereinafter the "Indirect Investment Act") is not merely an agent of the asset management company in the sale of beneficiary certificates, but stands in the position of the counterparty to the investor and sells beneficiary certificates and solicits investment from investors in the selling company's own name. Where such a selling company commits an unlawful act in breach of its duty to protect investors—by impeding the formation of an accurate understanding, on the part of inexperienced ordinary investors, of the risks inherent in the transaction, or by actively soliciting a transaction involving excessive risk in light of the customer's investment circumstances—and thereby causes damage to the investor, the selling company is liable to compensate for the damage caused by the tort (see Supreme Court Decision 97Da47989 rendered October 27, 1998, etc.). In soliciting investors to acquire beneficiary certificates for the purpose of selling such certificates, the selling company must provide the investor with the prospectus supplied by the asset management company and explain its main contents, and must comply with the sales conduct rules, including the duty not to engage in representations that could cause investors to misunderstand important matters, and the duty not to fail to fully and accurately inform investors of the main contents of the trust terms and the prospectus concerning the characteristics of indirect investment and investment risk, such as performance-based dividends and the possibility of loss of principal (Articles 56(2) and 57(1) of the Indirect Investment Act). Accordingly, the selling company must thoroughly understand the contents of the prospectus provided by the asset management company, and as to any portions whose meaning is unclear, must obtain an accurate explanation from the asset management company so as to clearly understand the contents itself, and must then explain to the investor the method of managing the investment trust, the investment plan, and the resulting profits and risks in a manner that enables the investor to understand them accurately and in a balanced way. It cannot be said that the selling company has fulfilled its duty to protect investors merely because it believed that the sales assistance materials provided by the asset management company were accurate and sufficient and relied on them in explaining the investment trust.
Furthermore, even where the asset management company provided for under the Indirect Investment Act does not directly handle the sale of beneficiary certificates, it has a direct interest in the sale of the certificates and, as the entity that establishes and manages the investment trust, stands in the position of primarily generating and disseminating information concerning the investment trust. Accordingly, such an asset management company bears a duty of care to protect investors by providing the selling company or investors with accurate information regarding the profit structure and risk factors of the investment trust so that investors can make rational investment decisions based on that information, and bears tort liability accordingly for breach of this duty (see Supreme Court Decision 2004Da53197 rendered September 6, 2007). While the information provided by the asset management company in the process of selling beneficiary certificates will basically consist of the contents of the prospectus, where the asset management company itself prepares and provides/transmits to the selling company and investors, in addition to the prospectus, sales assistance materials that help in understanding the contents of the prospectus, or advertisements informing of the characteristics of the investment trust, and such sales assistance materials or advertisements contain representations that could cause investors to misunderstand important matters, or information lacking balance regarding the profits and risks of the investment trust, and this, as a result, affected the investors' investment decisions in the course of the selling company's sale of the beneficiary certificates, it cannot be said that the asset management company fulfilled its duty to protect investors merely because the prospectus it provided to the selling company faithfully contained accurate information.
(2) According to the reasoning of the lower court judgment and the evidence lawfully adopted by the lower court, the following facts may be ascertained.
① Fund No. 1 in this case is an over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives investment trust with an establishment date of November 11, 2005, and a maturity date of November 22, 2011, and because most of its trust assets are invested in OTC Derivative Product No. 1 of this case, its profit structure is linked to the profit structure of OTC Derivative Product No. 1. OTC Derivative Product No. 1 of this case is a synthetic Collateralized Debt Obligation (CDO) issued according to loss-bearing priority order, with its main assets being a long/short Equity Default Swap (long/short EDS) portfolio based on the prices of 112 specified overseas stocks as underlying assets, together with collateral bonds. The quarterly fixed return and maturity redemption amount of OTC Derivative Product No. 1 of this case are directly reflected in the quarterly fixed return and maturity redemption amount of Fund No. 1 of this case. As a result, the amount of the investment principal of Fund No. 1 of this case redeemable at maturity is determined to be between 0% and 100% of the investment principal, and what determines the redemption amount is the "number of fund events," which is calculated by observing, every Thursday for approximately three years from November 19, 2008, until maturity, the stock prices of the 112 underlying stock issues; this is calculated by subtracting the total number of insurance portfolio events during that period from the total number of risk portfolio events during that period. A "risk portfolio event" refers to the occurrence of an event with respect to any of the 56 stock issues included in the risk portfolio among the 112 underlying stock issues—that is, the stock price falling below 35% of the reference price (the average closing price for three business days from November 18, 2005)—and an "insurance portfolio event" refers to the occurrence of an event with respect to any of the 56 stock issues included in the insurance portfolio among the 112 stock issues—that is, the stock price falling below 35% of the reference price—provided that the maximum number of events per issue is limited to 10. If the number of fund events at maturity is less than 58, the entire investment principal is recovered; if it is 91 or more, the entire investment principal is lost; and if it is 58 or more but less than 91, a portion of the investment principal is recovered according to the formula "Recovery Amount = Principal × [1 - (Number of Fund Events - 57.4) / 33.6]." Meanwhile, regardless of the amount of principal recovered at maturity, Fund No. 1 of this case pays beneficiaries a fixed return each quarter from the establishment date to the maturity date at an annual rate of 6.70%, which is the 5-year maturity government bond rate as of the initial investment trust establishment date plus 1.2% per annum; this fixed return is funded by the difference between the equity default swap premium generated in the risk portfolio and the equity default swap premium paid out in the insurance portfolio of OTC Derivative Product No. 1 of this case, together with the interest on the collateral bonds.
② Fund No. 2 in this case is an OTC derivatives investment trust with an establishment date of December 28, 2005, and a maturity date of December 26, 2011, and because most of its trust assets are invested in OTC Derivative Product No. 2 of this case, its profit structure is linked to the profit structure of OTC Derivative Product No. 2. OTC Derivative Product No. 2 of this case is a synthetic CDO issued according to loss-bearing priority order, with its main assets being a long/short EDS portfolio, based on the prices of 112 specified overseas stocks, some of which differ from those underlying OTC Derivative Product No. 1, together with collateral bonds. The quarterly fixed return and maturity redemption amount of OTC Derivative Product No. 2 of this case are directly reflected in the quarterly fixed return and maturity redemption amount of Fund No. 2 of this case. As a result, the amount of the investment principal of Fund No. 2 of this case redeemable at maturity is determined to be between 0% and 100% of the investment principal, and what determines the redemption amount is the "number of fund events," which is calculated by observing, every Monday for approximately three years from January 5, 2009, until maturity, the stock prices of the 112 underlying stock issues; this is calculated by subtracting the total number of insurance portfolio events during that period from the total number of risk portfolio events during that period. A "risk portfolio event" refers to the occurrence of an event with respect to any of the 56 stock issues included in the risk portfolio among the 112 underlying stock issues—that is, the stock price falling below 35% of the reference price (the average closing price for three business days from January 4, 2006)—and an "insurance portfolio event" refers to the occurrence of an event with respect to any of the 56 stock issues included in the insurance portfolio among the 112 stock issues—that is, the stock price falling below 35% of the reference price—provided that the maximum number of events per issue is limited to 10. If the number of fund events at maturity is less than 56, the entire investment principal is recovered; if it is 89 or more, the entire investment principal is lost; and if it is 56 or more but less than 89, a portion of the investment principal is recovered according to the formula "Recovery Amount = Principal × [1 - (Number of Fund Events - 55.16) / 33.6]." Meanwhile, regardless of the amount of principal recovered at maturity, Fund No. 2 of this case pays beneficiaries a fixed return each quarter from the establishment date to the maturity date at an annual rate of 6.47%, which is the 5-year maturity government bond rate as of the initial investment trust establishment date plus 1.2% per annum; this fixed return is funded by the difference between the equity default swap premium generated in the risk portfolio and the equity default swap premium paid out in the insurance portfolio of OTC Derivative Product No. 2 of this case, together with the interest on the collateral bonds.
③ Investors who joined each of the Funds in this case may request redemption of the beneficiary certificates from the selling company even before maturity, with the redemption price calculated based on the base price publicly announced by Defendant Woori Asset Management Co., Ltd. (hereinafter "Defendant Woori Asset Management") on the 14th business day (or the 15th business day if the request is made after 5:00 p.m.) from the date the redemption request is made, minus the redemption fee. The base price of each Fund in this case is calculated by reflecting the appraised value of the respective OTC derivative product, and the price of each OTC derivative product is appraised and calculated by the indirect investment property appraisal committee, taking into account the offered bid price provided by Credit Suisse First Boston International (hereinafter "CSFBi"), the management company of the respective OTC derivative product, reflecting various factors such as the stock price level, volatility, and correlation of the issues included in the portfolio.
④ Defendant Woori Asset Management, as an asset management company under the Indirect Investment Act, established each of the Funds in this case and issued the beneficiary certificates thereof, and Defendant Kyongnam Bank Co., Ltd. (hereinafter "Defendant Kyongnam Bank"), as a selling company under the Indirect Investment Act, sold beneficiary certificates of each of the Funds in this case to investors. Around November 11, 2005, Plaintiff 1, Plaintiff 4, Plaintiff 5, Plaintiff 6, and Plaintiff 7 purchased beneficiary certificates of Fund No. 1 in this case from Defendant Kyongnam Bank, and around December 28, 2005, Plaintiff 2 and Plaintiff 3 purchased beneficiary certificates of Fund No. 2 in this case from Defendant Kyongnam Bank, thereby joining each of the Funds in this case, and thereafter, before the conclusion of the oral argument at the lower court, requested interim redemption of the beneficiary certificates and received the interim redemption proceeds, having received the quarterly fixed return until the interim redemption. Plaintiff Seokjeon 1-dong Community Credit Cooperative purchased beneficiary certificates of Fund No. 2 in this case from Defendant Kyongnam Bank around December 28, 2005, thereby joining Fund No. 2 in this case, and has continued to receive the quarterly fixed return without interim redemption of the beneficiary certificates up to the conclusion of the oral argument at the lower court.
⑤ At the time of issuance, each OTC derivative product in this case received an investment-grade credit rating of A3 from the credit rating agency Moody's; however, the credit rating of a structured bond such as each OTC derivative product in this case is not an assessment of the issuing company's ability to pay principal and interest, but rather a statistical assessment of the likelihood of payment of principal and interest, comprehensively considering the bond's profit structure, the creditworthiness of the participating institutions in the issuance, and cash flows under various stock price fluctuation scenarios; its rating methodology thus differs from that of ordinary bonds. There is no particular mention in the prospectuses of this case of the fact that each OTC derivative product in this case received an A3 credit rating from Moody's. Although the advertisement flyers, Q&A materials, product summaries, and product proposals prepared by Defendant Woori Asset Management and distributed to selling companies, including Defendant Kyongnam Bank, do state that there is a possibility of loss of principal in each of the Funds in this case, the font is small or not relatively emphasized, making it difficult to easily notice, while on the other hand, phrases and expressions are emphasized to the effect that the interest rate of the quarterly fixed return paid by each of the Funds in this case is higher compared to high-interest products in the market such as subordinated bonds of commercial banks, national housing bonds, and special commercial bank deposits, and that because each OTC derivative product in this case received an A3 rating from Moody's, the possibility of principal loss in each Fund in this case is at a level of stability similar to the default probability of Korean government bonds, has a higher credit rating and thus far greater stability than commercial bank bonds, and has a higher likelihood of principal preservation than bank deposits.
⑥ The supplementary information appendix to the derivatives transaction confirmation sent by CSFBi, the management company of each OTC derivative product in this case, to Defendant Woori Asset Management, states, under the heading "Matters to be Considered upon Investment," listing the risk factors of each OTC derivative product in this case, that "each OTC derivative product in this case carries substantial risk, and is therefore suitable only for investors who possess the financial and business knowledge and experience necessary to evaluate the risks and advantages/disadvantages of investing in OTC derivatives, who will review all risk factors themselves prior to making an investment decision and conduct the necessary due diligence, and who can ultimately accept the risk of losing the entire amount invested." However, Defendant Woori Asset Management, through the Q&A materials concerning each of the Funds in this case distributed to selling companies including Defendant Kyongnam Bank, guided the selling companies to conduct sales activities for each of the Funds in this case targeting investors seeking to manage retirement benefits or other surplus funds in a stable, pension-like manner over the long term.
⑦ The sales staff of Defendant Kyongnam Bank, in selling the beneficiary certificates of each of the Funds in this case to the plaintiffs, had not been properly trained regarding the structure of each Fund and thus did not understand its characteristics or risks; they simply emphasized to the plaintiffs only that each of the Funds in this case was a safe derivative product that was "a high-yield, safe derivative product paying a fixed return every quarter for six years at a fixed rate of '5-year maturity government bond rate + 1.2% per annum,' with a rating equivalent to the national credit rating of the Republic of Korea," stating merely that "Woori Power Income Fund" was safe as a high-yield product, without properly explaining the structure determining the redemption amount paid at maturity and the risks involved.
(3) Examining these facts in light of the legal principles set forth above, since each OTC derivative product in this case, which is the primary investment target of each Fund in this case, is a structured bond issued based on an equity default swap (EDS), a very unfamiliar financial technique, and the determinants of the possibility of loss of investment principal differ from ordinary bonds or bank deposits, and since the quarterly fixed return, funded primarily by the equity default swap premium, also differs in nature from ordinary interest rates, it would have been difficult for investors to properly understand these points; accordingly, the defendants bore a duty to protect investors by accurately understanding the profits and risks of investing in each OTC derivative product in this case, and then providing balanced and accurate information to enable investors to make rational investment decisions and explaining the contents so that investors could understand them. However, Defendant Woori Asset Management excessively highlighted the significance of the fact that Moody's had assigned an A3 credit rating to each OTC derivative product in this case at that point in time, and through sales assistance materials such as the advertisement flyers, Q&A materials, product summaries, and product proposals in this case, directly compared the interest rates and credit ratings of each OTC derivative product in this case with those of Korean government bonds, subordinated bonds of commercial banks, and bank deposits, thereby using representations that could cause misunderstanding of important matters, and providing information lacking balance regarding the profits and risks of the investment trust to the selling company and investors; and Defendant Kyongnam Bank, relying on the information thus provided by Defendant Woori Asset Management, impeded the formation of an accurate understanding on the part of the plaintiffs of the risks inherent in joining each of the Funds in this case, or actively solicited a transaction involving excessive risk in light of the customers' investment circumstances; thus the defendants committed unlawful acts in breach of their duty to protect the plaintiffs, and as a result, the plaintiffs joined each of the Funds in this case without accurately recognizing the risks thereof; accordingly, the defendants are liable, based on their joint tort, to compensate for the damage the plaintiffs suffered by joining each of the Funds in this case.
The lower court's determination, to the same effect, that the defendants committed a joint tort in breach of their duty to protect the plaintiffs, is justified, and there is no error in misapprehending the legal principles concerning the duty to protect investors of an asset management company and a selling company under the Indirect Investment Act, or the legal principles concerning causation in the establishment of joint tort.
Furthermore, the defendants' remaining arguments in this portion of the grounds of appeal merely fault the lower court's selection and evaluation of evidence and its fact-finding, which fall within the exclusive authority of the court of fact-finding, and thus cannot constitute legitimate grounds of appeal.
The defendants' arguments in this portion of the grounds of appeal are all without merit.
B. As to the portion of Ground of Appeal No. 2 of Defendant Kyongnam Bank concerning misapprehension of the legal principles on causation regarding damage
Property damage caused by a tort refers to the pecuniary disadvantage caused thereby, that is, the difference between the property status that would have existed had the tort not occurred and the current property status, which includes both actual damage, i.e., the loss of an existing benefit, and lost profits, i.e., failure to obtain a benefit that would otherwise have been obtained in the future; whether such damage has actually occurred must be determined reasonably in light of common social norms (see Supreme Court en banc Decision 91Da33070 rendered June 23, 1992, Supreme Court Decision 97Da4760 rendered August 25, 1998, etc.).
Examining the facts set forth above in light of these legal principles, the damage suffered by the plaintiffs due to the defendants' breach of their duty to protect investors is the sum of the amount of the invested principal that becomes unrecoverable by joining the Funds in this case, and the lost profits representing the failure to obtain profits that could otherwise have been obtained in the future. However, the plaintiffs' investment decision, made due to the defendants' breach of the duty to protect investors, was in principle premised on holding the beneficiary certificates until maturity, with the plaintiffs merely being given the option of redeeming the beneficiary certificates before maturity; and since each Fund in this case is structured such that a quarterly fixed return is paid until maturity and the base price fluctuates, making it difficult to predict in advance the amount recoverable by the maturity date, the plaintiffs' damage caused by the defendants' tort actually and definitively arises only at the time of maturity or the time when the plaintiffs actually redeem the certificates, and it is the damage arising up to that point, measured as of that point, that has a causal relationship with the defendants' harmful acts. It cannot be said, contrary to this, that only the damage arising up to the time when the plaintiffs received the notice concerning redemption, or the time shortly thereafter when interim redemption was possible, has a causal relationship with the defendants' harmful acts.
The lower court's calculation of the amount of damage, recognizing the damage as of the time the plaintiffs actually redeemed the certificates, to the same effect, is justified, and there is no error in misapprehending the legal principles concerning causation or the timing of the occurrence of damage in tort liability.
The above defendant's argument in this portion of the grounds of appeal is without merit.
C. As to Ground of Appeal No. 4 of Defendant Woori Asset Management and Ground of Appeal No. 4 of Defendant Kyongnam Bank
The arguments in this portion of the grounds of appeal concern the fact-finding regarding grounds for comparative negligence offset or limitation of liability, or the determination of the ratio thereof; however, as will be seen below, insofar as the portion of the lower court judgment concerning the conjunctive claims of Plaintiff 1, Plaintiff 2, Plaintiff 3, Plaintiff 4, Plaintiff 5, Plaintiff 6, and Plaintiff 7 is reversed on the ground of misapprehension of the legal principles concerning profit-and-loss offsetting after comparative negligence offset and comparative negligence offset in joint tort, the lower court's determination concerning comparative negligence offset or limitation of liability can no longer be maintained, and therefore the determination of this portion of the grounds of appeal is omitted.
However, since the above misapprehension of legal principles in the lower court judgment does not affect the principal amount of damages portion of the part concerning the defendants' loss regarding the conjunctive claims of Plaintiff 1, Plaintiff 2, Plaintiff 3, Plaintiff 4, and Plaintiff 6, and the part concerning Defendant Kyongnam Bank's loss regarding the conjunctive claims of Plaintiff 5 and Plaintiff 7, this portion is not included within the scope of reversal.
3. We determine the plaintiffs' grounds of appeal (with respect to the supplementary appellate brief filed after the expiration of the period for submitting the appellate brief, only insofar as it supplements the grounds of appeal).
A. As to Grounds of Appeal Nos. 1 and 4 of Plaintiff Seokjeon 1-dong Community Credit Cooperative
For a claim for damages arising from tort to be established, not only must there exist an unlawful act by intent or negligence, but also damage causally related to the unlawful act must have actually occurred. Furthermore, as set forth in the legal principles above, property damage caused by an unlawful harmful act refers to the pecuniary disadvantage caused thereby, that is, the difference between the property status that would have existed had the tort not occurred and the current property status, and whether such damage has actually occurred must be determined reasonably in light of common social norms.
Examining the facts set forth above in light of these legal principles, the damage suffered by Plaintiff Seokjeon 1-dong Community Credit Cooperative due to the defendants' breach of their duty to protect investors is the sum of the amount of the invested principal that becomes unrecoverable by joining Fund No. 2 in this case, and the lost profits representing the failure to obtain profits that could otherwise have been obtained in the future. However, the said plaintiff's investment decision, made due to the defendants' breach of the duty to protect investors, was in principle premised on holding the beneficiary certificates until maturity, and since Fund No. 2 in this case is structured such that, even after the conclusion of the oral argument at the lower court, a quarterly fixed return will be paid until maturity and the base price will fluctuate, making it difficult to predict in advance the amount recoverable by the maturity date, the said plaintiff's damage cannot yet be regarded as having actually and definitively occurred. Although the said plaintiff could advance the time of the actual occurrence of damage by redeeming the beneficiary certificates in this case even before maturity, thereby fixing the amount of the invested principal recoverable and the amount of lost profits, it also cannot be treated as though the said plaintiff's damage had actually and definitively occurred as of, or before, the conclusion of the oral argument at the lower court, by evaluating the base price set forth in the Fund No. 2 subscription agreement as the market value of the Fund No. 2 beneficiary certificates in this case, in a situation where the said plaintiff had not actually exercised the redemption right up to the conclusion of the oral argument at the lower court.
The lower court's rejection, to the same effect, of the said plaintiff's claim for damages regarding the actual damage portion of the conjunctive claim is justified, and there is no error in misapprehending the legal principles concerning the concept of damage in tort or the determination of the timing of the occurrence of damage.
Meanwhile, in light particularly of the following circumstances among the facts found by the lower court—namely, that the maturity of Fund No. 2 in this case is a long-term six years, and that the defendants conducted sales activities for Fund No. 2 in this case by comparing it with low-risk financial products such as government bonds, subordinated bonds of commercial banks, and bank deposits—absent other special circumstances, the said plaintiff would have invested the principal invested in Fund No. 2 in this case, at minimum, in a stable financial product guaranteeing an interest rate equivalent to the fixed deposit rate, had the defendants' above unlawful acts not occurred; thus, there is a possibility that the said plaintiff suffered special damage in the form of loss of the expected profit equivalent to the fixed deposit interest rate on the invested principal, at minimum, due to the defendants' unlawful acts, and the defendants appear to have known or been able to know of these circumstances. Nevertheless, the lower court's rejection of the said plaintiff's argument in this regard, on the ground that there is no evidence to recognize that the said plaintiff would have invested in interest-guaranteed government bonds or similar financial products had it received a complete explanation regarding Fund No. 2 in this case from the defendants, constitutes an error in misapprehending the legal principles concerning the requirements for the occurrence of special damage.
However, since such lost profits also cannot be regarded as having actually and definitively occurred, just as with the actual damage, unless the maturity of Fund No. 2 in this case arrives or the said plaintiff redeems Fund No. 2 in this case, the lower court's above error did not affect the judgment.
The lower court's rejection of the said plaintiff's claim for damages regarding the lost profits portion of the conjunctive claim against the defendants is justified in its conclusion, and thus the said plaintiff's argument in this portion of the grounds of appeal is without merit.
B. As to Ground of Appeal No. 4 of Plaintiff 1, Plaintiff 2, Plaintiff 3, Plaintiff 4, Plaintiff 5, Plaintiff 6, and Plaintiff 7
According to the reasoning of the lower court judgment, the lower court, after finding the facts stated therein, rejected the above plaintiffs' claims for damages for lost profits on the ground that there is no evidence to recognize that the above plaintiffs would have subscribed to government bonds or similar financial products had they received a complete explanation regarding each of the Funds in this case from the defendants.
However, in light particularly of the following circumstances among the facts found by the lower court—namely, that the maturity of each of the Funds in this case is a long-term six years, and that the defendants conducted sales activities for each of the Funds in this case by comparing it with low-risk financial products such as government bonds, subordinated bonds of commercial banks, and bank deposits—absent other special circumstances, the above plaintiffs would have invested the principal invested in each of the Funds in this case, at minimum, in a stable financial product guaranteeing an interest rate equivalent to the fixed deposit rate, had the defendants' unlawful acts not occurred; thus, the above plaintiffs suffered special damage in the form of loss of the expected profit equivalent to the fixed deposit interest rate on the invested principal, at minimum, due to the defendants' unlawful acts, and the defendants appear to have known or been able to know of these circumstances.
The lower court judgment, having determined otherwise, contains an error of misapprehending the legal principles concerning the requirements for the occurrence of special damage, which affected the judgment.
The above plaintiffs' argument in this portion of the grounds of appeal, pointing this out, is meritorious.
C. As to Ground of Appeal No. 3 of Plaintiff 1, Plaintiff 2, Plaintiff 3, Plaintiff 4, Plaintiff 5, Plaintiff 6, and Plaintiff 7
According to the reasoning of the lower court judgment, the lower court, after finding the facts stated therein, calculated the amount of damage of each of the above plaintiffs by the formula "principal subscribed to each of the Funds in this case - interim redemption proceeds received," and then, from the amount calculated by applying comparative negligence offset or limitation of liability based on that amount of damage, further deducted, as profit-and-loss offsetting, the fixed return received by the above plaintiffs up to each redemption, to calculate the final amount of damages payable by the defendants to the above plaintiffs.
However, even according to the facts found by the lower court, the above plaintiffs' damage actually and definitively occurs at the time the above plaintiffs redeemed each beneficiary certificate in this case and received the redemption proceeds, and the fixed return received by the above plaintiffs up to that point constitutes a factor in calculating the amount of the above plaintiffs' damage prior to comparative negligence offset; it cannot be regarded, as the lower court did, as a profit to be additionally deducted from the amount calculated by applying comparative negligence offset or limitation of liability to the above plaintiffs' amount of damage calculated without considering this factor.
The lower court judgment, having determined otherwise, contains an error of misapprehending the legal principles concerning the factors for calculating the amount of damage and the profit to be deducted after comparative negligence offset, which affected the judgment.
The above plaintiffs' argument in this portion of the grounds of appeal, pointing this out, is meritorious.
D. As to the portion of Ground of Appeal No. 2 of Plaintiff 2, Plaintiff 3, Plaintiff 4, Plaintiff 5, and Plaintiff 7 concerning misapprehension of the legal principles on comparative negligence offset in joint tort
For the establishment of joint tort, there is no need for a common intent or common recognition among the joint tortfeasors; it suffices that there is objectively a related commonality among each act, so that if damage occurred due to acts with related commonality, liability for such damage cannot be avoided. Furthermore, since joint tort liability does not seek damages individually for each perpetrator's act, but rather holds the perpetrators liable for the tort jointly committed by them, when a court applies comparative negligence offset based on the victim's negligence, even if the victim's negligence ratio differs as to each of the joint tortfeasors, the victim's negligence should not be individually evaluated as to each joint tortfeasor, but should be evaluated comprehensively as negligence with respect to all of them together (see Supreme Court Decision 2005Da32999 rendered June 14, 2007).
The lower court, after finding the facts stated in its reasoning, determined the negligence ratio of Plaintiff 2, Plaintiff 3, and Plaintiff 7 with respect to Defendant Kyongnam Bank as 60%, thereby limiting Defendant Kyongnam Bank's liability to 40%, and determined the negligence ratio of Plaintiff 4 and Plaintiff 5 with respect to Defendant Kyongnam Bank as 70%, thereby limiting Defendant Kyongnam Bank's liability to 30%, while determining the above plaintiffs' negligence ratio with respect to Defendant Woori Asset Management as 75%, thereby limiting Defendant Woori Asset Management's liability to 25%.
However, such a lower court judgment, in that it evaluated the negligence ratios of the above plaintiffs with respect to the defendants differently from each other, is contrary to the above legal principles, and there is no basis to find special circumstances requiring that the liability ratios of the defendants be evaluated differently with respect to the above plaintiffs; thus the lower court judgment contains an error of misapprehending the legal principles concerning comparative negligence offset in joint tort, which affected the judgment.
The above plaintiffs' argument in this portion of the grounds of appeal, pointing this out, is meritorious.
E. As to Ground of Appeal No. 2 of Plaintiff 1 and Plaintiff 6, and the remaining portion of Ground of Appeal No. 2 of Plaintiff 2, Plaintiff 3, Plaintiff 4, Plaintiff 5, and Plaintiff 7
The arguments in this portion of the grounds of appeal concern the fact-finding regarding grounds for comparative negligence offset or limitation of liability, or the determination of the ratio thereof; however, as set forth above, insofar as the portion of the lower court judgment concerning the above plaintiffs' loss as to their conjunctive claims is reversed on the ground of misapprehension of the legal principles concerning profit-and-loss offsetting after comparative negligence offset and comparative negligence offset in joint tort, the lower court's determination concerning comparative negligence offset or limitation of liability cannot be maintained, and therefore the determination of this portion of the grounds of appeal is omitted.
4. We determine ex officio the issue of the starting date for delay damages.
As set forth in the legal principles above, whether damage due to a tort has actually occurred must be determined reasonably in light of common social norms. Furthermore, in a tort where there is a time gap between the time of the unlawful act and the time the damage occurs, the delay damages on the claim for damages arising from the tort should be deemed to accrue with the time of the occurrence of damage as the starting date.
Examining the facts ascertainable from Section 2.A.(2) above in light of these legal principles, the damage of Plaintiff 1, Plaintiff 2, Plaintiff 3, Plaintiff 4, Plaintiff 5, Plaintiff 6, and Plaintiff 7 is calculated as "the above plaintiffs' principal subscribed to each of the Funds in this case + lost profits - interim redemption proceeds - quarterly fixed return received," and actually and definitively occurs at the time the above plaintiffs redeemed each beneficiary certificate in this case and received the redemption proceeds; thus, the time when each of the above plaintiffs received the respective redemption proceeds is the starting date for the delay damages on the claim for damages arising from the tort.
Nevertheless, the lower court, having calculated the above plaintiffs' respective amounts of damage by the formula "principal subscribed to each of the Funds in this case - interim redemption proceeds received," and then, from the amount calculated by applying comparative negligence offset or limitation of liability based on that amount of damage, further deducting, as profit-and-loss offsetting, the fixed return received by the above plaintiffs up to each redemption, to calculate the final amount of damages payable by the defendants to the above plaintiffs, nonetheless determined that the delay damages on the above plaintiffs' claims for damages accrue from the date each subscribed to the respective Fund, which contains an error of misapprehending the legal principles concerning the starting date for delay damages in tort, which affected the judgment.
5. Accordingly, the part of the lower court judgment concerning the plaintiffs' loss as to the conjunctive claims of Plaintiff 1, Plaintiff 2, Plaintiff 3, Plaintiff 4, Plaintiff 5, Plaintiff 6, and Plaintiff 7; the part concerning the defendants' loss as to the delay damages portion of the conjunctive claims of Plaintiff 1, Plaintiff 2, Plaintiff 3, Plaintiff 4, and Plaintiff 6; and the part concerning Defendant Kyongnam Bank's loss as to the delay damages portion of the conjunctive claims of Plaintiff 5 and Plaintiff 7, are each reversed, and this portion of the case is remanded to the lower court for further hearing and determination; the appeal by Plaintiff Seokjeon 1-dong Community Credit Cooperative, the remaining appeals of Plaintiff 1, Plaintiff 2, Plaintiff 3, Plaintiff 4, Plaintiff 5, Plaintiff 6, and Plaintiff 7, and the remaining appeals of the defendants are all dismissed; and the costs of the appeal arising from the appeal by Plaintiff Seokjeon 1-dong Community Credit Cooperative are to be borne by the losing party; it is so decided by the unanimous opinion of the Justices participating, as set forth in the Order.
Presiding Justice Lee Sang-hoon; Justice Kim Ji-hyung; Justice Jeon Su-an (Justice in charge); Justice Yang Chang-soo