Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 2016두36956

Revocation of Reexamination Decision on Remedy for Unfair Labor Practice부당노동행위구제재심판정취소

Decided2017. 10. 31. Court대법원Employer won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

A labor union that is the sole union at a workplace cannot acquire the status of 'representative bargaining union (교섭대표노동조합)' even if it formally goes through the bargaining window unification procedure (교섭창구 단일화 절차). This procedure is designed to apply only when multiple unions coexist at a single workplace, so it does not apply to a sole union. Accordingly, the employer did not commit an unfair labor practice (부당노동행위) by concluding a collective agreement with a newly certified representative union and refusing to bargain with the pre-existing sole union.

Key takeaways
  • CaseIncident: The sole union at a workplace claimed representative bargaining union status after going through the bargaining window unification procedure, but the employer concluded a collective agreement with a different, newly certified representative union and refused to bargain with the original sole union.
  • OutcomeResult: The Court held that since the bargaining window unification system applies only when multiple unions exist, a sole union cannot acquire representative bargaining union status even after formally completing the procedure, so the employer's refusal to bargain was not an unfair labor practice.
  • LessonLesson: A sole union inherently holds bargaining rights without needing to go through the bargaining window unification procedure, and the representative bargaining union system should be applied only in situations involving multiple unions.
Issues
  • Whether a labor union that is the sole union at a single workplace can acquire representative bargaining union status by going through the bargaining window unification procedure
  • Whether the term of representative bargaining union status must be guaranteed in such a case
  • Whether the employer's refusal to engage in collective bargaining constitutes an unfair labor practice
Key reasoning

The bargaining window unification system exists to resolve conflicts among multiple unions and to promote efficient collective bargaining when more than one union operates at the same workplace. Where only a single union exists, the very concept of a 'representative bargaining union' becomes meaningless, since there is no competing union to coordinate bargaining with. Therefore, even if the sole union went through the formal procedural steps of the unification process, it cannot be deemed to have validly acquired representative union status under this system. As a result, the employer's refusal to bargain with that union, while instead concluding an agreement with the properly certified representative union, does not constitute an unfair labor practice.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

In light of Article 5, Article 29(1), and the main text of Article 29-2(1) of the Trade Union and Labor Relations Adjustment Act (hereinafter the “Trade Union Act”); the purport and purpose of the bargaining channel unification system, which seeks to establish an efficient and stable collective bargaining system by effectively resolving problems—such as conflict and discord between unions or between a union and an employer, as well as reduced efficiency and increased costs in collective bargaining—that may arise where multiple trade unions independently exercise their right to collective bargaining; Article 29-2(2) through (8) of the Trade Union Act, which prescribes detailed procedures for bargaining channel unification, and Articles 14-2 through 14-9 of the Enforcement Decree of the Trade Union and Labor Relations Adjustment Act (hereinafter the “Enforcement Decree of the Trade Union Act”); and Article 14-10 of the Enforcement Decree of the Trade Union Act, which sets the period during which the status of a representative bargaining union is maintained, it can be said that the bargaining channel unification system is, absent special circumstances, a system designed on the premise that there exist situations in which multiple trade unions are confirmed as bargaining-requesting unions and, among them, a union representing all bargaining-requesting unions must again be selected.

Furthermore, according to the provisions of the Trade Union Act, the representative of the representative bargaining union determined through the bargaining channel unification procedure has the authority to conduct collective bargaining with the employer and to conclude collective agreements on behalf of all bargaining-requesting unions or their members (Article 29(2)).

However, where no union other than the union in question exists, such that there was from the outset no room at all to reflect the intent of any other union, the concept of a representative bargaining union becomes meaningless, and it is difficult to find any independent significance for it otherwise.

Ultimately, considering comprehensively the purport and purpose of the bargaining channel unification system as described above, the structure of the bargaining channel unification system and the content of the related provisions, and the concept of a representative bargaining union, it is reasonable to construe that a trade union that is the sole union existing within a single business or workplace unit cannot acquire the status of a representative bargaining union, even if it has formally undergone the procedures prescribed by the Trade Union Act and its Enforcement Decree.

Full text (English, AI translation) 8,450 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellee] Coreworld Co., Ltd. (Attorney-in-fact: Bae, Kim & Lee LLC (Yulchon)...

Wait, let me redo this properly with accurate law firm name.

[Plaintiff, Appellee] Coreworld Co., Ltd. (Counsel: Attorney Oh Sang-won of Kim & Chang...

I need to translate the law firm name accurately: 법무법인(유한) 태평양 = Bae, Kim & Lee... No, 태평양 is "Yulchon"? Actually 법무법인(유한) 태평양 is "Bae, Kim & Lee"? Let me just transliterate: "Law Firm (LLC) Taepyeongyang"

[Plaintiff, Appellee] Coreworld Co., Ltd. (Counsel: Attorney Oh Sang-won of Law Firm (LLC) Taepyeongyang)
[Defendant, Appellant] Chairman of the National Labor Relations Commission
[Intervenor for Defendant] Korean Metal Workers' Union
[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Judgment 2015Nu57071, decided March 23, 2016

[Order]

The appeal is dismissed. Of the costs of the appeal, the portion arising from the intervention shall be borne by the Intervenor for Defendant, and the remainder shall be borne by the Defendant.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal are examined.

1. According to the provisions of the Trade Union and Labor Relations Adjustment Act (hereinafter referred to as the "Trade Union Act"), workers may freely organize or join a trade union (Article 5), and a trade union may demand collective bargaining with the employer on behalf of its members (Article 29(1)); however, where two or more trade unions coexist within a single business or workplace, regardless of their organizational form, each trade union must, in principle, determine a bargaining representative union through the bargaining window unification procedure and demand collective bargaining with the employer through that representative union (main text of Article 29-2(1)).

The reason the Trade Union Act introduced this system of bargaining window unification for multiple trade unions, thereby requiring the unification of the collective bargaining procedure, is to establish an efficient and stable collective bargaining system by effectively resolving problems that may arise when multiple trade unions each exercise independent bargaining rights—such as conflict and discord among trade unions or between trade unions and the employer, reduced efficiency in collective bargaining, and increased costs (see Constitutional Court en banc Decision 2011Hun-Ma338, decided April 24, 2012).

Meanwhile, the Trade Union Act (Article 29-2(2) through (8)) and its Enforcement Decree enacted pursuant to delegation (Articles 14-2 through 14-9) prescribe detailed procedures for bargaining window unification, which largely consist of: (i) a procedure for confirming the trade unions requesting bargaining, by which the trade unions among the multiple unions that actually wish to participate in collective bargaining are identified, and (ii) a procedure for confirming the bargaining representative union, by which a bargaining representative union is determined from among such multiple bargaining-requesting trade unions.

In addition, the Enforcement Decree of the Trade Union Act (Article 14-10), while establishing the term during which the status of bargaining representative union is maintained, expressly limits the cases in which a trade union becomes a bargaining representative union entitled to have such term of status guaranteed to the following: "① where all bargaining-requesting trade unions have autonomously determined a bargaining representative union (Article 29-2(2) of the Trade Union Act); ② where a trade union is organized by a majority of the entire membership of the bargaining-requesting trade unions, or where two or more trade unions, through means such as delegation or affiliation, together come to represent a majority of the entire membership (Article 29-2(3) of the Trade Union Act); ③ where the bargaining-requesting trade unions autonomously organize a joint bargaining representative delegation (Article 29-2(4) of the Trade Union Act); and ④ where the Labor Relations Commission, upon application by a trade union, determines the composition of a joint bargaining representative delegation taking into account the proportion of union members (Article 29-2(5) of the Trade Union Act)."

In light of the foregoing, the bargaining window unification system can be said to be a system designed, absent special circumstances, on the premise that multiple trade unions are confirmed as bargaining-requesting trade unions and that, among them, it becomes necessary to select a trade union to represent all of the bargaining-requesting trade unions.

Furthermore, according to the provisions of the Trade Union Act, the representative of a bargaining representative union determined through the bargaining window unification procedure has the authority to conduct collective bargaining with the employer and to conclude a collective agreement on behalf of all bargaining-requesting trade unions or their members (Article 29(2)).

However, in a case where no trade union other than the union in question exists, such that there was from the outset no room whatsoever for reflecting the intentions of another trade union, the concept of a bargaining representative union not only becomes meaningless but it is also difficult to find any inherent significance in it.

In conclusion, considering comprehensively the purpose and objective of the bargaining window unification system as described above, the structure of the bargaining window unification system and the content of the related provisions, and the concept of a bargaining representative union, it is reasonable to construe that a trade union that is the sole trade union existing within a single business or workplace cannot acquire the status of a bargaining representative union, even if it has formally undergone the procedures prescribed by the Trade Union Act and its Enforcement Decree.

2. Citing the reasoning of the first-instance judgment, the court below determined as follows: at the time the Intervenor for Defendant (hereinafter referred to simply as the "Intervenor") proceeded with the bargaining window unification procedure, engaged in collective bargaining with the Plaintiff, and concluded the 2013 collective agreement, the Intervenor was the only trade union existing at the Plaintiff's workplace; therefore, the Intervenor did not hold the status of bargaining representative union and could not be guaranteed the term of maintenance of the status of bargaining representative union. Accordingly, the court below determined that the Plaintiff's refusal of the Intervenor's demand for collective bargaining, made in the course of concluding the 2014 collective agreement with another trade union that had subsequently been confirmed as the bargaining representative union through a newly conducted bargaining window unification procedure, did not constitute an unfair labor practice against the Intervenor.

Examining the reasoning of the first-instance judgment cited by the court below in light of the evidence lawfully adopted, the above determination by the court below is consistent with the legal principles set forth above, and there is no error therein, as alleged in the grounds of appeal, of misapprehending the legal principles concerning the bargaining window unification procedure or the status of a single trade union as bargaining representative union (Article 29-2(1) of the Trade Union Act), or concerning the unfair labor practice of refusing collective bargaining (Article 81(3) of the Trade Union Act).

Furthermore, the argument in the grounds of appeal pointing to an alleged misapprehension of the legal principles concerning the term of maintenance of the status of bargaining representative union (Article 14-10 of the Enforcement Decree of the Trade Union Act) cannot be accepted either, since, given that the court below's determination denying the Intervenor's status as bargaining representative union is justified as noted above, whether the argument is well-founded has no bearing on the judgment.

3. Therefore, the appeal is dismissed, and it is ordered that, of the costs of the appeal, the portion arising from the intervention shall be borne by the Intervenor, and the remainder shall be borne by the Defendant. This judgment is rendered as set forth in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the Justices participating in the decision.

Justice Kim Jae-hyung (Presiding Justice), Justice Park Bo-young, Justice Kim Chang-seok (Justice in Charge), Justice Lee Ki-taek

【판결요지】

노동조합 및 노동관계조정법(이하 ‘노동조합법’이라 한다) 제5조, 제29조 제1항, 제29조의2 제1항 본문, 복수 노동조합이 독자적인 단체교섭권을 행사할 경우 발생할 수도 있는 노동조합 간 혹은 노동조합과 사용자 간 반목·갈등, 단체교섭의 효율성 저하 및 비용 증가 등의 문제점을 효과적으로 해결함으로써 효율적이고 안정적인 단체교섭 체계를 구축하고자 하는 교섭창구 단일화 제도의 취지 내지 목적, 교섭창구 단일화를 위한 세부 절차를 규정한 노동조합법 제29조의2 제2항 내지 제8항, 노동조합 및 노동관계조정법 시행령(이하 ‘노동조합법 시행령’이라 한다) 제14조의2 내지 제14조의9, 교섭대표노동조합의 지위 유지기간을 정한 노동조합법 시행령 제14조의10에 비추어 보면, 교섭창구 단일화 제도는 특별한 사정이 없는 한 복수 노동조합이 교섭요구노동조합으로 확정되고 그중에서 다시 모든 교섭요구노동조합을 대표할 노동조합이 선정될 필요가 있는 경우를 예정하여 설계된 체계라고 할 수 있다.

나아가 노동조합법 규정에 의하면, 교섭창구 단일화 절차를 통하여 결정된 교섭대표노동조합의 대표자는 모든 교섭요구노동조합 또는 그 조합원을 위하여 사용자와 단체교섭을 진행하고 단체협약을 체결할 권한이 있다(제29조 제2항).

그런데 해당 노동조합 이외의 노동조합이 존재하지 않아 다른 노동조합의 의사를 반영할 만한 여지가 처음부터 전혀 없었던 경우에는 이러한 교섭대표노동조합의 개념이 무의미해질 뿐만 아니라 달리 고유한 의의(意義)를 찾기도 어렵게 된다.

결국 위와 같은 교섭창구 단일화 제도의 취지 내지 목적, 교섭창구 단일화 제도의 체계 내지 관련 규정의 내용, 교섭대표노동조합의 개념 등을 종합하여 보면, 하나의 사업 또는 사업장 단위에서 유일하게 존재하는 노동조합은, 설령 노동조합법 및 그 시행령이 정한 절차를 형식적으로 거쳤다고 하더라도, 교섭대표노동조합의 지위를 취득할 수 없다고 해석함이 타당하다.

【참조조문】

노동조합 및 노동관계조정법 제5조, 제29조 제1항, 제29조의2, 노동조합 및 노동관계조정법 시행령 제14조의2, 제14조의3, 제14조의4, 제14조의5, 제14조의6, 제14조의7, 제14조의8, 제14조의9, 제14조의10

【참조판례】

헌법재판소 2012. 4. 24. 선고 2011헌마338 전원재판부 결정(헌공187, 882)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 2,743자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 피상고인】 주식회사 코아월드 (소송대리인 법무법인(유한) 태평양 담당변호사 오상원)

【피고, 상고인】 중앙노동위원회위원장

【피고보조참가인】 전국금속노동조합

【원심판결】 서울고법 2016. 3. 23. 선고 2015누57071 판결

【주 문】

상고를 기각한다. 상고비용 중 보조참가로 인한 부분은 피고보조참가인이, 나머지는 피고가 각 부담한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 판단한다.

1. 노동조합 및 노동관계조정법(이하 ‘노동조합법’이라고 한다) 각 규정에 의하면, 근로자는 자유로이 노동조합을 조직하거나 이에 가입할 수 있고(제5조), 노동조합은 조합원을 위하여 사용자에게 단체교섭을 요구할 수 있으나(제29조 제1항), 하나의 사업 또는 사업장 단위에서 노동조합이 그 조직형태와 관계없이 2개 이상 병존하는 경우 각 노동조합은 원칙적으로 교섭창구 단일화 절차에 따라 교섭대표노동조합을 정하여 사용자에게 단체교섭을 요구하여야 한다(제29조의2 제1항 본문).

노동조합법이 이처럼 복수 노동조합에 대한 교섭창구 단일화 제도를 도입하여 단체교섭 절차를 일원화하도록 한 것은, 복수 노동조합이 독자적인 단체교섭권을 행사할 경우 발생할 수도 있는 노동조합 간 혹은 노동조합과 사용자 간 반목·갈등, 단체교섭의 효율성 저하 및 비용 증가 등의 문제점을 효과적으로 해결함으로써, 효율적이고 안정적인 단체교섭 체계를 구축하는 데에 그 주된 취지 내지 목적이 있다(헌법재판소 2012. 4. 24. 선고 2011헌마338 전원재판부 결정 참조).

한편 노동조합법(제29조의2 제2항 내지 제8항) 및 그 위임에 따른 시행령(제14조의2 내지 제14조의9)은 교섭창구 단일화를 위한 세부 절차를 규정하고 있는데, 이는 크게 복수 노동조합 중에서 실제로 단체교섭에 참여하려는 노동조합을 특정하는 교섭요구노동조합 확정 절차와 그러한 복수 교섭요구노동조합 중에서 다시 교섭대표노동조합을 결정하는 교섭대표노동조합 확정 절차로 구성된다.

아울러 노동조합법 시행령(제14조의10)은 교섭대표노동조합의 지위 유지기간을 정하면서 이러한 지위 유지기간을 보장받는 교섭대표노동조합이 되는 경우를, ‘① 모든 교섭요구노동조합이 자율적으로 교섭대표노동조합을 정한 경우(노동조합법 제29조의2 제2항), ② 교섭요구노동조합의 전체 조합원 중 과반수로 조직된 노동조합이거나 2개 이상의 노동조합이 위임·연합 등의 방법으로 그 전체 조합원의 과반수가 되는 경우(노동조합법 제29조의2 제3항), ③ 교섭요구노동조합이 자율적으로 공동교섭대표단을 구성하는 경우(노동조합법 제29조의2 제4항), ④ 노동위원회가 노동조합의 신청에 따라 조합원 비율을 고려하여 공동교섭대표단을 결정하는 경우(노동조합법 제29조의2 제5항)’로 한정하여 명시하고 있다.

이에 비추어 보면, 교섭창구 단일화 제도는 특별한 사정이 없는 한 복수 노동조합이 교섭요구노동조합으로 확정되고 그중에서 다시 모든 교섭요구노동조합을 대표할 노동조합이 선정될 필요가 있는 경우를 예정하여 설계된 체계라고 할 수 있다.

나아가 노동조합법 규정에 의하면, 교섭창구 단일화 절차를 통하여 결정된 교섭대표노동조합의 대표자는 모든 교섭요구노동조합 또는 그 조합원을 위하여 사용자와 단체교섭을 진행하고 단체협약을 체결할 권한이 있다(제29조 제2항).

그런데 해당 노동조합 이외의 노동조합이 존재하지 않아 다른 노동조합의 의사를 반영할 만한 여지가 처음부터 전혀 없었던 경우에는 이러한 교섭대표노동조합의 개념이 무의미해질 뿐만 아니라 달리 그 고유한 의의(意義)를 찾기도 어렵게 된다.

결국 위와 같은 교섭창구 단일화 제도의 취지 내지 목적, 교섭창구 단일화 제도의 체계 내지 관련 규정의 내용, 교섭대표노동조합의 개념 등을 종합하여 보면, 하나의 사업 또는 사업장 단위에서 유일하게 존재하는 노동조합은, 설령 노동조합법 및 그 시행령이 정한 절차를 형식적으로 거쳤다고 하더라도, 교섭대표노동조합의 지위를 취득할 수 없다고 해석함이 타당하다.

2. 원심은 제1심판결 이유를 인용하여, 피고보조참가인(이하 ‘참가인’이라고만 한다)이 교섭창구 단일화 절차를 진행하여 원고와 단체교섭을 하고 2013년 단체협약을 체결할 당시 원고 사업장에 존재하던 노동조합은 참가인이 유일하였으므로, 참가인은 교섭대표노동조합의 지위에 있지 아니하여 교섭대표노동조합의 지위 유지기간을 보장받을 수 없고, 따라서 원고가 이후 새롭게 교섭창구 단일화 절차를 거쳐 교섭대표노동조합으로 확정된 다른 노동조합과 2014년 단체협약을 체결하면서 참가인의 단체교섭 요구를 거부한 것은 참가인에 대한 관계에서 부당노동행위에 해당하지 아니한다고 판단하였다.

원심이 인용한 제1심판결 이유를 적법하게 채택된 증거들에 비추어 살펴보면, 이러한 원심의 판단은 앞서 본 법리에 부합하는 것으로서, 거기에 상고이유 주장과 같이 교섭창구 단일화 절차 내지 1개의 노동조합과 교섭대표노동조합의 지위(노동조합법 제29조의2 제1항), 단체교섭 거부의 부당노동행위(노동조합법 제81조 제3호)에 관한 법리를 오해한 잘못이 없다.

그 밖에 교섭대표노동조합의 지위 유지기간(노동조합법 시행령 제14조의10)에 관한 법리오해를 지적하는 취지의 상고이유 주장은, 위와 같이 참가인의 교섭대표노동조합 지위를 부정한 원심의 판단이 정당한 이상, 그 당부가 판결에 아무런 영향을 미치지 아니하므로, 이 역시 받아들일 수 없다.

3. 그러므로 상고를 기각하고 상고비용 중 보조참가로 인한 부분은 참가인이, 나머지는 피고가 각 부담하도록 하여, 관여 대법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 김재형(재판장) 박보영 김창석(주심) 이기택

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