[Plaintiff] Superintendent of the Gyeonggi Provincial Office of Education (Litigation representative: Dasan Law Firm and 5 others)
[Defendant] Minister of Education, Science and Technology (Litigation representative: Barun Law Firm (LLC), attorneys Choi Hye-ri and 1 other)
[Date of Closing Argument] March 28, 2013
[Order]
Of the directive to perform official duties (직무이행명령) issued by the Defendant against the Plaintiff on July 11, 2011, the portion other than the part ordering the request for resolution of heavy disciplinary action regarding the disciplinary matters of Non-party 1 and Non-party 2 is revoked. The remainder of the Plaintiff's claim is dismissed. As for litigation costs, 1/5 shall be borne by the Plaintiff, and the remainder by the Defendant.
[Purport of Claim] The directive to perform official duties issued by the Defendant against the Plaintiff on July 11, 2011 shall be revoked.
[Reasoning]
1. Background and Summary of the Directive to Perform Official Duties in This Case
The following facts are either undisputed between the parties, or can be recognized by comprehensively considering the descriptions in Evidence A No. 1 through 7, 10, Evidence A No. 9 and 11 (each 1 and 2), Evidence B No. 4, 5, 7 (each 1 and 2), together with the overall purport of the pleadings.
A. The First Declaration on the Current State of Affairs (1차 시국선언)
(1) Around June 9, 2009, the chairperson and other headquarters officers of the Korean Teachers and Education Workers' Union (전국교직원노동조합, hereinafter "KTU"), together with the branch heads and others of KTU's 16 regional branches nationwide, resolved to "publish through the media, etc., a declaration on the current state of affairs signed jointly by teachers, and to publish in a KTU newsletter the list of teachers participating in the declaration." Thereafter, they drafted the declaration and compiled the list of participating teachers, and on June 18, 2009, at a press conference held in front of Daehanmun Gate in Jeong-dong, Jung-gu, Seoul, they announced the declaration signed by 16,171 teachers, and also posted it on KTU's internet website (www.eduhope.net). Around June 22, 2009, they published in KTU's newsletter "Education Hope" the list of 17,189 teachers who participated in the declaration, including those who additionally signed or expressed their intent to participate (hereinafter "the First Declaration").
(2) The text of the First Declaration includes content pointing out and criticizing problems in education policy, including the increasing burden of private education expenses, entrance-exam-oriented competitive education, and educational polarization. However, it mainly contains content using expressions such as "abuse of state power reminiscent of the military dictatorship era," criticizing the investigations related to the candlelight vigils and the PD수첩 (PD Notebook) program as excessive, characterizing the fire at the Yongsan District 4 redevelopment site demolition in January 2009 as a reckless police crackdown, and denouncing national land development projects and North Korea policy as mistaken policies. It further asserts that due to authoritarian governance of state affairs, democracy is facing a crisis, and future-oriented values such as people's livelihood, ecology, and peace are also being threatened, such that the people's survival and the nation's future face comprehensive danger; that there is popular resistance to this; that it is hoped the unfortunate history of the government being abandoned by the people will not be repeated; and it calls for a complete overhaul of state governance.
B. The Second Declaration and the Rally of Denunciation
(1) On June 26, 2009, the Defendant filed criminal complaints against the KTU chairperson and other full-time headquarters officers and full-time provincial/metropolitan branch officers who led the First Declaration, and also requested the Plaintiff and other provincial/metropolitan superintendents of education to proceed with heavy disciplinary procedures against them.
(2) Among those subject to the request for disciplinary action were 8 persons who were full-time KTU headquarters officers and teachers belonging to the Gyeonggi Provincial Office of Education under the Plaintiff's jurisdiction, namely Non-party 1 (Chairperson), Non-party 2 (Vice-Chairperson), Non-party 3 (Director of Planning and Management), Non-party 4 (Director of Policy Planning), Non-party 5 (Spokesperson), Non-party 6 (Director of Public Relations), Non-party 7 (Chair of Health Committee), and Non-party 8 (Chief Editor), as well as 6 persons who were full-time officers of the KTU Gyeonggi Branch, namely Non-party 9 (Branch Head), Non-party 10 (Director of Organization), Non-party 11 (Secretary-General), Non-party 12 (Senior Deputy Branch Head), Non-party 13 (Director of Policy), and Non-party 14 (Director of Education and Public Relations) (hereinafter collectively "the 14 Teachers in This Case").
(3) The officers of KTU headquarters and its branches, in opposition to the Defendant's criminal complaints and heavy disciplinary policy against the teachers who took the lead in the First Declaration, announced on July 19, 2009, in the names of 28,634 teachers who joined in, a declaration containing content such as "defending democracy, guaranteeing freedom of expression, and demanding an end to the crackdown on the declaration on the current state of affairs" (hereinafter "the Second Declaration"), and subsequently held a "Rally Denouncing the Crackdown on the Declaration on the Current State of Affairs by Teachers and Public Officials" (hereinafter "the Rally of Denunciation"). Among the 14 Teachers in This Case, 10 teachers excluding Non-party 8, 12, 13, and 14 (hereinafter "the 10 Teachers in This Case") participated in the Second Declaration, etc. Among the 10 Teachers in This Case, Non-party 5 is a teacher at a private high school, and the remaining teachers are all national public officials who are elementary, middle, or high school teachers.
C. The First Directive to Perform Official Duties
(1) Meanwhile, a prosecutor belonging to the Seoul Central District Public Prosecutors' Office indicted 8 persons, including Non-party 1, who belonged to KTU headquarters among the 14 Teachers in This Case, and a prosecutor belonging to the Suwon District Public Prosecutors' Office indicted 6 persons, including Non-party 9, who belonged to the KTU Gyeonggi Branch, each for violation of the State Public Officials Act (국가공무원법) on grounds of violating the "duty not to engage in collective action for purposes other than official duties" in connection with the declarations on the current state of affairs. The chief prosecutors of the respective Public Prosecutors' Offices, around October 2009, sent to the Gyeonggi Provincial Office of Education the notice of criminal disposition results and the indictments regarding them, pursuant to Article 6(3) of the Decree on Disciplinary Action against Public Educational Officials (교육공무원징계령).
(2) On November 1, 2009, despite receiving the above notice of criminal disposition results, the Plaintiff expressed the view that "since the declaration on the current state of affairs should, in principle, be respected as freedom of expression, a fundamental value of democracy, the request for disciplinary resolution shall be held in abeyance until a final judicial determination is made as to whether the duty not to engage in collective action has been violated."
(3) In response, on November 3, 2009, on the ground that the Plaintiff was required under Article 6(4) of the Decree on Disciplinary Action against Public Educational Officials to request a disciplinary resolution within one month from the receipt of the notice of criminal disposition results against public officials, the Defendant issued a directive to perform official duties, pursuant to Article 170(1) of the Local Autonomy Act (지방자치법), ordering the Plaintiff to request a disciplinary resolution against the 14 Teachers in This Case by December 2, 2009 (hereinafter "the First Directive to Perform Official Duties"). The Plaintiff did not comply with this and, on November 18, 2009, filed suit seeking its revocation with the Supreme Court, Case No. 2009추206.
D. The Second Directive to Perform Official Duties (the Directive to Perform Official Duties in This Case)
(1) Thereafter, as the expiration of the disciplinary statute of limitations became imminent, on June 14, 2011, the Plaintiff requested a resolution for light disciplinary action against Non-party 1 and Non-party 2 among the 14 Teachers in This Case, who had been sentenced to fines in the first-instance criminal trial for planning and leading the declarations on the current state of affairs, etc.; issued warnings against 8 persons whose degree of involvement was lighter and who had been sentenced to lower fines; and issued cautions against 4 persons whose sentences of fines had been suspended, without requesting disciplinary resolution against them.
(2) In response, the Defendant determined that the Plaintiff's request for light disciplinary resolution, warnings, and other measures constituted an unlawful deviation from or abuse of disciplinary discretion, and on June 16, 2011, issued a corrective order (시정명령), based on Article 169(1) of the Local Autonomy Act, etc., directing the Plaintiff to request heavy disciplinary resolution against all 14 Teachers in This Case by June 21, 2011.
(3) When the Plaintiff submitted a written opinion to the Defendant expressing a contrary view and did not comply with the corrective order by the above deadline, the Defendant, on July 4, 2011, revoked all of the Plaintiff's above measures of requesting light disciplinary resolution, warnings, etc., pursuant to Article 169(1) of the Local Autonomy Act, etc. Upon being notified of this, the Plaintiff communicated this to Non-party 1 and the other 14 Teachers in This Case.
(4) Furthermore, on July 11, 2011, the Defendant determined that although the disciplinary statute of limitations had expired with respect to the participation of the 14 Teachers in This Case in the First Declaration, the disciplinary statute of limitations had not yet expired with respect to the 10 Teachers in This Case among them who also participated in the Second Declaration, etc., and issued to the Plaintiff a second directive to perform official duties to the effect of "requesting heavy disciplinary resolution against these persons before the disciplinary statute of limitations expires (July 18, 2011)" (hereinafter "the Directive to Perform Official Duties in This Case").
(5) The Plaintiff, dissatisfied with this, filed the instant lawsuit on July 18, 2011, and around that time, the disciplinary statute of limitations regarding the 10 Teachers in This Case's participation in the Second Declaration, etc. also expired.
2. Determination on the Preliminary Objection
A. The Defendant's Argument
The Defendant argues that since the disciplinary statute of limitations has already expired even as to the disciplinary grounds that the 10 Teachers in This Case violated the duty not to engage in collective action under the State Public Officials Act, etc., by leading and participating in the Second Declaration and by holding and participating in the Rally of Denunciation, the obligation to comply with the Directive to Perform Official Duties in This Case has been extinguished, and thus there is no interest in seeking revocation of the directive, rendering the instant lawsuit unlawful.
B. Determination
Pursuant to Article 3 of the Act on Local Education Autonomy (지방교육자치에 관한 법률) and Article 170(2) of the Local Autonomy Act, if a superintendent of education fails to perform, within the period fixed, a directive to perform official duties issued by the Minister of Education, the Minister of Education may carry out vicarious execution at the expense of the relevant local government or take necessary administrative or financial measures.
According to the facts recognized above, the Plaintiff's obligation to comply with the request for heavy disciplinary resolution, which is the content of the Directive to Perform Official Duties in This Case, has become extinguished because performance thereof has become impossible due to the expiration of the disciplinary statute of limitations. However, since there remains the legal effect that the Minister of Education may, pursuant to the above statutes, take administrative or financial measures against the relevant local government on the ground that the Plaintiff failed to timely perform the Directive to Perform Official Duties in This Case, the Plaintiff still has an interest in seeking revocation of the Directive to Perform Official Duties in This Case, in order to prevent the occurrence of such effect, regardless of whether the obligation to comply with the directive has been extinguished.
Accordingly, the Defendant's above argument is not accepted.
3. Determination on the Merits
A. Regarding the Portion of the Directive to Perform Official Duties in This Case Concerning the Request for Heavy Disciplinary Resolution against the Private High School Teacher
According to the Private School Act (사립학교법), the authority to discipline teachers at private schools rests with the "school foundation or private school operator," who is the appointing authority for teachers (Article 61(1), Article 53-2(1)); the appointing authority, when a private school teacher has grounds for disciplinary action, must request the Teachers' Disciplinary Committee to render a disciplinary resolution and impose discipline according to the result of such resolution (Article 61(1), Article 62(1)); and the superintendent of education having jurisdiction over the location of a private elementary, middle, or high school may request the appointing authority of the relevant teacher to take disciplinary action when the private school teacher falls under grounds for disciplinary action (Article 4(1), Article 54(3)).
Accordingly, a superintendent of education, when a teacher of a private elementary, middle, or high school under the jurisdiction of the relevant office of education falls under grounds for disciplinary action, may only request the disciplinary authority to take disciplinary action, and the very duty of requesting a resolution for heavy disciplinary action, etc., from the Teachers' Disciplinary Committee cannot arise.
Therefore, without need for further examination, the portion of the Directive to Perform Official Duties in This Case concerning the request for heavy disciplinary resolution regarding Non-party 5, a private high school teacher, is unlawful.
B. Regarding the Portion of the Directive to Perform Official Duties in This Case Concerning the Request for Heavy Disciplinary Resolution against the Teachers Who Are National Public Officials
(1) The Subject Matter of the Directive to Perform Official Duties
(A) According to Article 3 of the Act on Local Education Autonomy and Article 170(1) of the Local Autonomy Act, the subject matter of a directive to perform official duties that the Minister of Education may issue to a superintendent of education is "the management and execution of nationally delegated affairs." Considering the wording of this provision together with the purpose of the directive to perform official duties system—namely, to compel the uniform implementation of national affairs delegated to institutions such as superintendents of education or heads of local governments—it is reasonable to construe "nationally delegated affairs" here as meaning national affairs delegated to superintendents of education, etc., i.e., nationally delegated affairs delegated to an institution (기관위임 국가사무) (see Supreme Court Decision 2009추206, decided June 27, 2013).
(B) Based on this interpretation, the Court examines the Plaintiff's argument to the effect that "the request for heavy disciplinary resolution against educational public officials, which is the content of the Directive to Perform Official Duties in This Case, is merely an autonomous affair of the local government concerning education and academic affairs, and cannot be regarded as a nationally delegated affair delegated to an institution, and thus does not fall within the subject matter of a directive to perform official duties, rendering the Directive to Perform Official Duties in This Case unlawful."
The former Public Educational Officials Act (교육공무원법) (as it stood before amendment by Act No. 11066 of September 30, 2011; hereinafter the same) was established for the purpose of providing special provisions regarding the qualifications, appointment, remuneration, and status guarantee, etc. of public educational officials, in light of the special nature of the duties and responsibilities of public educational officials who serve the entire citizenry through education (Article 1). In light of this legislative purpose of the Public Educational Officials Act and its specific provisions, it appears that the disciplinary affairs of public educational officials governed by the Public Educational Officials Act and its subordinate statutes, together with affairs concerning the qualifications, appointment methods and procedures, remuneration, re-education or training, and status guarantee of public educational officials, are affairs of a nature that must be handled uniformly for the benefit of the entire citizenry.
Furthermore, according to Article 33(1) of the former Public Educational Officials Act, the Minister of Education may delegate part of the appointment authority to the heads of educational administrative agencies, etc., as prescribed by Presidential Decree, and Article 3(5)(iii) of the former Decree on Appointment of Public Educational Officials (교육공무원임용령) (as it stood before amendment by Presidential Decree No. 23243 of October 25, 2011), enacted pursuant to such delegation, provides that the Minister of Education delegates the authority to appoint teachers to the relevant superintendent of education. According to Article 2(5) of the former Public Educational Officials Act, "appointment" here includes not only new employment, promotion, and salary increases, but also suspension from office, dismissal, discharge, and removal from office.
In light of the nature of the disciplinary affairs of public educational officials as described above, and the form and content of the provisions of the Public Educational Officials Act and its subordinate statutes concerning the delegation of such authority, it is reasonable to view that disciplinary action against teachers who are national public officials constitutes a national affair, and that the request for disciplinary resolution, which is a part thereof, likewise constitutes a national affair. Therefore, the affair of requesting a disciplinary resolution that a superintendent of education carries out with respect to a teacher who is a national public official belonging to the office of education under the superintendent's jurisdiction must be regarded as a nationally delegated affair (see Supreme Court Decision 2009추206, decided June 27, 2013).
Meanwhile, although Article 20(16) and Article 27 of the Act on Local Education Autonomy provide that the superintendent of education shall administer matters concerning the personnel management of national public officials under the superintendent's jurisdiction with respect to education and academic affairs, and shall handle matters concerning the appointment, discipline, etc. of public officials under the superintendent's jurisdiction, these provisions, as discussed above, merely confirm, as the superintendent's own administered affairs, the national affairs delegated to the superintendent pursuant to the Public Educational Officials Act and its subordinate statutes. Therefore, these provisions cannot serve as a basis for regarding such affairs as autonomous affairs of the local government concerning education and academic affairs.
Accordingly, the request for heavy disciplinary resolution regarding teachers who are national public officials, contained in the Directive to Perform Official Duties in This Case, belongs to nationally delegated affairs and falls within the subject matter of a directive to perform official duties as prescribed by Article 170(1) of the Local Autonomy Act, and thus the Plaintiff's argument on this point is without merit.
(2) Whether There Exists an Obligation to Request Heavy Disciplinary Resolution
(A) The Purpose of the Directive to Perform Official Duties and the System of Objection Litigation Thereto
The purpose of the directive to perform official duties and the system of objection litigation thereto, as prescribed in Article 170 of the Local Autonomy Act—which, pursuant to Article 3 of the Act on Local Education Autonomy, applies mutatis mutandis to the operation, etc. of "institutions responsible for the affairs of local governments concerning education and academic affairs"—is as follows: considering the status, authority, and mutual relationship between the competent minister and the head of the relevant local government in the management and execution of nationally delegated affairs, when the head of a local government fails to manage and execute the relevant affairs due to differing views from the competent minister regarding the recognition of factual relationships or the interpretation and application of statutes concerning the relevant nationally delegated affairs, the system grants the competent minister the authority to issue a directive to perform official duties to the head of the local government and to take follow-up measures upon non-compliance, in order to secure the effectiveness of the execution of such affairs, while at the same time allowing the head of the relevant local government to file an objection lawsuit against the directive to perform official duties, thereby rationally resolving disputes between the two institutions concerning the management and execution of nationally delegated affairs through adjudication by the Supreme Court, and thereby ensuring the legality and effectiveness of the execution of such affairs. Accordingly, the object of determination regarding the requirement of a directive to perform official duties—namely, "whether the head of a local government has an obligation under statutes to manage and execute a specific nationally delegated affair"—is, as the wording indicates, the existence of the statutory obligation itself, and not whether there was a reasonable ground for the head of the local government's failure to manage and execute the affair. The existence of the statutory obligation is to be determined, in principle, by applying the relevant statutes to the factual relationship as it existed at the time of the directive to perform official duties, but circumstances arising after the directive to perform official duties may also be taken into consideration (see Supreme Court Decision 2009추206, decided June 27, 2013).
(B) Whether Participation in the Second Declaration and the Rally of Denunciation Constitutes Grounds for Disciplinary Action
Where a collective expression of intent by public officials who are teachers falls under a specific type of political activity prohibited for public officials by individual statutes such as the State Public Officials Act or the Public Official Election Act (공직선거법), or where such conduct clearly manifests political bias or partisanship, such as directly expressing support for or opposition to a specific political party or political force, to a degree that could be seen as posing a direct risk of infringing upon the political neutrality of public officials who are teachers, such conduct departs from the proper role of a public official who is a teacher and constitutes conduct contrary to the public interest, undermining the discipline concerning the duties of public officials or impairing the essential nature of public duties, and thus constitutes a neglect of the duty of devotion to one's duties. Accordingly, it is reasonable to regard such conduct as falling under "collective action for purposes other than official duties" prohibited by Article 66(1) of the State Public Officials Act (see, e.g., Supreme Court en banc Decision 2010도6388, decided April 19, 2012).
Comprehensively considering the descriptions in Evidence B No. 4 and 5 (each 1, 2, and 3), together with the overall purport of the pleadings, the following facts can be recognized: ① Among the 10 Teachers in This Case (excluding Non-party 5; the same applies hereinafter), Non-party 1 as KTU Chairperson, Non-party 2 as Vice-Chairperson, Non-party 3 as Director of Planning and Management, Non-party 4 as Director of Policy Planning, Non-party 6 as Director of Public Relations, Non-party 7 as Chair of the Health Committee, Non-party 9 as Head of the KTU Gyeonggi Branch, Non-party 10 as Director of Organization, and Non-party 11 as Secretary-General, actively participated in the First Declaration, including by planning it or leading the signature campaign, and subsequently also actively participated in the Second Declaration and the Rally of Denunciation, which came about through the process described below; ② Immediately after the announcement of the First Declaration, the Ministry of Education held a meeting of provincial/metropolitan superintendents of education, filed criminal complaints against 88 officers including the KTU Chairperson, and requested the provincial/metropolitan offices of education to take measures such as heavy disciplinary action; ③ In response, the KTU officers who had led the First Declaration held a Central Executive Committee meeting and branch meetings on June 28, 2009, and adopted an agenda titled "Plan for Defending Freedom of Expression and Responding to Disciplinary Action against the Declaration on the Current State of Affairs," resolving to undertake various types of struggle activities against the government's policy of filing complaints and imposing discipline, the main content of which was as follows: (i) converting KTU headquarters into a struggle headquarters system; (ii) holding a rally in the form of a press conference around 14:00 on June 29, 2009 in front of the Cheongun-dong Community Service Center in Jongno-gu, Seoul, followed by an attempt to move toward the Blue House under the pretext of delivering a letter of protest; (iii) holding a national teachers' resolution rally at Seoul Station Plaza around 14:00 on July 5, 2009, with the participation of at least 3,000 union members; (iv) organizing and announcing, from June 29 to July 15, 2009, a Second Declaration by teachers titled "Defending Democracy, Guaranteeing Freedom of Expression, and Demanding an End to the Crackdown on the Declaration on the Current State of Affairs," with the participation of up to 30,000 or more teachers including those who participated in the First Declaration; and (v) holding, on July 19, 2009, a rally in solidarity between public officials and teachers denouncing the crackdown on the declaration on the current state of affairs; ④ In accordance with the above resolution, KTU sent an email to its member teachers on June 30, 2009, requesting participation in the Second Declaration and distributed the text of the Second Declaration; ⑤ Around 14:00 on July 19, 2009, the KTU Chairperson and approximately 20 other officers, at Seoul Plaza in Taepyeongno 1-ga, Jung-gu, Seoul, read a press statement including content such as "Even the government's merciless crackdown, reminiscent of martial law, could not stop the conscience and will to act of teachers yearning for democracy," "As educators who teach children about democracy, we will boldly confront this unjust crackdown by state power in order to protect the sacrosanct rights of conscience and freedom of expression," and "KTU will continue efforts to affirm the legitimacy of the declaration on the current state of affairs and will wage a vigorous struggle to withdraw the complaints and disciplinary actions," and announced the Second Declaration, titled "Declaration of Teachers Defending Democracy," signed by 28,634 teachers; ⑥ The Rally of Denunciation, as one of various types of collective actions promoted to defend the First Declaration and to struggle against the government's response thereto, was pursued together with the Second Declaration, and was held from 16:00 to 17:00 on July 19, 2009, immediately after the announcement of the Second Declaration, at Seoul Station Plaza, with the participation not only of KTU and various public officials' labor union members, but also some opposition party representatives and lawmakers and the Chairman of the Korean Confederation of Trade Unions, and was conducted as a preliminary event to the "Second National Rally for Restoring Democracy and Saving People's Livelihoods," which was led and held by the Democratic Party, the Democratic Labor Party, and other opposition parties, labor circles, and various civic groups that were then taking a critical stance toward the government's policies; ⑦ During the Rally of Denunciation, the KTU Chairperson delivered a speech criticizing the current government, stating, "If public officials, teachers, and all citizens join forces, democracy will be restored to its original state, and no dictatorship or oppression will be able to take root. Now the President must choose whether to follow the will of the people or be cast aside as it is," and "We will work to restore democracy to its original state. Let public officials, teachers, and all citizens join forces to render judgment against the current government," and participants, as in the First Declaration, held picket signs and shouted slogans strongly critical of government policy; ⑧ Among the 10 Teachers in This Case, for actively participating in the First and Second Declarations and the Rally of Denunciation and thereby violating the State Public Officials Act's prohibition on collective action for purposes other than official duties, Non-party 1 was sentenced to a fine of 3,000,000 won, Non-party 2 to a fine of 2,000,000 won, Non-parties 3, 4, 6, and 7 each to a fine of 1,500,000 won, Non-party 9 to a fine of 1,000,000 won, and Non-parties 10 and 11 each to a suspended sentence of a fine of 700,000 won, all of which sentences have become final.
Although the text of the Second Declaration does not directly and specifically address the political issues raised in the First Declaration, it criticizes the government's response on the premise of the legitimacy of the First Declaration. In light of the fact that the purpose of the KTU headquarters and branch officers who resolved upon and carried out various struggle activities including the Second Declaration was to defend the First Declaration—which they had pursued while imbuing it with political bias or partisanship—on the premise of its legitimacy, and given that the text of the Second Declaration also asserts that the government's measures are reminiscent of military dictatorship or constitute an abuse of state power destroying the basic order of democracy, it appears that the officers of KTU headquarters and its branches, including the 10 Teachers in This Case, had a clear political purpose and intent even in pursuing the Second Declaration. Furthermore, in light of the content of the resolution of the Central Executive Committee and branch meetings of June 28, 2009, and the fact that the announcement of the Second Declaration and the Rally of Denunciation took place on the same day, it appears that the Second Declaration was planned and carried out in connection with a series of processes leading to the Rally of Denunciation.
Considering the above various circumstances comprehensively, it is reasonable to view that the act of the 10 Teachers in This Case, in conspiracy with other KTU officers, leading the Second Declaration and participating in the Rally of Denunciation, clearly manifested political bias or partisanship to a degree that infringes upon, or poses a direct risk of infringing upon, the political neutrality of public officials who are teachers and the public trust therein. Accordingly, such conduct departs from the proper role of a public official who is a teacher and is contrary to the public interest, undermining the discipline concerning the duties of public officials or impairing the essential nature of public duties, thereby constituting a neglect of the duty of devotion to duties, and must be regarded as "collective action for purposes other than official duties" prohibited by Article 66(1) of the State Public Officials Act, and thus falls under the grounds for disciplinary action prescribed in Article 78(1)(i), etc. of the State Public Officials Act.
(C) Whether the Plaintiff Has an Obligation to Request Heavy Disciplinary Resolution on the Basis of the Above Grounds for Disciplinary Action
According to Article 51(1) of the former Public Educational Officials Act, when the head of an educational administrative agency recognizes that a public educational official under his or her jurisdiction falls under any of the grounds for disciplinary action listed in each subparagraph of Article 78(1) of the State Public Officials Act, he or she must, without delay, request the disciplinary committee having jurisdiction over the relevant disciplinary case to render a disciplinary resolution. Furthermore, according to Article 1-2(1) and (2) and Article 6(2) of the Decree on Disciplinary Action against Public Educational Officials, a Presidential Decree established pursuant to the delegation under Article 50(2) of the former Public Educational Officials Act, a request for disciplinary resolution must be made by distinguishing between heavy disciplinary action and light disciplinary action, where heavy disciplinary action refers to removal, dismissal, demotion, or suspension from office, and light disciplinary action refers to reduction of pay or reprimand.
According to the above provisions, the head of an educational administrative agency has a statutory obligation to request the competent disciplinary committee to render a disciplinary resolution, distinguishing between heavy and light disciplinary action, when he or she recognizes that specific conduct of a public educational official under his or her jurisdiction falls under grounds for disciplinary action.
Meanwhile, according to Article 50 of the former Public Educational Officials Act and Articles 6, 10, and 15 of the Decree on Disciplinary Action against Public Educational Officials, the authority to determine the appropriate level of disciplinary action against a public educational official rests with the competent disciplinary committee for public educational officials, and when the disciplinary committee deliberates on a disciplinary case, it is required to take into account not only the content of the request for disciplinary action but also other circumstances such as the disciplinary subject's conduct, work performance, merits, and degree of repentance, based on the relevant materials submitted by the head of the requesting agency, factual investigations by affiliated staff, and the statement of opinion by the person subject to discipline. Since the request by the head of the requesting agency for heavy or light disciplinary action under Article 6(2) of the Decree on Disciplinary Action against Public Educational Officials constitutes an expression of opinion regarding the appropriate level of discipline, the authority requesting the disciplinary resolution may present an opinion as to the appropriate level of discipline by taking into account all of the circumstances that the Decree on Disciplinary Action against Public Educational Officials requires the disciplinary committee to consider in determining the level of discipline, and this applies equally where grounds for disciplinary action are notified by another administrative agency pursuant to Article 6(3) of the Decree on Disciplinary Action against Public Educational Officials. Therefore, in order to determine whether the authority requesting disciplinary resolution has an obligation to request heavy disciplinary resolution, it must be objectively recognized, by comprehensively considering not only the grounds for disciplinary action but also other circumstances relevant to the level of discipline, such as the disciplinary subject's conduct, work performance, merits, and degree of repentance, that the case falls under grounds for heavy disciplinary action.
Based on the legal principles set forth above, while the participation of the 10 Teachers in This Case in the First Declaration is not included within the disciplinary charges that are the subject of the request for heavy disciplinary resolution under the Directive to Perform Official Duties in This Case, due to the expiration of the disciplinary statute of limitations as noted above, it may nonetheless be taken into account in determining the appropriate level of discipline. Among the 10 Teachers in This Case, Non-party 1, as KTU Chairperson, and Non-party 2, as Vice-Chairperson, played key roles in planning and leading the Second Declaration and the Rally of Denunciation following the First Declaration, and, reflecting the degree of their violation of the law, were sentenced to heavier punishment than the other teachers. In light of this, it appears that, even without considering other circumstances relevant to the level of discipline, they objectively fall under grounds for heavy disciplinary action, and the Defendant, at the time of the Directive to Perform Official Duties in This Case, indicated this purport and requested heavy disciplinary resolution. On the other hand, while Non-parties 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, and 11, as officers of KTU headquarters or its branches, took a leading role in participating in the Second Declaration, etc., the degree of their misconduct is lighter than that of the KTU Chairperson and Vice-Chairperson in terms of their position and role. Furthermore, since the Second Declaration criticized the government's policy of imposing heavy disciplinary action against teachers who participated in the First Declaration as an infringement of the constitutional fundamental right to freedom of expression and called for its withdrawal, while also emphasizing opinions regarding government education policy, such as the need to resolve educational polarization and to end school policies obsessed solely with competition, there is also an aspect in which mere participation in the declaration may not be seen as rising to the level of infringing upon the political neutrality of public officials (see Supreme Court Decision 2011도12407, decided July 26, 2012). Considering also that the Rally of Denunciation was an extension of the Second Declaration and that there are circumstances warranting consideration in determining the level of discipline, as noted above, it is difficult to objectively conclude that these teachers fall under grounds for heavy disciplinary action based solely on the content of the request for disciplinary action—namely, that they took a leading role in participating in the Second Declaration, etc.—without examining the specific degree of their involvement and other circumstances relevant to the level of discipline, such as their ordinary conduct, work performance, and merits, and the Defendant did not present any grounds relevant to the level of discipline that would warrant a different conclusion at the time of the Directive to Perform Official Duties in This Case.
Therefore, it must be found that the Plaintiff has a statutory obligation to request the competent disciplinary committee to render a disciplinary resolution with an opinion of heavy disciplinary action regarding the discipline of Non-party 1 and Non-party 2 among the 10 Teachers in This Case, but no such statutory obligation exists with respect to the discipline of the remaining teachers.
Accordingly, without need for further examination, the portion of the Directive to Perform Official Duties in This Case ordering a request for heavy disciplinary resolution regarding the discipline of the remaining teachers who are national public officials, excluding Non-party 1 and Non-party 2, is unlawful.
(3) Whether There Was a Clear Neglect of the Obligation to Request Heavy Disciplinary Resolution
Next, the Court examines whether the Plaintiff clearly neglected to perform the obligation to request heavy disciplinary resolution regarding the discipline of Non-party 1 and Non-party 2 among the 10 Teachers in This Case.
As noted above, pursuant to Article 170(1) of the Local Autonomy Act, when the competent minister recognizes that the head of a local government is clearly neglecting the management and execution of nationally delegated affairs belonging to the head's obligation, the competent minister may order the head of the relevant local government to perform the matters to be implemented.
Here, the requirement that the head of a local government "is clearly neglecting the management and execution of nationally delegated affairs" presupposes that an obligation to manage and execute the nationally delegated affairs has arisen. Since the head of a local government is, in principle, to perform nationally delegated affairs belonging to the head's obligation, it must be construed that this requirement is satisfied when the head of a local government fails to perform such obligation without special circumstances. Here, "special circumstances" must be understood to mean statutory impediments preventing the management and execution of nationally delegated affairs, or factual impediments such as insufficient financial capacity or conditions of the local government, or lack of manpower, and circumstances in which the head of a local government has failed to perform an affair due to holding a view different from that of the competent minister as to whether an obligation exists to manage and execute a specific nationally delegated affair should not be regarded as falling under such special circumstances. This is because the system of objection litigation against a directive to perform official duties is established precisely to grant the head of a local government the right to bring suit on the premise of such a conflict of views, and therefore, in the determination on the merits of such litigation, that circumstance need no longer be considered (see Supreme Court Decision 2009추206, decided June 27, 2013).
The Plaintiff argues to the effect that "even if the obligation to request heavy disciplinary resolution regarding the discipline of the 10 Teachers in This Case has arisen, it was not clear at the time of the Directive to Perform Official Duties in This Case that the disciplinary charges fell under grounds for heavy disciplinary action, and the Plaintiff did not neglect the execution of the affair of requesting disciplinary resolution, as the Plaintiff had already requested a resolution for light disciplinary action against Non-party 1 and Non-party 2."
However, in light of the legal principles set forth above, the circumstances asserted by the Plaintiff cannot be regarded as special circumstances warranting non-execution of the affair of requesting heavy disciplinary resolution regarding the discipline of the above teachers, and no other special circumstances appear to exist.
Therefore, to the extent that the obligation to request heavy disciplinary resolution has arisen regarding the discipline of Non-party 1 and Non-party 2, the Directive to Perform Official Duties in This Case also satisfies the above requirement, and thus must be regarded as lawful to that extent.
4. Conclusion
Among the Plaintiff's claims in this case, the portion other than the part of the Directive to Perform Official Duties in This Case ordering the request for heavy disciplinary resolution regarding the discipline of Non-party 1 and Non-party 2 has merit and is hereby granted, while the remainder of the claim is without merit and is hereby dismissed. It is so ordered as stated in the Order, by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices.
Justice Lee Sang-hoon (Presiding Justice), Shin Yeong-cheol, Kim Yong-deok, Kim So-young (Justice in Charge)