[Order]
The plaintiff's claim is dismissed. The costs of the lawsuit shall be borne by the plaintiff.
[Claim]
The order to perform duties issued by the Defendant against the Plaintiff on November 3, 2009 shall be revoked.
[Reasoning]
1. Background and Summary of This Job Performance Order
The following facts are either undisputed between the parties, or can be found to be true by comprehensively considering the descriptions in Evidence A No. 1, Evidence A No. 2-1, 2, Evidence A No. 4-2, 3, Evidence A No. 7, Evidence B No. 11, 12, 14-1, together with the whole purport of the pleadings.
A. On June 9, 2009, the Korean Teachers and Education Workers' Union (hereinafter referred to as "the Union") held a Central Executive Committee meeting attended by headquarters officers including the chairperson and branch heads, and resolved to "announce a joint declaration on current affairs signed by teachers through the media and publish the list of names of teachers who participated in the declaration in the Union's newsletter."
B. Accordingly, from around June 10, 2009 to around June 17, 2009, the Union's headquarters officers and branch heads prepared the declaration on current affairs and related guidance materials and distributed them to each branch and sub-branch/chapter of the Union, and each of the 16 branches of the Union nationwide compiled lists of teachers participating in the declaration on current affairs and reported them to the Union's headquarters.
C. On June 18, 2009, approximately 20 headquarters officers of the Union, including the chairperson, held a press conference in front of Daehanmun Gate, Jeong-dong, Jung-gu, Seoul, and announced a declaration on current affairs in the names of 16,171 teachers, while also posting it on the Union's internet homepage (www.eduhope.net), and on or around June 22, 2009, published a list of 17,189 teachers participating in the declaration on current affairs, including those who additionally signed or expressed their intention to participate, in the Union's newsletter "Education Hope" (hereinafter referred to as "the First Declaration on Current Affairs").
D. On June 26, 2009, the Defendant filed criminal complaints against the headquarters full-time officers of the Union, including the chairperson, and the full-time officers of the city/provincial branches who led the First Declaration on Current Affairs, and also requested that the Plaintiff and other city/provincial superintendents of education proceed with heavy disciplinary procedures against them.
E. Among those subject to the disciplinary request were 8 persons who were full-time officers of the Union headquarters and teachers belonging to the Gyeonggi-do Office of Education under the Plaintiff's jurisdiction: Nonparty 1 (chairperson), Nonparty 2 (vice-chairperson), Nonparty 3 (Director of Planning and Management), Nonparty 4 (Director of Policy Planning), Nonparty 5 (spokesperson), Nonparty 6 (Director of Public Relations), Nonparty 7 (Chair of Health Committee), and Nonparty 8 (Chief Editor); and 6 persons who were full-time officers of the Gyeonggi Branch of the Union: Nonparty 9 (branch head), Nonparty 10 (Director of Organization), Nonparty 11 (Secretary-General), Nonparty 12 (Senior Deputy Branch Head), Nonparty 13 (Director of Policy), and Nonparty 14 (Director of Education Publicity) (hereinafter collectively referred to as "the Teachers in This Case"). Among them, except for Nonparty 5 and Nonparty 8, who were teachers at private middle and high schools, the remaining teachers were teachers at national elementary, middle, and high schools who were national public officials.
F. In protest against the Defendant's criminal complaints and heavy disciplinary policy against teachers who played a leading role in participating in the First Declaration on Current Affairs, officers of the Union headquarters and branches, on July 19, 2009, announced a declaration on current affairs signed by approximately 28,000 teachers who joined in it, with content including "defending democracy, guaranteeing freedom of expression, and demanding an end to the suppression of the declaration on current affairs" (hereinafter referred to as "the Second Declaration on Current Affairs"), and subsequently held a "Rally to Condemn the Suppression of Teachers' and Public Officials' Declaration on Current Affairs" (hereinafter referred to as "the Condemnation Rally"). Among the Teachers in This Case, 10 teachers, excluding Nonparty 8, Nonparty 12, Nonparty 13, and Nonparty 14, participated in the Second Declaration on Current Affairs or the Condemnation Rally.
G. Meanwhile, a prosecutor belonging to the Seoul Central District Prosecutors' Office indicted 8 persons including Nonparty 1, who belonged to the Union headquarters among the Teachers in This Case, and a prosecutor belonging to the Suwon District Prosecutors' Office indicted 6 persons including Nonparty 9, who belonged to the Gyeonggi Branch of the Union, each for violation of the National Public Officials Act (국가공무원법) in relation to the First Declaration on Current Affairs, on the charge of violating the "duty to refrain from collective action for purposes other than official duties" under the National Public Officials Act, and around October 2009, the Chief Prosecutors of the respective Prosecutors' Offices sent notices of the results of criminal proceedings and indictments concerning them to the Gyeonggi-do Office of Education pursuant to Article 6(3) of the Decree on Disciplinary Actions Against Educational Public Officials (교육공무원징계령).
H. On November 1, 2009, despite the above notice of criminal results, the Plaintiff stated that "the First Declaration on Current Affairs should in principle be respected as freedom of expression, a fundamental value of democracy, and therefore the request for a disciplinary resolution will be withheld until the judiciary makes its final determination on whether there was a violation of the duty to refrain from collective action."
I. Accordingly, on November 3, 2009, on the ground that the Plaintiff was required to request a disciplinary resolution within one month from the time of receiving notice of the results of disposition of a public official's crime pursuant to Article 6(4) of the Decree on Disciplinary Actions Against Educational Public Officials, the Defendant issued this job performance order (이 사건 직무이행명령) pursuant to Article 170(1) of the Local Autonomy Act (지방자치법), the content of which was to request disciplinary resolutions against the Teachers in This Case by December 2, 2009.
2. Preliminary Objections and Judgment Thereon
A. Circumstances After the Filing of This Lawsuit
The following facts are either undisputed between the parties, or can be found to be true by comprehensively considering the descriptions in Evidence B Nos. 5 through 10, together with the whole purport of the pleadings.
(1) On June 14, 2011, with respect to Nonparty 1 and Nonparty 2 among the Teachers in This Case, who were sentenced to fines for planning and leading the First Declaration on Current Affairs, etc., in the first-instance criminal trial, the Plaintiff requested a light disciplinary resolution; with respect to 8 persons who were sentenced to lower fines due to their lighter degree of involvement, the Plaintiff took warning measures; and with respect to 4 persons whose fine sentences were suspended, the Plaintiff took caution measures, without requesting disciplinary resolutions.
(2) In response, the Defendant determined that the Plaintiff's above request for light disciplinary resolution, warnings, and other measures were unlawful as deviating from or abusing disciplinary discretion, and on June 16, 2011, issued a corrective order pursuant to Article 169(1) of the Local Autonomy Act, etc., requiring the Plaintiff to request heavy disciplinary resolutions against all of the Teachers in This Case by June 21, 2011.
(3) When the Plaintiff submitted a written opinion to the Defendant expressing a contrary position and failed to comply with the corrective order by the above deadline, the Defendant, on July 4, 2011, revoked all of the Plaintiff's above requests for light disciplinary resolution, warnings, and other measures pursuant to Article 169(1) of the Local Autonomy Act, etc., and the Plaintiff, upon being notified thereof, notified Nonparty 1 and the other Teachers in This Case of this fact.
(4) Furthermore, on July 11, 2011, the Defendant determined that although the statute of limitations for disciplinary action regarding the participation of the Teachers in This Case in the First Declaration on Current Affairs had expired, the statute of limitations had not yet expired for the 10 teachers among the Teachers in This Case who had participated in the Second Declaration on Current Affairs, etc., and issued the second job performance order in this case (이 사건 제2차 직무이행명령) to the Plaintiff, requesting that heavy disciplinary resolutions be requested against these persons before the statute of limitations expired (July 18, 2011).
(5) The statute of limitations for disciplinary action against the Teachers in This Case on the ground of their participation in the First Declaration on Current Affairs made on June 18, 2009, and against some of the Teachers in This Case on the ground of their participation in the Second Declaration on Current Affairs made on July 19, 2009, all expired around the time two years had passed from the date the grounds for disciplinary action arose, pursuant to Article 83-2 and related provisions of the former National Public Officials Act (국가공무원법) (before amendment by Act No. 10148 of March 22, 2010; hereinafter the same), such that requests for disciplinary resolutions against them could no longer be made.
B. Argument Regarding Extinction of the Obligation to Comply with This Job Performance Order
First, we examine the Defendant's argument to the effect that "with respect to two of the Teachers in This Case, the Plaintiff requested disciplinary resolutions, thereby complying with this job performance order, and with respect to the remaining teachers, since the statute of limitations for disciplinary action has already expired, the obligation to comply with this job performance order has been extinguished, and thus there is no interest in seeking revocation of this job performance order."
According to Article 3 of the Act on Local Education Autonomy (지방교육자치에 관한 법률) and Article 170(2) of the Local Autonomy Act, if the Superintendent of Education fails to perform, within the specified period, a job performance order issued by the Minister of Education specifying a period, the Minister of Education may carry out vicarious execution at the expense of the relevant local government or take other necessary administrative or financial measures.
According to the facts found above, the Plaintiff has performed part of this job performance order, and as for the remainder, performance has become impossible due to the expiration of the statute of limitations for disciplinary action, such that the obligation to comply therewith has been extinguished. However, the Plaintiff, long after the deadline for this job performance order of December 2, 2009 had passed, only requested disciplinary resolutions against Nonparty 1 and Nonparty 2 among the Teachers in This Case on June 14, 2011, when the expiration date of the statute of limitations for disciplinary action against the Teachers in This Case was imminent; in light of the timing and circumstances thereof, it is difficult to view this as having complied with this job performance order. Furthermore, since the effect remains whereby the Minister of Education may take administrative or financial measures against the relevant local government pursuant to the above statutes on the ground that the Plaintiff failed to timely perform this job performance order, the Plaintiff, regardless of whether the obligation to comply with this job performance order has been extinguished, still has an interest in seeking revocation of this job performance order in order to prevent the occurrence of the above effect.
Therefore, the Defendant's above argument is not accepted.
C. Argument Regarding Abolition/Extinction of This Job Performance Order Due to the Second Job Performance Order
Next, we examine the Defendant's argument to the effect that "since this job performance order was abolished or modified upon the Defendant's issuance of the second job performance order, there is no longer any practical benefit in disputing it."
According to the facts found above, the second job performance order was to the effect that, since the statute of limitations for the ground for disciplinary action arising from the Teachers in This Case's participation in the First Declaration on Current Affairs had expired, heavy disciplinary resolutions should be requested against the 10 teachers among them who also participated in the Second Declaration on Current Affairs, etc., on the ground of the statute of limitations remaining due to their participation in the Second Declaration on Current Affairs, etc. However, in light of the background, purpose, and content of the Second Declaration on Current Affairs, it cannot be viewed as having been made continuously under the same purpose or intent as the First Declaration on Current Affairs, and appears to be a separate and distinct collective act from the First Declaration on Current Affairs. Therefore, since the grounds for disciplinary action for which disciplinary resolution is ordered in this job performance order differ from the grounds for disciplinary action for which disciplinary resolution is ordered in the second job performance order, it cannot be said that this job performance order was abolished or modified by the second job performance order. Moreover, as noted above, the Plaintiff has a legal interest in seeking revocation of this job performance order in order to prevent the occurrence of legal effects, such as administrative or financial measures, arising from the Plaintiff's failure to timely perform this job performance order prior to the second job performance order.
Therefore, this part of the Defendant's argument is also not accepted.
3. Arguments on the Merits and Judgment Thereon
A. The Subject Matter of the Job Performance Order
(1) According to Article 3 of the Act on Local Education Autonomy and Article 170(1) of the Local Autonomy Act, the subject matter of a job performance order that the Minister of Education may issue to a Superintendent of Education is "the management and execution of nationally delegated affairs." Considering the language of this provision together with the purpose of the job performance order system, namely, to compel the uniform realization of national affairs delegated to institutions such as superintendents of education or heads of local governments, it is reasonable to interpret "nationally delegated affairs" here as meaning national affairs delegated to superintendents of education and others, i.e., nationally delegated affairs to institutions (기관위임 국가사무).
(2) On the premise of this interpretation, we examine the Plaintiff's argument to the effect that "the request for disciplinary resolutions against the Teachers in This Case is merely an autonomous affair of the local government concerning education and academic affairs, and cannot be viewed as a nationally delegated affair to an institution, and thus does not fall within the subject matter of a job performance order, making this job performance order unlawful."
(A) First, with respect to the portion of this job performance order concerning teachers who are national public officials, we examine the nature of the affair of requesting disciplinary resolution that a Superintendent of Education performs with respect to teachers who are national public officials belonging to the relevant education office.
The former Educational Officials Act (교육공무원법) (before amendment by Act No. 11066 of September 30, 2011; hereinafter the same) was established for the purpose of providing special provisions concerning the qualifications, appointment, remuneration, and status guarantee, etc., of educational public officials in light of the special nature of the duties and responsibilities of educational public officials who serve the entire citizenry through education (Article 1). In light of this legislative purpose of the Educational Officials Act and the specific content of its provisions, the affairs of disciplining educational public officials regulated by the Educational Officials Act and related statutes, together with affairs concerning the qualifications, appointment methods and procedures, remuneration, retraining or training, and status guarantee of educational public officials, appear to be matters that should be handled uniformly for the benefit of the entire citizenry.
Furthermore, according to Article 33(1) of the former Educational Officials Act, the Minister of Education may delegate part of the appointment authority to the heads of educational administrative agencies, etc., as prescribed by Presidential Decree, and Article 3(5)(iii) of the former Decree on Appointment of Educational Officials (교육공무원임용령) (before amendment by Presidential Decree No. 23243 of October 25, 2011; hereinafter the same), pursuant to such delegation, provides that the Minister of Education delegates the authority to appoint teachers to the relevant Superintendent of Education. According to Article 2(5) of the former Educational Officials Act, "appointment" here includes not only new appointment, promotion, and salary increase, but also suspension from office, dismissal, discharge, and removal.
In light of the nature of the affair of disciplining educational public officials as described above, and the form and content of the provisions of the Educational Officials Act and related statutes concerning the delegation of such authority, it is reasonable to view that disciplinary action against teachers who are national public officials is a national affair, and that the request for disciplinary resolution, which is part thereof, likewise falls under national affairs. Therefore, the affair of requesting disciplinary resolution that a Superintendent of Education performs with respect to teachers who are national public officials belonging to the relevant education office must be viewed as a nationally delegated affair.
Meanwhile, Articles 20(16) and 27 of the Act on Local Education Autonomy provide that the Superintendent of Education shall administer matters concerning personnel management of national public officials under his/her jurisdiction with respect to education and academic affairs, and shall handle matters concerning the appointment, discipline, etc. of public officials under his/her jurisdiction; however, as noted above, this merely confirms, as the Superintendent of Education's own administered affairs, national affairs delegated pursuant to the Educational Officials Act and related statutes, and therefore such provisions cannot be relied upon to characterize the relevant affair as an autonomous affair of the local government concerning education and academic affairs.
(B) Next, with respect to the portion of this job performance order concerning Nonparty 5 and Nonparty 8, who are teachers at private middle and high schools, we examine the nature of the affair of requesting discipline that a Superintendent of Education performs, with respect to the discipline of teachers at private schools under the relevant education office's jurisdiction, directed to the person with authority to appoint and dismiss such teachers.
The former Private School Act (사립학교법) (before amendment by Act No. 11216 of January 26, 2012; hereinafter the same) was established for the purpose of promoting the sound development of private schools by securing their autonomy and enhancing their public nature in light of the special nature of private schools (Article 1). While guaranteeing the autonomy of private schools in matters such as the appointment, dismissal, service, and discipline of teachers, the former Private School Act, in order to maintain and promote public nature, provides as follows: ① a school juristic person or private school operator (hereinafter referred to as "school juristic person, etc.") appoints and dismisses teachers of each level of school, but must do so through a certain procedure from among persons holding the qualifications of national/public school teachers (Articles 52, 53, 53-2); ② provisions concerning the service of national/public school teachers apply mutatis mutandis to the service of private school teachers (Article 55), and when a teacher falls under grounds for disciplinary action, such as violating duties in the course of official duties or being negligent in the performance of duties, the school juristic person, etc., who has the authority to appoint and dismiss the relevant teacher, must request a disciplinary resolution from the Teachers' Disciplinary Committee, and must impose disciplinary action in accordance with the results following deliberation and resolution by the disciplinary committee (Articles 61, 62, 64); ③ private elementary, middle, and high schools, etc., and the school juristic person, etc. that establishes and operates such schools, are subject to the guidance and supervision of the competent city/provincial Superintendent of Education having jurisdiction over their location, while private universities, industrial universities, junior colleges, and other higher education institutions and the school juristic person, etc. that establishes and operates them, are subject to the guidance and supervision of the Minister of Education (Article 4); and ④ accordingly, when a teacher at a private elementary, middle, or high school, etc. falls under grounds for disciplinary action, the competent city/provincial Superintendent of Education having jurisdiction over the location may request discipline from the school juristic person, etc. who has the authority to appoint and dismiss the relevant teacher, and when a teacher at a private university, industrial university, junior college, or other higher education institution falls under grounds for disciplinary action, the Minister of Education may make such a request (Article 54(3)).
There can be no essential difference between private schools and national/public schools in terms of their sharing the role of public education. Accordingly, while education-related statutes distinguish between national/public schools and private schools according to the subject of establishment and operation (Article 11 of the Framework Act on Education (교육기본법), Article 3 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (초·중등교육법), Article 3 of the Higher Education Act (고등교육법), etc.), they regulate school establishment standards, such as facilities and equipment, identically without such distinction (Article 4(1) of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, Article 4(1) of the Higher Education Act), and also, in principle, regulate the qualifications and service of private school teachers in the same manner as national/public school teachers (Articles 52 and 55(1) of the former Private School Act). Therefore, the service and discipline, etc. of private school teachers must be uniformly regulated nationwide in the same manner as national/public school teachers. Considering this, the Superintendent of Education's authority to request discipline concerning the discipline of private elementary, middle, and high school teachers as provided in Article 54(3) of the former Private School Act must be viewed as a national affair delegated to the city/provincial Superintendent of Education, aimed at maintaining the qualifications and service attitude, etc. of such private school teachers at a certain level equal to national/public school teachers, and to be handled in balance with discipline of national/public school teachers.
(3) Sub-conclusion
Accordingly, since this job performance order concerns nationally delegated affairs in their entirety, and falls within the subject matter of a job performance order as provided in Article 170(1) of the Local Autonomy Act, this portion of the Plaintiff's argument is without merit.
B. Existence of the Obligation to Request Disciplinary Resolution or Discipline Regarding the Discipline of the Teachers in This Case
(1) Summary of the Parties' Arguments
The Defendant argues to the effect that "the Teachers in This Case, by playing a leading role in the First Declaration on Current Affairs, violated the duty to refrain from collective action under the National Public Officials Act and thereby fell under grounds for disciplinary action; moreover, since the Plaintiff was notified by the investigative agency of the results of disposition of a public official's crime relating to the First Declaration on Current Affairs, the Plaintiff was obligated, pursuant to the relevant Educational Officials Act and related statutes, to request a disciplinary resolution from the competent Disciplinary Committee without delay or within one month from the time of receiving such notice."
In response, the Plaintiff disputes this, arguing to the effect that "the First Declaration on Current Affairs is an act within the legitimate scope of freedom of expression guaranteed by the Constitution, and even if the First Declaration on Current Affairs is ultimately found unlawful by the judiciary's final determination, since it was not clear at the time the Plaintiff was notified of the results of disposition of a public official's crime relating to the First Declaration on Current Affairs whether the content of the charges fell under grounds for disciplinary action, the Plaintiff's withholding of the request for disciplinary resolution was justified, and thus this job performance order is unlawful for failing to satisfy its requirements."
(2) Judgment
(A) Purpose of the Job Performance Order and the System of Objection Litigation Thereto
According to Article 170 of the Local Autonomy Act, which is applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 3 of the Act on Local Education Autonomy to the operation of "institutions that administer affairs concerning education and academic affairs of local governments," if it is recognized that the head of a local government is clearly neglecting the management and execution of nationally delegated affairs, etc. belonging to his/her obligations under statutes, the competent Minister may, by specifying a period, order in writing the matters to be performed (Paragraph 1); if the head of the local government fails to perform the performance order within that period, the competent Minister may carry out vicarious execution at the expense of the relevant local government or take other necessary administrative or financial measures (Paragraph 2); and if the head of the local government has an objection to the performance order, he/she may file a lawsuit with the Supreme Court within 15 days from the date of receiving the written performance order (Paragraph 3).
Here, nationally delegated affairs, as noted above, are national affairs delegated to the institution that is the head of a local government. Accordingly, when the head of a local government manages and executes nationally delegated affairs to an institution, his/her status may be viewed not as an institution of the relevant local government, but as an administrative agency of the State. The competent Minister of the State, as the delegating agency, has authority to provide guidance and supervision concerning national affairs that the head of a local government has been delegated to handle, pursuant to Article 6 of the Regulation on Delegation and Entrustment of Administrative Authority (행정권한의 위임 및 위탁에 관한 규정), a Presidential Decree enacted pursuant to the delegation under Article 6(1) of the Government Organization Act (정부조직법), or pursuant to Article 167(1) of the Local Autonomy Act. However, on the other hand, the head of a local government is, in terms of administrative organization, an executive agency of a local government that is a separate administrative entity from the State, and is an independent institution elected by the residents' election; and according to Article 2(1) of the Regulation on Delegation and Entrustment of Administrative Authority, is in the position of handling delegated national affairs under his/her own authority and responsibility.
The purpose of the job performance order system and the system of objection litigation thereto is, considering such status, authority, and mutual relationship between the competent Minister and the head of the relevant local government in the management and execution of nationally delegated affairs, to grant the competent Minister the authority to issue a job performance order to the head of a local government and to take follow-up measures in the event of non-compliance, in order to secure the effectiveness of the execution of such affairs when the head of a local government, differing from the competent Minister in the recognition of factual circumstances or the interpretation/application of statutes regarding the relevant nationally delegated affair, fails to manage and execute the relevant affair; while, on the other hand, allowing the head of the relevant local government to file an objection lawsuit against the job performance order, thereby rationally resolving disputes between the two institutions regarding the management and execution of nationally delegated affairs through adjudication by the Supreme Court, so as to secure the legality and effectiveness of the execution of such affairs.
Therefore, the subject matter of judgment regarding the requirement of a job performance order, namely "whether the head of a local government has an obligation under statutes to manage and execute a specific nationally delegated affair," is, as its language indicates, the existence of the obligation under such statutes, not whether there was a reasonable ground for the head of the local government's failure to manage and execute the affair. The existence of such statutory obligation is to be determined, in principle, by interpreting and applying the relevant statutes to the factual relationship as of the time of the job performance order, but circumstances arising after the job performance order may also be taken into consideration.
(B) Whether the Teachers in This Case's Participation in the First Declaration on Current Affairs Falls Under Grounds for Disciplinary Action
Where an expressive act collectively undertaken by public officials who are teachers falls under specific political activity prohibited for public officials under individual statutes such as the National Public Officials Act or the Public Official Election Act (공직선거법), or where it clearly reveals political bias or partisanship, such as by directly expressing support for or opposition to a specific political party or political force, and thereby reaches a degree that could bring about a direct risk of infringing upon the political neutrality of public officials who are teachers, such an act, departing from the proper role of a public official who is a teacher and being contrary to the public interest, undermines the discipline concerning the duties of a public official or harms the essential nature of public duties, and thus constitutes a neglect of the duty of exclusive devotion to duty; it is therefore reasonable to view that such act falls under "collective action for purposes other than official duties" prohibited by Article 66(1) of the National Public Officials Act (see, e.g., Supreme Court en banc Decision 2010Do6388 decided April 19, 2012).
Furthermore, since provisions concerning the service of national/public school teachers apply mutatis mutandis to the service of private school teachers (Article 55 of the former Private School Act), and since it constitutes grounds for disciplinary action where a private school teacher violates duties in the course of official duties, etc. (Article 61(1) of the former Private School Act), where a private school teacher participates in "collective action for purposes other than official duties" prohibited by Article 66(1) of the National Public Officials Act, this constitutes grounds for disciplinary action.
[Reasoning]
Taking into account the entries in each of Exhibits Eul No. 11 and No. 12-1, together with the whole purport of the pleadings, the following facts may be recognized: ① Among the teachers in this case, Non-party 1, as chairperson of the Korean Teachers and Education Workers' Union (전국교직원노동조합, hereinafter "KTU"), Non-party 2, as its vice-chairperson, Non-party 5, as its spokesperson, Non-party 3, as its planning and management office director, Non-party 4, as its policy planning bureau director, Non-party 6, as its public relations office director, Non-party 7, as its health committee chairperson, Non-party 8, as its editorial department head, Non-party 9, as chairperson of the KTU Gyeonggi Branch, Non-party 10, as its organization bureau director, Non-party 11, as its secretary-general, Non-party 12, as its chief branch chairperson, Non-party 13, as its policy office director, and Non-party 14, as its education and public relations bureau director, actively participated in the first Declaration on the State of Affairs (1차 시국선언), including by planning it or leading the signature campaign; ② at the time of the first Declaration on the State of Affairs, declarations on the state of affairs criticizing the government's policies and its management of state affairs, which were then controversial, and demanding reform of state administration, were being made across the country by various sectors of society, beginning with the declaration issued on May 28, 2009 in the name of 100 social figures, and continuing with the declaration issued by the Korean Confederation of Trade Unions (전국민주노동조합총연맹) on June 9, 2009; ③ recognizing this situation, the KTU held a meeting of its Central Executive Committee, composed of Non-party 1 and other KTU headquarters officers and branch chairpersons from provinces and cities nationwide, on June 9, 2009, and, based on the assessment that it was important to maintain the current momentum in connection with the by-election scheduled for October 2009 and the local elections scheduled for 2010, and that sector-specific campaigns were therefore necessary, resolved to promote a declaration on the state of affairs concerning the June political situation, to be joined by 10,000 teachers, on the basis of an agenda item stating that, since demands from citizens and labor organizations were likely to erupt starting from the June 10 pan-national rally commemorating the June 10 Democratic Uprising (6·10항쟁), "a form such as a declaration on the state of affairs is necessary in terms of building an anti-Lee Myung-bak front," and thereby had union members and non-union teachers participate in the declaration through the organizations of the KTU headquarters and its 16 branches nationwide, resulting in the first Declaration on the State of Affairs; ④ although the text of the first Declaration on the State of Affairs included content pointing out and criticizing problems in education policy, such as the increasing burden of private education expenses, entrance-exam-oriented competitive education, and educational polarization, it mainly contained content using expressions such as "abuse of state power reminiscent of the military dictatorship era" to denounce the investigations related to the candlelight rallies and the PD Note program as unreasonable, to denounce the police response to the fire accident at the Yongsan District 4 demolition site that occurred in January 2009 as a reckless suppression, and to criticize national land development projects and policy toward North Korea as mistaken policies, while stating that democracy was facing a crisis due to self-righteous governance of state affairs, that future-oriented values such as people's livelihood, ecology, and peace were also being threatened, that the survival of the people and the future of the nation were facing overall danger, that national resistance was occurring in response, that it was hoped the unfortunate history of a government being abandoned by its people would not be repeated, and urging a complete overhaul of the management of state affairs; ⑤ the first Declaration on the State of Affairs was promoted in a planned and organized manner using the organizations of the KTU headquarters and its branches so that a large number of teachers, including KTU union members, would participate in signing the declaration within a short period of time, and the KTU, going beyond forcing ahead with teachers' participation in signing the declaration despite the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology's request for restraint, further had the KTU chairperson and Central Executive Committee members hold a press conference to publicly announce the declaration and specifically publish the list of the signing teachers in the KTU newsletter, thereby disclosing the teachers' status and engaging in an external collective act.
Considering the above facts concerning the planning and purpose of promoting the first Declaration on the State of Affairs, its timing and background, its content, the manner of its promotion, and its resulting impact, together with the fact that, unlike university faculty members who are permitted to join political parties and engage in election campaigning, teachers at elementary, middle, and high schools are prohibited from joining political parties and engaging in election campaigning (Article 22(1)(2) of the Political Parties Act (정당법), Article 60(1)(4) of the Public Official Election Act (공직선거법)), such that their duty of political neutrality is reinforced, it must be concluded that the acts committed by the teachers in this case in connection with the first Declaration on the State of Affairs, in collusion with other KTU officers, constituted a clear political intention or purpose to obstruct the government's major policy decisions and their implementation, or to exercise critical influence collectively so as to clearly express opposition to a specific political force, and thus clearly revealed a political bias or partisanship sufficient to infringe upon the political neutrality of teachers as public officials and public trust therein, or to bring about a direct risk of such infringement.
Accordingly, the first Declaration on the State of Affairs constitutes a collective act neglecting the duty of devotion to duty, in that it deviated from the proper role of teachers as public officials and was contrary to the public interest, undermining discipline concerning the duties of public officials or harming the essential nature of public service; it is therefore reasonable to view this as falling under "collective action for purposes other than public duties," prohibited under Article 66(1) of the National Public Officials Act (국가공무원법), and the same applies to private school teachers who are subject to the above provision pursuant to Article 55 of the former Private School Act (사립학교법). Ultimately, the act of the teachers in this case of participating in the declaration on the state of affairs falls under the grounds for disciplinary action prescribed in Article 78(1)(1), etc. of the National Public Officials Act.
(Da) Whether the Plaintiff has a statutory duty to request a disciplinary resolution concerning the discipline of the teachers in this case
According to Article 51(1) of the former Educational Officials Act (교육공무원법), where the head of an educational administrative agency recognizes that an educational official under his or her jurisdiction falls under any of the grounds for disciplinary action under any subparagraph of Article 78(1) of the National Public Officials Act, he or she shall, without delay, request the disciplinary committee having jurisdiction over the relevant disciplinary case to render a disciplinary resolution. Furthermore, according to Article 6(4) of the Decree on Disciplinary Action against Educational Officials (교육공무원징계령), a Presidential Decree established pursuant to delegation under Article 50(2) of the former Educational Officials Act, where the head of an educational administrative agency is notified of grounds for disciplinary action by the head of another administrative agency through a report on the results of disposition of a public official's crime, an indictment, etc., he or she shall, unless there is a good reason not to, request a disciplinary resolution from the competent disciplinary committee within one month.
Furthermore, according to Article 4(1) and Article 54(3) of the former Private School Act, where a teacher of a private elementary, middle, or high school under the jurisdiction of an education office falls under grounds for disciplinary action, the Superintendent of Education may request the person having authority to appoint or dismiss the relevant teacher to take disciplinary action.
According to the above provisions, the head of an educational administrative agency has discretion to determine whether a specific act of an educational official under his or her jurisdiction actually falls under the grounds for disciplinary action prescribed in Article 78(1) of the National Public Officials Act, and even where notified of grounds for disciplinary action by the head of another administrative agency through a report on the results of disposition of a public official's crime, etc., he or she may decline to request a disciplinary resolution if there is a good reason to do so, and likewise has discretion to determine whether to request disciplinary action concerning private school teachers.
However, this lawsuit arose from a conflict of views between the Plaintiff, to whom the relevant affairs were delegated, and the Defendant, the supervisory agency, concerning whether the act of national public official teachers or private middle and high school teachers taking a leading part in the first Declaration on the State of Affairs constitutes grounds for disciplinary action, and whether there is good reason not to request a disciplinary resolution despite notification of such grounds for disciplinary action; and in light of the legal principles set out above concerning the purpose of the system of orders to perform duties and lawsuits objecting thereto, the matter to be examined in this lawsuit seeking revocation of the order to perform duties in this case is which view is valid, based on the facts as of the time of the order to perform duties in this case and the interpretation of the relevant statutes, for the lawful execution of the state-delegated affairs concerning the discipline of teachers, and not whether the Plaintiff's decision to withhold the request for a disciplinary resolution, etc., in this case was appropriate.
Therefore, since it has been determined, as set out above, that the act of the teachers in this case of taking a leading part in the first Declaration on the State of Affairs falls under the grounds for disciplinary action prescribed in Article 78(1)(1), etc. of the National Public Officials Act, it must be held that the Plaintiff had, at the time of the order to perform duties in this case, a duty to request the competent disciplinary committee to render a disciplinary resolution with respect to the national public official teachers, on the ground that their act of taking a leading part in the first Declaration on the State of Affairs fell under the grounds for disciplinary action prescribed in Article 78(1)(1), etc. of the National Public Officials Act, and a duty to request the relevant school foundation, etc. to take disciplinary action with respect to the private school teachers.
Dan. Whether the Plaintiff clearly neglected to perform the duty to request a disciplinary resolution concerning the discipline of the teachers in this case
(1) As noted above, according to Article 170(1) of the Local Autonomy Act (지방자치법), where the competent Minister finds that the head of a local government is clearly neglecting the management and execution of state-delegated affairs belonging to his or her duties, the competent Minister may order the head of the relevant local government to perform the matters to be performed.
Here, the requirement of "clearly neglecting the management and execution of state-delegated affairs" presupposes that a duty to manage and execute the state-delegated affairs has arisen; and since the head of a local government is, in principle, obligated to perform the state-delegated affairs belonging to his or her duties, it must be interpreted that this requirement is satisfied where the head of a local government fails to perform such duty without special circumstances. Here, "special circumstances" should be understood as referring to legal impediments preventing the management and execution of the state-delegated affairs, or de facto impediments such as insufficient financial capacity or conditions of the local government, or a shortage of manpower, and should not be understood as including circumstances in which the head of a local government has failed to perform the duty because he or she holds a view different from that of the competent Minister as to whether a duty to manage and execute a specific item of state-delegated affairs exists. This is because the system of lawsuits objecting to orders to perform duties is established precisely to grant the head of a local government the right to bring such a lawsuit on the premise of such a conflict of views, and therefore, in the judgment on the merits of such a lawsuit, that circumstance need no longer be considered.
(2) The Plaintiff argues to the effect that, "even if a duty to request a disciplinary resolution concerning the discipline of the teachers in this case had arisen, at the time of the order to perform duties in this case there was controversy as to whether the teachers' first Declaration on the State of Affairs was a legitimate act realizing freedom of expression, or whether it was unlawful as falling under 'collective action for purposes other than public duties' prohibited by the National Public Officials Act, and there had been no final determination by the courts on this issue, and a majority of legal experts expressed the opinion that the said declaration on the state of affairs did not constitute grounds for disciplinary action, and thus there was a reasonable basis for the Plaintiff's decision to withhold the request for the disciplinary resolution, etc."
However, in light of the legal principles set out above, the Plaintiff's above argument amounts to no more than an assertion that, at the time of the order to perform duties in this case, there was no duty to request a disciplinary resolution, etc. concerning the discipline of the teachers in this case, or that the existence of such duty was not clear; this cannot be regarded as a special circumstance justifying the failure to execute the request for the disciplinary resolution, etc., and there do not otherwise appear to be any such special circumstances.
4. Conclusion
Therefore, the Plaintiff's claim in this case is dismissed as being without merit, and the costs of the lawsuit are to be borne by the losing party. It is so decided by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices, as set forth in the Order.
Justice Park Byung-dae (Presiding Justice), Yang Chang-soo, Ko Young-han, Kim Chang-seok (Justice in charge)