Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 93다30181

Damages Claim (Miscellaneous) (손해배상(기))손해배상(기)

Decided1994. 05. 10. Court대법원Worker won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

This case involved an employee who received overseas training from the company and later resigned during the mandatory service period required in exchange for that training. The Supreme Court held that when the employer's work rules (취업규칙) governing the waiver period for repayment of training costs are amended in the employee's favor, the amended rules apply even to employees whose mandatory service period is already underway, unless the amendment explicitly excludes retroactive application. As a result, the employee was not required to repay the training costs.

Key takeaways
  • CaseAn employee who completed company-sponsored overseas training resigned during the mandatory service period and was asked to repay the training costs under the original work rules.
  • OutcomeThe court ruled that a later amendment to the work rules, which was more favorable to employees regarding the repayment waiver period, applied retroactively to the employee's ongoing service period, exempting them from repayment.
  • LessonEmployers should be aware that favorable amendments to work rules or internal regulations automatically extend to employees already bound by prior obligations, unless the amendment explicitly states it applies only prospectively.
Issues
  • Whether internal personnel regulations (인사규정) qualify as 'work rules' (취업규칙) under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법)
  • Whether a favorable amendment to the waiver period for repayment of overseas training costs also applies to employees who received training and began their mandatory service period before the amendment
Key reasoning

The Supreme Court clarified that 'work rules' (취업규칙) under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) refer to any set of rules governing working conditions in general, regardless of what the document is formally called—so internal personnel regulations (인사규정) can qualify as work rules if they set out employment terms. When such rules are later amended to benefit employees—for example, by shortening the period during which an employee must repay overseas training costs if they resign early—the more favorable amended rule takes effect immediately. This applies even to employees who are already in the middle of serving their mandatory post-training service period, as long as the amendment does not contain a clause expressly limiting its effect to future cases only. The rationale is that favorable changes to working conditions should benefit all employees under the employer's authority unless the employer clearly states otherwise.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] The rules of employment (취업규칙) under Article 94 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) refer to rules established by the employer setting forth standards concerning working conditions, such as service discipline and wages, that are to apply to all employees of the relevant enterprise, and it does not matter what title is given to such rules.

[2] Where the personnel regulations have been amended more favorably to employees at the time an employee who received overseas training retires, and the exemption period for the employee's obligation to repay overseas training expenses is still running, the amended personnel regulations, which are more favorable, shall apply to the mandatory service period during which the repayment obligation is exempted, unless the amended personnel regulations contain a separate provision excluding retroactive application.

Full text (English, AI translation) 6,348 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellant] Daewoo Shipbuilding & Heavy Machinery Co., Ltd. (대우조선공업주식회사), Attorney Kim Dae-seob, counsel for the plaintiff

[Defendant, Appellee]

[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Decision 92Na54151 rendered May 27, 1993

[Order]

The appeal is dismissed.
The costs of the appeal shall be borne by the Plaintiff.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal are examined.

1. The rules of employment (취업규칙) referred to in Article 94 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) mean the standards established by an employer with respect to the working conditions applicable to all employees of the relevant business, including matters such as employees' service discipline and wages, and it does not matter what name is given to such rules (see this Court's Decision 91Da30828, rendered February 28, 1992).

2. According to the facts established by the court below, the Plaintiff Company's Personnel Regulations (인사규정) provide for matters that should be stipulated in rules of employment under the Labor Standards Act, such as promotion (including pay raises), retirement and dismissal, and other matters applicable to all employees of the relevant workplace. The Personnel Regulations that were in effect on November 7, 1988 (hereinafter referred to as the "Personnel Regulations Before Amendment"), at the time when this agreement on overseas training was entered into between the Plaintiff Company and Defendant 1, provided that an employee who, like the said Defendant, received overseas training for a period of six months or more but less than one year, would be exempted from repayment of the overseas training expenses if he served a mandatory period of service of five years from the date the overseas training ended, and that if he retired within that period, he was required to repay the portion of the training expenses corresponding to the remaining mandatory period of service. The Personnel Regulations in effect on July 22, 1991 (hereinafter referred to as the "Amended Personnel Regulations"), at the time the said Defendant resigned, had shortened this mandatory period of service to a period calculated as twice the number of weeks from the date of departure to the date of return plus one year, provided that the total period could not exceed four years. Given that the Plaintiff Company's Personnel Regulations, as described above, contain standards concerning working conditions such as service discipline and wages that must be applied equally to all employees, they have the effect of rules of employment under Article 94 of the same Act regardless of their designation. Therefore, the judgment of the court below to this effect is correct, and the argument that the said Personnel Regulations are merely internal regulations of the Plaintiff Company established for the purpose of efficient personnel management, or that the provisions concerning overseas training in the said Personnel Regulations do not constitute rules of employment, cannot be accepted.

Accordingly, this ground of appeal is without merit.

As to the Second Ground of Appeal

1. According to the facts established by the court below, Defendant 1 was dispatched by the Plaintiff Company to Germany from November 13, 1988 to May 15, 1989, and received overseas training at the Howaldtswerke shipyard. Before departing for Germany, on November 7, 1988, the said Defendant entered into this agreement with the Plaintiff Company, under which the said Defendant would borrow from the Plaintiff Company the expenses required for the overseas training, and the mandatory period of service was set to run until February 28, 2001, after the said Defendant completed the training and returned to work at the Plaintiff Company; if the said Defendant continued to work at the Plaintiff Company beyond that stipulated period, he would be exempted from liability to repay the borrowed money, but if he violated this and retired in the middle of the period, he was to repay the borrowed money to the Plaintiff Company. Nevertheless, the said Defendant resigned on July 22, 1991.

2. Given the facts as stated above, this agreement, which set the said Defendant's mandatory period of service until February 28, 2001, constitutes an employment contract that established working conditions less favorable to the employee than the standards set forth in the Personnel Regulations Before Amendment, which were the rules of employment in effect at the time the agreement was made, and therefore the portion exceeding the standards of the Personnel Regulations Before Amendment must originally be deemed void. Furthermore, if, at the time the said Defendant later retired, the said Personnel Regulations had been amended in a manner more favorable to the said Defendant, then the mandatory period of service for exemption from the obligation to repay the overseas training expenses should follow the Amended Personnel Regulations. The judgment of the court below to this effect is correct.

3. The argument is that, if the said Defendant's mandatory period of service is interpreted as being valid only for five years in accordance with the Personnel Regulations Before Amendment that were in effect at the time this agreement was made, then the mandatory period of service became fixed at five years at that time, and therefore, even if the Personnel Regulations were subsequently amended to shorten the mandatory period of service, the Amended Personnel Regulations should apply only to overseas training conducted after their enforcement, and cannot apply to overseas training already undertaken, nor can they affect the already-fixed mandatory period of service. However, unless the Amended Personnel Regulations contain a separate provision excluding retroactive application, the Personnel Regulations amended in a more favorable direction should be deemed applicable to the mandatory period of service of an overseas trainee whose exemption period was still running at that time. Therefore, this argument cannot be accepted.

This ground of appeal is also without merit.

Therefore, the appeal is dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are to be borne by the losing party. This judgment is rendered as stated in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices.

Justice Kim Seok-su (Presiding Justice), Bae Man-woon (Justice in charge), Kim Ju-han, Jeong Gwi-ho

【판결요지】

가. 근로기준법 제94조 소정의 취업규칙은 사용자가 근로자의 복무규율과 임금 등 당해 사업의 근로자 전체에 적용될 근로조건에 관한 준칙을 규정한 것을 말하는 것으로서, 그 명칭에 구애받을 것은 아니다.

나. 해외연수 근로자가 퇴직할 당시 인사규정이 근로자에게 더 유리하게 개정되었다면 아직 면제기간이 진행중이던 근로자의 해외연수비용 상환의무를 면제받는 의무복무기간은, 개정된 인사규정에 소급적용을 배제하는 별도의 규정이 없는 한, 유리하게 개정된 인사규정이 적용된다.

【참조조문】

가. 근로기준법 제94조 / 나. 같은 법 제95조

【참조판례】

가. 대법원 1992.2.28. 선고 91다30828 판결(공1992,1161), 1994.3.11. 선고 93다27413 판결(공1994상,1173)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 2,227자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인】 대우조선공업주식회사 소송대리인 변호사 김대섭

【피고, 피상고인】

【원심판결】 서울고등법원 1993.5.27. 선고 92나54151 판결

【주 문】

상고를 기각한다.

상고비용은 원고의 부담으로 한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 본다.

1. 근로기준법 제94조 소정의 취업규칙은 사용자가 근로자의 복무규율과 임금 등 당해 사업의 근로자 전체에 적용될 근로조건에 관한 준칙을 규정한 것을 말하는 것으로서, 그 명칭에 구애받을 것은 아니라고 할 것이다(당원 1992. 2. 28. 선고 91다30828 판결 참조).

2. 원심이 확정한 사실에 의하면, 원고 회사의 인사규정에는 근로기준법상의 취업규칙에 규정될 내용인 승진(승급을 포함), 퇴직 및 해고, 기타 당해 사업장의 근로자 전원에게 적용할 사항을 규정하고 있고, 원고 회사와 피고 1 사이에 해외연수에 관한 이 사건 약정이 맺어질 당시인 1988. 11. 7.에 시행중이던 인사규정(이하 개정 전 인사규정이라고 한다)에는 같은 피고의 경우와 같이 6개월 이상 1년미만의 기간동안의 해외연수자는 해외연수기간이 종료한 날로부터 5년간 의무복무를 하면 해외연수비용의 상환이 면제되고, 그 기간내에 퇴직할 때는 연수비용중 잔여 의무복무기간에 해당하는 비용을 상환하도록 규정되어 있었고, 같은 피고가 사직할 당시인 1991. 7. 22.에 시행되던 인사규정(이하 개정된 인사규정이라고 한다)에서는 그 의무복무기간이 출국일로부터 귀국일까지의 주단위 기간의 2배에 1년을 더한 기간으로 하되 총 4년을 넘지 못하도록 단축되었다는 것인바, 원고 회사의 인사규정이 이와 같이 모든 근로자에게 동일하게 적용되어야 할 근로자에 관한 복무규율과 임금 등 근로조건에 관한 준칙을 담고 있다면 그 명칭에 상관없이 같은법 제94조의 취업규칙으로서의 효력을 갖는다고 할 것이므로 이와 같은 취지의 원심의 판단은 정당하고, 위 인사규정이 원고 회사의 효율적인 인사관리를 도모하기 위한 원고 회사의 단순한 내부규정에 불과하다거나 위 인사규정의 해외연수에 관한 사항등은 취업규칙에 해당하지 아니한다는 주장은 받아들일 수 없다.

따라서 논지는 이유 없다.

제2점에 대하여

1. 원심이 확정한 사실에 의하면, 피고 1은 원고 회사에 의하여 1988.11.13.부터 1989.5.15.까지 독일에 파견되어 하더베조선소에서 해외연수를 받았는데, 같은 피고는 독일에 나가기 전인 1988.11.7. 원고 회사와의 사이에 같은 피고가 해외연수에 소요되는 경비를 원고 회사로부터 차용하되, 같은 피고가 연수를 마치고 원고 회사에 복귀한 후 2001.2.28.까지를 의무복무기간으로 정하여 그 규정연한 이상 계속 원고 회사에 근무할 경우에는 위 차용금의 상환책임을 면제받으나, 이를 어기고 중도에 퇴직하는 경우에는 위 차용금을 원고 회사에 반환하기로 하는 이 사건 약정을 하고서도 1991.7.22. 사직하였다는 것이다.

2. 사실관계가 위와 같다면, 같은 피고의 의무복무기간을 2001.2.28.까지로 정한 이 사건 약정은 약정당시 시행되던 취업규칙인 개정 전 인사규정이 정한 기준을 넘어서 근로자에게 불리한 근로조건을 정한 근로계약이어서 개정 전 인사규정의 기준을 넘는 부분은 원래 무효라고 볼 것이고, 그 후 같은 피고가 퇴직할 당시에는 위 인사규정이 같은 피고에게 더 유리하게 개정되었다면 같은 피고의 해외연수비용 상환의무를 면제받는 의무복무기간은 개정된 인사규정에 따라야 할 것이므로, 이와 같은 취지의 원심판단은 정당하다.

3. 논지는 같은 피고의 의무복무기간이 이 사건 약정당시 시행중이던 개정 전 인사규정에 따라 5년에 한하여 유효한 것이라고 해석한다면 그 의무복무기간은 이때에 5년으로 확정되는 것이므로, 그 후 이 인사규정이 개정되어 의무복무기간이 단축되었다 하더라도 개정된 인사규정은 그 시행후에 해외연수를 하는 경우에만 적용되는 것이고 이미 행한 해외연수에까지 적용될 수 없고 확정된 의무복무기간에 영향을 끼칠 수 없다는 것이나, 개정된 인사규정에 소급적용을 배제하는 별도의 규정이 없는 한 유리하게 개정된 인사규정은 당시 아직 면제기간이 진행중이던 해외연수자의 의무복무기간에 적용이 있다고 보아야 할 것이므로, 받아들일 수 없다.

논지도 이유 없다.

그러므로 상고를 기각하고, 상고비용은 패소자의 부담으로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 김석수(재판장) 배만운(주심) 김주한 정귀호

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