[Plaintiff, Appellant] Changhwa Steel Co., Ltd. (Attorneys at law Yosu Law Firm, Shin Sang-cheol and 3 others, on behalf of the Plaintiff)
[Defendant, Appellee] Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service
[Judgment Below] Busan High Court Decision 2018Nu23725 dated November 22, 2019
[Order]
The part of the judgment below concerning Defendant Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the Busan High Court.
[Reasoning]
The grounds of appeal are examined.
1. Overview of the Case
According to the reasoning of the judgment below, the following facts may be ascertained.
A. Around January 13, 1992, the Plaintiff filed a report with Defendant Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service (hereinafter referred to as "Defendant") on the establishment of industrial accident compensation insurance relations with respect to a steel coil processing plant located in ○○ Industrial Complex, Siheung City (hereinafter referred to as "the workplace in this case"), classifying the type of business as "wholesale, retail, and consumer goods repair business," and has since paid industrial accident insurance premiums accordingly.
B. On January 15, 2018, the Defendant decided and notified the Plaintiff that the type of business of the workplace in this case would be changed, effective as of January 1, 2014, from "wholesale, retail, and consumer goods repair business" (industrial accident insurance premium rate of 9/1,000) to "business involving welding or cutting of various metals" (industrial accident insurance premium rate of 19/1,000) (hereinafter referred to as "the business type change decision in this case").
C. As a follow-up measure pursuant to the business type change decision in this case, the co-defendant below, National Health Insurance Service, notified the Plaintiff on January 22, 2018, to pay an additional industrial accident insurance premium of 93,675,300 won for the period from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2016, and on February 21, 2018, notified the Plaintiff to pay an additional industrial accident insurance premium of 59,912,370 won for the same period (hereinafter, the two notices of payment are collectively referred to as "the disposition imposing additional insurance premiums in this case").
D. The Plaintiff filed the instant lawsuit against the Defendant seeking revocation of the business type change decision in this case, and against the co-defendant below, National Health Insurance Service, seeking revocation of the disposition imposing additional insurance premiums in this case.
2. Judgment of the Court Below and the Issue in This Case
A. (1) The court below determined that the Defendant's business type change decision in this case alone could not be seen as causing any direct change or disadvantage to the Plaintiff's rights and obligations, that it was only when the co-defendant below, National Health Insurance Service, issued the disposition imposing additional insurance premiums in this case pursuant to the business type change decision in this case that actual disadvantage arose to the Plaintiff, and that the Plaintiff could obtain sufficient relief of rights merely by seeking revocation of the disposition imposing additional insurance premiums in this case against the co-defendant below, National Health Insurance Service. On these and other grounds, the court below determined that the business type change decision in this case does not constitute an administrative disposition subject to an appeal litigation (抗告訴訟), and accordingly dismissed the portion of the instant lawsuit seeking revocation of the business type change decision in this case against the Defendant.
(2) The court below determined that the type of business of the workplace in this case fell under "wholesale, retail, and consumer goods repair business," and thus granted the Plaintiff's claim against the co-defendant below, National Health Insurance Service, for revocation of the disposition imposing additional insurance premiums in this case.
B. The issue in this case is whether the Defendant's business type change decision in this case constitutes an administrative disposition subject to an appeal litigation.
3. Judgment of the Supreme Court
A. Relevant Legal Principles
A "disposition" that is subject to an appeal litigation means "the exercise or refusal to exercise of public authority as an enforcement of law with respect to specific facts performed by an administrative agency, and other administrative actions equivalent thereto" (Article 2(1)(1) of the Administrative Litigation Act (행정소송법)). Whether an act of an administrative agency may be the subject of an appeal litigation cannot be determined abstractly or generally; rather, it must be determined individually in each specific case by considering the content and purpose of the relevant statutes, the subject, content, form, and procedure of the act, the substantial connection between the act and the disadvantage suffered by the other party or other interested persons, the principle of administration by law, and the attitude of the administrative agency or interested persons concerned with the act (see Supreme Court en banc Decision 2008Du167 delivered on November 18, 2010). Whether a certain disposition has a statutory basis, and whether the disposition procedures prescribed in the Administrative Procedures Act (행정절차법) were complied with, are factors to be considered at the stage of determining the legality of the disposition on the merits, not at the stage of examining the requirements for the lawsuit (see Supreme Court Decision 2015Du60617 delivered on August 30, 2016). Where it is unclear whether an act of an administrative agency constitutes a "disposition," the recognizability and predictability of the other party, who has a significant interest in selecting a method of appeal against it, must be given important consideration in making a normative determination (see Supreme Court Decision 2016Du33537 delivered on October 25, 2018).
B. The relevant statutes and regulations provide as follows regarding the change of business type for industrial accident insurance.
(1) Under the Act on the Collection of Insurance Premiums for Employment Insurance and Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance (고용보험 및 산업재해보상보험의 보험료징수 등에 관한 법률, hereinafter referred to as "the Insurance Premium Collection Act"), the industrial accident insurance premium to be borne by a business owner is calculated by multiplying the total individual remuneration of workers engaged in the business operated by the business owner by the industrial accident insurance premium rate, and summing the amounts (Article 13(5)). The industrial accident insurance premium rate is determined and publicly notified by the Minister of Employment and Labor by business type, classified based on the homogeneity of economic activities and the risk of occurrence of accidents, based on the ratio of the total amount of industrial accident insurance benefits to the total remuneration over the preceding three years as of June 30 of each year, with the composition and calculation method of the premium rate by business type set forth in [Attached Table 1] of the Enforcement Rule (Article 14(3), Article 12 of the Enforcement Rule of the same Act).
The Minister of Employment and Labor, in publicly notifying the "industrial accident insurance premium rate by business type" each year, also publicly notifies the "business type illustration table," which subdivides business types based on the Korean Standard Industrial Classification (public notice of Statistics Korea), taking into account the risk of occurrence of accidents, the homogeneity of economic activities, the content of the main products/services of the workplace, and the work process and content. This table includes business item codes and explanations by business item.
(2) Under the Insurance Premium Collection Act, a business owner must file a report on the establishment of insurance relations within 14 days from the date the insurance relations are established (Article 11(1)), and if the type of business changes, must report this to the Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service within 14 days from the date of the change (Article 12(1), Article 9(3) of the Enforcement Decree of the same Act). Where a business owner fails to make a report or the report is inconsistent with the facts, the Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service must notify the business owner in advance, investigate the facts, change the business type, and calculate the insurance premium accordingly (Article 16-9(2) and (3), Article 16-6(1), Article 19-2). Industrial accident insurance premiums are assessed monthly by the Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service and collected by the National Health Insurance Service (Article 16-2). If the insurance premium already paid by the business owner exceeds the premium calculated by the Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service, the National Health Insurance Service must refund the excess amount to the business owner, and if it is insufficient, must collect the deficient amount from the business owner (Article 16-9(3)).
(3) Under the "Regulations on the Handling of Application and Assessment Affairs" enacted by the Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service for the purpose of prescribing matters delegated under the Insurance Premium Collection Act and subordinate statutes and matters necessary for their enforcement, where a business owner reports a change in business type, or where it is determined that a change in business type is necessary, the branch office head of the Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service may investigate the facts and change the business type (Article 21). In such cases, in principle, the business owner must be notified in advance in writing of matters necessary for the investigation, such as the reason for the investigation, investigation materials, and the investigator (Article 22(1)), and first, deliberation must be held by an "inter-staff meeting body," after which the results of the deliberation must be notified to the business owner in writing and the business owner's opinion heard (Article 22(2)(1), (3)). Thereafter, the business type change must be decided following deliberation by the "Business Type Change Deliberation Committee" (Article 22(2)(2)). Upon completion of the business type change and the calculation of the insurance premium under Article 16-9(2) of the Insurance Premium Collection Act, the business owner must be notified in writing of the results of the processing (Article 22(7)).
C. In light of the legal principles set forth above, examining the content and structure of the relevant regulations, the "decision to change the business type of an individual workplace" made by the Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service against a business owner must be regarded as constituting a "disposition," which is the exercise of public authority as an enforcement of law with respect to specific facts performed by an administrative agency. The specific reasons are as follows.
(1) Since the industrial accident insurance premium rate by business type is determined and publicly notified by the Minister of Employment and Labor each year, once the business type of an individual workplace is specifically determined, the industrial accident insurance premium rate applicable to that workplace is automatically determined accordingly. Although the Insurance Premium Collection Act does not specifically provide for the procedure, method, and criteria for determining the business type of an individual workplace, nor explicitly delegate such matters to subordinate statutes, the provisions of the Insurance Premium Collection Act concerning the reporting of business type changes and the provisions concerning fact-finding investigations by the Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service presuppose that the business type should be determined by taking into account the specific characteristics of the individual workplace, and that the industrial accident insurance premium rate should be determined accordingly. Therefore, the determination of the business type of an individual workplace by the Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service is an administrative action carried out in the process of enforcing the Insurance Premium Collection Act.
According to the public notice of the Minister of Employment and Labor, the determination of the business type of an individual workplace is made by confirming the risk of occurrence of accidents at that workplace, the homogeneity of economic activities, the content of the main products/services, the work process and content, the classification of business content under the Korean Standard Industrial Classification, and the business type applied to other similar or identical workplaces, and then finalizing the business item by referring to the "business type illustration table" publicly notified annually by the Minister of Employment and Labor. Primarily, reference is made to the business owner's report on the establishment of insurance relations or report of change; however, where the business owner neglects to make such report or there is doubt as to the content of the report, the Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service, which is the administrative agency that calculates the industrial accident insurance premium, must directly investigate the facts and make the determination. Considering the subject, content, and criteria for determination of such business type determination, the determination of the business type of an individual workplace must be regarded as a "confirmatory administrative act" that exercises public authority as an enforcement of law with respect to specific facts.
(2) Where the business type of an individual workplace is changed in a manner disadvantageous to the business owner, the industrial accident insurance premium rate is raised, and the industrial accident insurance premium that the business owner must pay is increased. Therefore, the Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service's business type change decision must be seen as directly affecting the rights and obligations of the business owner. Once the Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service makes a decision to change the business type of an individual workplace and calculates the industrial accident insurance premium, it is anticipated that the National Health Insurance Service will, accordingly, additionally collect the deficient amount for the period already elapsed, or issue a separate disposition imposing monthly premiums for future periods. However, the administrative agency that performs the judgment function of changing the business type of an individual workplace and calculating the industrial accident insurance premium is the Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service, while the National Health Insurance Service merely receives the relevant data from the Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service and performs the role of notifying the business owner of the industrial accident insurance premium payment and collecting it. Therefore, rather than having the National Health Insurance Service engage in litigation concerning the propriety of the Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service's business type change decision, it is more reasonable to have the Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service, which is the subject of that decision, become the party to the litigation.
A final and conclusive judgment that determines a certain disposition to be unlawful and revokes it binds not only the disposing agency that becomes the defendant in the litigation, but also other relevant administrative agencies (Article 30(1) of the Administrative Litigation Act). The disposing agency and relevant administrative agencies are obligated, in accordance with the binding force of the revocation judgment, to either make a new disposition after excluding the grounds of illegality confirmed in the judgment, or take other measures to remove the unlawful results (see, e.g., Supreme Court Decision 2013Du27517 delivered on October 29, 2015). If a judgment revoking the Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service's business type change decision becomes final and conclusive, each of the industrial accident insurance premium impositions made by the National Health Insurance Service based on that business type change decision loses its legal and factual basis, and therefore, the National Health Insurance Service is obligated to, ex officio, revoke or modify each of the industrial accident insurance premium impositions and take measures such as refunding to the business owner any amount already paid in excess of the legitimate amount.
Therefore, rather than having the business owner dispute each individual industrial accident insurance premium imposition against the National Health Insurance Service, having the business owner dispute against the Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service, the administrative agency that performed the judgment function concerning the propriety of the business type change decision, which is the core issue of the dispute, is not only a way to simplify the litigation relationship, but also a way to fundamentally resolve the dispute at an early stage. It is precisely for this reason that the Supreme Court has already held that the Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service's act of refusing a business owner's application for a business type change constitutes a "disposition of refusal" subject to appeal litigation (see Supreme Court Decision 2007Du10488 delivered on May 8, 2008).
(3) As noted above, the Defendant's internal regulations prescribe prior notice and opinion-hearing procedures in more detail than those prescribed by the Administrative Procedures Act, and also require that the results of processing be notified in writing. Furthermore, according to the record, it can be seen that the Defendant, after undergoing the prior notice and opinion-hearing procedures pursuant to these internal regulations, prepared and delivered to the Plaintiff a notice (Exhibit A No. 4) informing the Plaintiff of the business type change decision in this case, which was the result of the processing. This notice not only stated the content, reasons, and legal basis for the business type change decision, but also included the following language guiding the method of appeal: "Please be advised that if you have any objection to this decision, you may file an administrative appeal under Article 28 of the Administrative Appeals Act or an administrative litigation under the Administrative Litigation Act within 90 days from the date you become aware that the disposition has been made." Examining the Defendant's internal regulations and the actual process of making the business type change decision in this manner, it can be seen that the Defendant itself recognized the business type change decision as a disposition to which the Administrative Procedures Act and the Administrative Litigation Act apply, and the business owner as the other party could not but have recognized the Defendant's business type change decision as a disposition subject to appeal litigation. For the Defendant, who thus guided the method of appeal, to raise a preliminary objection to the merits arguing that "disposition-ness" is not recognized once the instant lawsuit was filed, is also contrary to the principle of good faith (Article 4 of the Administrative Procedures Act).
Supreme Court Decision 87Nu634 delivered on May 23, 1989, and Supreme Court Decision 94Nu8853 delivered on July 28, 1995, which the court below relied upon, held that a decision to change the business type applicable to industrial accident insurance does not constitute a disposition subject to appeal litigation; however, these cases concern matters arising under the former law, and it is not appropriate to rely on them as they are following the enactment and enforcement of the Insurance Premium Collection Act, Act No. 7047, on December 31, 2003, and the reorganization of the relevant provisions thereafter.
(4) Meanwhile, since each industrial accident insurance premium imposition made by the National Health Insurance Service against a business owner pursuant to the Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service's business type change decision also constitutes a disposition subject to appeal litigation, the business owner may dispute each industrial accident insurance premium imposition through a separate appeal litigation. However, in a case where the Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service, in making a business type change decision, substantially complies with the disposition procedures prescribed by the Administrative Procedures Act—such as by preparing and delivering to the individual business owner a disposition document that includes prior notice, opinion-hearing, statement of reasons, and notification of the method of appeal—thereby guaranteeing the business owner an opportunity to exercise the right of defense and to appeal, the business type change decision should be regarded, in terms of its content, form, and procedure, not as a so-called "disposition under the law of litigation (쟁송법적 처분)" that is recognized as a disposition under the Administrative Litigation Act merely to enable early relief of rights, but rather as a so-called "disposition under substantive law (실체법적 처분)," which is a manifestation of intent by an administrative agency that has direct legal effect externally as a regulation of an individual, specific matter. In such a case, if the business owner fails to appeal within the period prescribed by the Administrative Appeals Act (행정심판법) and the Administrative Litigation Act, resulting in the occurrence of formal finality (불가쟁력), then, unless the business type change decision has a grave and obvious defect rendering it void ab initio, it is proper to hold that the business owner cannot assert the illegality of the preceding disposition, i.e., the business type change decision, in the litigation procedure concerning each industrial accident insurance premium imposition made based on that business type change decision. In such a case, recognizing the Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service's business type change decision as a disposition subject to appeal litigation and guaranteeing the opportunity to appeal under the Administrative Litigation Act is also consistent with the purpose of the short filing period system, namely, "the early determination of administrative legal relations."
However, in a case where the Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service, in making a business type change decision, does not substantially comply with the disposition procedures prescribed by the Administrative Procedures Act, thereby failing to guarantee the business owner an opportunity to exercise the right of defense and to appeal, recognizing this as a disposition subject to appeal litigation serves only to guarantee the business owner an opportunity for early relief of rights. Therefore, in such a case, even if the business owner did not file a revocation lawsuit against the business type change decision within the filing period, it should be permitted for the business owner to dispute, for the first time, the illegality of the preceding disposition, i.e., the business type change decision, in the litigation procedure concerning each subsequent disposition, i.e., each industrial accident insurance premium imposition.
D. Nevertheless, the court below determined that the business type change decision in this case does not constitute a disposition subject to appeal litigation. This determination by the court below contains an error that misunderstood the legal principles concerning dispositions subject to appeal litigation, thereby affecting the judgment.
4. Conclusion
Therefore, the part of the judgment below concerning the Defendant is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the court below for further hearing and determination. This judgment is rendered as set forth in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices.
Justice Park Jeong-hwa (Presiding Justice), Kwon Sun-il (Justice in charge), Lee Ki-taek, Kim Seon-su