Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 2020다285406

Action for Invalidation of Shareholders' Meeting Resolution, etc.주주총회결의무효확인등

Decided2021. 08. 19. Court대법원Worker (director) won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

This Supreme Court ruling concerns a 'retiring director' (퇴임이사) — a director whose term has expired but who continues to perform director duties until a successor is appointed. The Court held that such a retiring director is not subject to a shareholders' meeting resolution to dismiss (해임결의) under the Commercial Act, meaning any resolution purporting to dismiss them is invalid, and the director remains entitled to severance pay (퇴직금).

Key takeaways
  • CaseA company's shareholders' meeting passed a resolution to dismiss a director who had stayed on past his term expiration date pending appointment of a successor.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court ruled that such 'retiring directors' cannot be dismissed by shareholders' resolution, invalidating the dismissal and confirming the company's obligation to pay severance pay.
  • LessonCompanies should understand that directors serving in a holdover capacity after term expiration cannot be removed through an ordinary dismissal vote and must still be compensated for their service until a successor is properly appointed.
Issues
  • Whether a retiring director who continues performing director duties after term expiration falls within the scope of directors subject to dismissal under Article 385(1) of the Commercial Act
  • Whether the company is obligated to pay severance pay (퇴직금) when the shareholders' meeting resolution to dismiss such a director is invalid
Key reasoning

Considering the legislative purpose of Article 385(1) of the Korean Commercial Act and the legal status of a 'retiring director' who continues exercising the rights and duties of a director after term expiration, the Court found that such a director does not fall within the scope of persons who can be dismissed by shareholders' meeting resolution under that provision. This is because the retiring director's authority is inherently temporary and automatically terminates once a new director is duly appointed, without any need for a separate dismissal resolution. Therefore, treating a retiring director as subject to formal dismissal would be inconsistent with the statute's structure and purpose. As a result, a shareholders' resolution attempting to dismiss such a director has no legal effect, and the company remains obligated to pay severance benefits as if the director's position continued lawfully.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

While it is a general principle that a director of a stock company (주식회사) loses his or her status as director upon expiration of the term of office, in a stock company premised on the separation of ownership and management, not only the director’s interest in the stability of his or her status as a manager but also the shareholders’ interest in securing control over the company must be protected. In order to reconcile the interests of shareholders and directors in this manner, Article 385(1) of the Commercial Act (상법) allows a company to dismiss a director at any time by resolution of the general meeting of shareholders, while, unlike the appointment of a director, requiring a special resolution of the general meeting of shareholders for the dismissal of a director, and allows a director whose term of office is fixed to claim damages against the company if he or she is dismissed without justifiable grounds before the expiration of the term of office. Meanwhile, even a director who has retired due to the expiration of the term of office may, pursuant to Article 386(1), etc. of the Commercial Act, retain the rights and duties of a director until a newly appointed director takes office (hereinafter referred to as a “retired director”); however, even in such a case, once a newly appointed director takes office, or a person to temporarily perform the duties of director is appointed pursuant to Article 386(2) of the Commercial Act, the retired director loses the rights and duties of a director without any separate resolution of dismissal by the general meeting of shareholders. Considering comprehensively the legislative purpose of Article 385(1) of the Commercial Act as set forth above and the status of a retired director who is exercising the rights and duties of a director after the expiration of the term of office, it should be held that a “director” subject to dismissal under Article 385(1) of the Commercial Act does not include a “retired director who is exercising the rights and duties of a director after the expiration of the term of office.”

Full text (English, AI translation) 4,779 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellee] Plaintiff (Attorney: Kim Won-jin, Law Firm P&K)
[Defendant, Appellant] Korea South-East Power Co., Ltd. (Attorneys: Kim Kyung-mi and 3 others, Government Legal Service)
[Judgment Below] Busan High Court (Changwon Branch) Judgment 2020Na10186, decided October 15, 2020

[Order]

The appeal is dismissed. The costs of the appeal shall be borne by the Defendant.

[Reasoning]

The grounds for appeal are examined.

1. As to the First Ground for Appeal

A. As a general rule, a director of a stock company loses his or her status as director upon the expiration of the term of office. However, in a stock company, which operates on the principle of separation of ownership and management, not only the director's interest in the stability of his or her position as a manager but also the shareholders' interest in securing control over the company must be protected. In order to harmonize these interests of shareholders and directors, Article 385(1) of the Commercial Act (상법) allows a company to remove a director at any time by resolution of the general shareholders' meeting, while, unlike the appointment of a director, requiring a special resolution of the general shareholders' meeting for the removal of a director, and allowing a director whose term is fixed and who is removed without justifiable cause before the expiration of the term to claim damages against the company (see Supreme Court Decision 2004Da25123, decided December 10, 2004). Meanwhile, even a director who has retired due to the expiration of the term of office may, pursuant to Article 386(1) of the Commercial Act and other provisions, continue to hold the rights and obligations of a director until a newly appointed director takes office (hereinafter referred to as a "retired director holding over"). However, even in such a case, once a newly appointed director takes office, or a person to temporarily perform the duties of director is appointed pursuant to Article 386(2) of the Commercial Act, the retired director holding over loses the rights and obligations of a director without any separate resolution of removal by the general shareholders' meeting (see Supreme Court en banc Decision 2004Ma800, decided March 8, 2005; Supreme Court Decision 2009Ma1311, decided October 29, 2009, among others). Considering comprehensively the legislative purpose of Article 385(1) of the Commercial Act as described above and the status of a retired director holding over who exercises the rights and obligations of a director after the expiration of the term of office, it must be held that a "retired director holding over who exercises the rights and obligations of a director after the expiration of the term of office" is not included in the "director" subject to removal as provided in Article 385(1) of the Commercial Act.

B. The court below determined that, on the ground that a retired director holding over cannot be removed pursuant to Article 385(1) of the Commercial Act, the resolution of removal at issue in this case, made pursuant to Article 385(1) of the Commercial Act against the Plaintiff, who had retired due to the expiration of the term of office but was performing the duties of director until a successor director was appointed, has no effect.

C. Examining the record in light of the legal principles set forth above, the judgment of the court below is justified, and there is no error therein, as alleged in the grounds for appeal, of misunderstanding the legal principles concerning Article 385(1) of the Commercial Act or of incomplete deliberation that affected the judgment.

2. As to the Second Ground for Appeal

The court below determined, for the reasons stated in its judgment, that it is difficult to find that the Plaintiff falls under any of the grounds for restriction on the payment of retirement allowance set forth in Article 12 of the Defendant's Executive Officers' Annual Salary Regulations, and therefore the Defendant is obligated to pay the retirement allowance to the Plaintiff.

Examining the record in light of the relevant legal principles, the judgment of the court below is justified, and there is no error therein, as alleged in the grounds for appeal, of misunderstanding the legal principles concerning the interpretation of Article 12 of the Executive Officers' Annual Salary Regulations, or of incomplete deliberation, violation of the rules of evidence, or the like, that affected the judgment.

3. Conclusion

Therefore, the appeal is dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are to be borne by the losing party. This judgment is rendered as set forth in the Order with the unanimous consent of the participating Justices.

Justice Kim Seon-su (Presiding Justice), Lee Ki-taek (Justice in Charge), Park Jeong-hwa, Noh Tae-ak

【판결요지】

주식회사의 이사는 임기가 만료됨에 따라 이사의 지위를 상실하는 것이 원칙이지만, 소유와 경영의 분리를 원칙으로 하는 주식회사에 있어 경영자 지위의 안정이라는 이사의 이익뿐만 아니라 주주의 회사에 대한 지배권 확보라는 주주의 이익 또한 보호되어야 하므로, 위와 같은 주주와 이사의 이익을 조화시키기 위해 상법 제385조 제1항은 회사가 언제든지 주주총회의 결의로 이사를 해임할 수 있도록 하는 한편 이사를 선임할 때와 달리 이사를 해임할 때에는 주주총회의 특별결의를 거치도록 하고, 임기가 정해진 이사가 임기만료 전에 정당한 이유 없이 해임된 때에는 회사에 대하여 손해배상을 청구할 수 있도록 하고 있다. 한편 임기만료로 퇴임한 이사라 하더라도 상법 제386조 제1항 등에 따라 새로 선임된 이사의 취임 시까지 이사로서의 권리의무를 가지게 될 수 있으나(이하 ‘퇴임이사’라고 한다), 그와 같은 경우에도 새로 선임된 이사가 취임하거나 상법 제386조 제2항에 따라 일시 이사의 직무를 행할 자가 선임되면 별도의 주주총회 해임결의 없이 이사로서의 권리의무를 상실하게 된다. 이러한 상법 제385조 제1항의 입법 취지, 임기만료 후 이사로서의 권리의무를 행사하고 있는 퇴임이사의 지위 등을 종합하면, 상법 제385조 제1항에서 해임대상으로 정하고 있는 ‘이사’에는 ‘임기만료 후 이사로서의 권리의무를 행사하고 있는 퇴임이사’는 포함되지 않는다고 보아야 한다.

【참조조문】

상법 제385조 제1항, 제386조

【참조판례】

대법원 2004. 12. 10. 선고 2004다25123 판결(공2005상, 107), 대법원 2005. 3. 8.자 2004마800 전원합의체 결정(공2005상, 541), 대법원 2009. 10. 29. 자 2009마1311 결정(공2009하, 2008),

【주문】·【이유】 전문 1,641자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 피상고인】 원고 (소송대리인 법무법인 피앤케이 담당변호사 김원진)

【피고, 상고인】 한국남동발전 주식회사 (소송대리인 정부법무공단 담당변호사 김경미 외 3인)

【원심판결】 부산고법 2020. 10. 15. 선고 (창원)2020나10186 판결

【주 문】

상고를 기각한다. 상고비용은 피고가 부담한다.

【이 유】상고이유를 판단한다.

1. 상고이유 제1점에 대하여

가. 주식회사의 이사는 임기가 만료됨에 따라 이사의 지위를 상실하는 것이 원칙이지만, 소유와 경영의 분리를 원칙으로 하는 주식회사에 있어 경영자 지위의 안정이라는 이사의 이익뿐만 아니라 주주의 회사에 대한 지배권 확보라는 주주의 이익 또한 보호되어야 하므로, 위와 같은 주주와 이사의 이익을 조화시키기 위해 상법 제385조 제1항은 회사가 언제든지 주주총회의 결의로 이사를 해임할 수 있도록 하는 한편 이사를 선임할 때와 달리 이사를 해임할 때에는 주주총회의 특별결의를 거치도록 하고, 임기가 정해진 이사가 그 임기만료 전에 정당한 이유 없이 해임된 때에는 회사에 대하여 손해배상을 청구할 수 있도록 하고 있다(대법원 2004. 12. 10. 선고 2004다25123 판결 참조). 한편 임기만료로 퇴임한 이사라 하더라도 상법 제386조 제1항 등에 따라 새로 선임된 이사의 취임 시까지 이사로서의 권리의무를 가지게 될 수 있으나(이하 ‘퇴임이사’라고 한다), 그와 같은 경우에도 새로 선임된 이사가 취임하거나 상법 제386조 제2항에 따라 일시 이사의 직무를 행할 자가 선임되면 별도의 주주총회 해임결의 없이 이사로서의 권리의무를 상실하게 된다(대법원 2005. 3. 8.자 2004마800 전원합의체 결정, 대법원 2009. 10. 29.자 2009마1311 결정 등 참조). 이러한 상법 제385조 제1항의 입법 취지, 임기만료 후 이사로서의 권리의무를 행사하고 있는 퇴임이사의 지위 등을 종합하면, 상법 제385조 제1항에서 해임대상으로 정하고 있는 ‘이사’에는 ‘임기만료 후 이사로서의 권리의무를 행사하고 있는 퇴임이사’는 포함되지 않는다고 보아야 한다.

나. 원심은 퇴임이사는 상법 제385조 제1항에 따라 해임될 수 없다는 이유로 임기만료로 퇴임하였으나 후임이사가 선임될 때까지 이사로서의 직무를 수행하고 있는 원고에 대하여 상법 제385조 제1항에 따라 이루어진 이 사건 해임결의는 효력이 없다고 판단하였다.

다. 앞서 본 법리와 기록에 비추어 살펴보면, 이러한 원심의 판단은 정당하고, 거기에 상고이유 주장과 같이 상법 제385조 제1항에 관한 법리를 오해하거나, 심리미진 등으로 판결에 영향을 미친 잘못이 없다.

2. 상고이유 제2점에 대하여

원심은 판시와 같은 이유로 원고에게 피고의 임원연봉규정 제12조에서 정한 퇴직금 지급제한 사유가 있다고 보기 어려우므로 피고는 원고에게 퇴직금을 지급할 의무가 있다고 판단하였다.

관련 법리와 기록에 비추어 살펴보면, 이러한 원심의 판단은 정당하고, 거기에 상고이유 주장과 같이 임원연봉규정 제12조의 해석 등에 관한 법리를 오해하거나, 심리미진, 채증법칙 위반 등으로 판결에 영향을 미친 잘못이 없다.

3. 결론

그러므로 상고를 기각하고 상고비용은 패소자가 부담하기로 하여, 관여 대법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 김선수(재판장) 이기택(주심) 박정화 노태악

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