[Plaintiffs, Appellants and Appellees] Plaintiff 1 and 4 others (Attorneys of Law Firm Owol, Kang Ho-min and 2 others, as counsel)
[Defendant, Appellee and Appellant] ○○ Guaranty Insurance Co., Ltd. (Attorneys of Law Firm (Yuhan) Sejong, Kim Dong-uk and 3 others, as counsel)
[Judgment Below] Seoul Central District Court Judgment 2021Na35652, decided June 23, 2022
[Order]
The part of the judgment below against the Defendant is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the Seoul Central District Court. All appeals by the Plaintiffs are dismissed.
[Reasoning]
The grounds of appeal are examined.
1. Outline of the Case
According to the reasoning of the judgment below and the evidence duly adopted and examined by the court below, the following facts may be established.
A. Status of the Parties
The Defendant is a stock company whose business purpose is to conduct guaranty insurance, credit insurance, and other business permitted under the Insurance Business Act (보험업법) and related insurance statutes. The Plaintiffs worked as employees of the Defendant and retired around February or March 2019.
B. The Defendant's Relevant Regulations and Contents
The Defendant's "Salary and Welfare Regulations" (급여 및 복지규정) provide that "the payment standards and rate for bonuses paid to employees shall be as separately determined by the President" (Article 16). The Defendant's "Wage and Welfare Benefits Guidelines" (임금 및 복리후생 지침) classify bonuses into regular bonuses, differential bonuses, special bonuses, and performance bonuses (Article 3, Paragraph 1). Among these, the eligible recipients, payment amounts, and payment dates for regular bonuses and differential bonuses are specifically set forth (Article 4, Paragraph 1, [Attached Table 1]), but with respect to special bonuses and performance bonuses, the Guidelines merely provide that "the President may pay such bonuses, and the payment thereof shall be as determined by the President from time to time" (Article 7, Paragraph 1), without establishing separate payment standards.
C. The Agreements on the Special Performance Bonus at Issue
1) In 2003 and 2004, the Defendant paid employees a "management performance bonus" (경영성과급) based on the achievement of net income targets, and in 2005, paid a "special performance bonus" based on achievement of the net income target and a separate "special performance bonus" based on achievement of the original insurance balance target, respectively.
2) Around September 2006, the Defendant enacted the aforementioned "Salary and Welfare Regulations" and "Wage and Welfare Benefits Guidelines." Thereafter, with respect to the "performance bonus" prescribed in Article 7, Paragraph 1 of the "Wage and Welfare Benefits Guidelines," the Defendant, from 2006 to 2020, entered into labor-management agreements with the labor union each year in December of the evaluation year or March of the following year (except that in 2007 the agreement was made in August of the evaluation year, and in 2014 in October of the evaluation year), and paid special performance bonuses accordingly (hereinafter "the Special Performance Bonus at Issue," referred to as the "Special Performance Bonus for Year ○○○○" based on the evaluation year). The contents and progression of the labor-management agreements concerning the Special Performance Bonus at Issue are as follows.
a) The Special Performance Bonus at Issue was calculated by multiplying the base amount for the performance bonus (the sum of the monthly basic salary and position allowance) by a payment rate determined according to the rate of achievement of management performance items agreed upon by labor and management, and, except for 2007, was provided to be paid only to those who remained employed as of the payment date (hereinafter "the Incumbent Employee Condition at Issue").
b) In the 2006 labor-management agreement, it was determined that a special performance bonus of 125% would be paid upon achieving a cumulative original insurance balance target of 140% (KRW 784.7 billion), and 100% upon achieving a net income target of 150% (KRW 544.5 billion), respectively; as both targets were achieved, a total of 225% was paid as the 2006 special performance bonus.
c) Beginning with the 2007 labor-management agreement, the specific payment rate for the Special Performance Bonus at Issue was determined by a "Table of Performance Bonus Payment Rates by Management Performance Bracket" (hereinafter "the Table at Issue"), which set two or more management performance items and their targets (amounts) as two axes and determined the payment rate according to the combination of achievement brackets for each target; however, "realization of net income" was explicitly specified as a payment condition. Each year, the target amounts for management performance items and the payment rates for each achievement bracket were adjusted in detail, and where the labor-management agreement was concluded at the end of the evaluation year or the beginning of the following year, language was sometimes included stating that the payment standards would apply only to the evaluation year, with the following year to be determined by a separate labor-management agreement.
d) The management performance items set for each year were also slightly changed. In the 2007 and 2008 labor-management agreements, the horizontal axis item of the Table at Issue was set as "original insurance premiums" or "rate of achievement of original insurance premium target," and the vertical axis item was set as "rate of achievement of pre-tax adjusted net income target"; however, in the labor-management agreements from 2009 to 2013, only the vertical axis item was changed to "rate of achievement of pre-tax net income target." Beginning with the 2014 labor-management agreement, the vertical axis item remained the same as "rate of achievement of pre-tax net income target," but only the horizontal axis item was changed to "50% rate of achievement of original insurance premium target + 50% rate of achievement of indemnity claim recovery target."
e) The contents of the 2018 labor-management agreement, concluded around December 2018, differed only in the target reference amounts for each management performance item, while the basic contents of the Table at Issue and the payment rates by achievement bracket were the same as in the labor-management agreements from 2014 to 2017, and the net income realization condition and the Incumbent Employee Condition at Issue were likewise attached.
D. History of Payment of the Special Performance Bonus at Issue
Over the 14 years from 2007 to 2020, the Defendant, together with the labor union, set the range of payment rates for the Special Performance Bonus at Issue under the Table at Issue from 0% to 300%. Accordingly, the actual payment rate applied each year varied from 131% (the payment rate for 2013, when the evaluation period was set at 9 months, which corresponds to approximately 175% when converted to an annual basis) to 300%, depending on the combination of achievement rates for the management performance items of the evaluation year.
E. Calculation of the Plaintiffs' Retirement Benefits, etc.
The Plaintiffs are employees subject to the retirement benefit system, the defined benefit retirement pension system, etc. In calculating the retirement benefits, etc. to be paid to the Plaintiffs, the Defendant excluded the Special Performance Bonus at Issue from the wages forming the basis for calculating average wages.
F. Non-payment of the 2018 Special Performance Bonus to the Plaintiffs
Around March 2018, the Defendant paid the Plaintiffs the 2017 special performance bonus pursuant to the 2017 labor-management agreement; however, around March 2019, when paying the 2018 special performance bonus pursuant to the 2018 labor-management agreement, the Defendant excluded the Plaintiffs, who had already retired by the time of payment, from the recipients on the ground of the Incumbent Employee Condition at Issue.
G. The Plaintiffs' Filing of This Action
The Plaintiffs filed this action against the Defendant, seeking (i) the difference between the retirement benefits, etc. recalculated by reflecting the Special Performance Bonus at Issue and the retirement benefits, etc. already paid, on the ground that the Special Performance Bonus at Issue constitutes wages forming the basis for calculating average wages, and (ii) payment of the 2018 special performance bonus, on the ground that the Incumbent Employee Condition at Issue is unlawful as it constitutes non-payment of wages that are consideration for labor already provided.
2. Whether the Special Performance Bonus at Issue Constitutes Wages Forming the Basis for Calculating Average Wages (Regarding the Defendant's Grounds of Appeal)
A. Relevant Legal Principles
In order for a particular practice existing within a company to constitute part of the content of an employment contract, such practice must be supported by a normative consciousness to the extent that it is clearly recognized within the corporate community as a normative fact generally governing the employment relationship, or is generally accepted by the members of the company as a matter of course without anyone raising objection, such that it can be said to have become established as a de facto system within the company (see, e.g., Supreme Court Decision 2000Da50701, decided April 23, 2002).
Wages forming the basis for calculating average wages refer to money and valuables paid by the employer to the employee as consideration for labor, which are paid continuously and regularly to the employee, and for which the employer's obligation to pay is established by a collective agreement, rules of employment, salary regulations, employment contract, labor practice, etc. (see, e.g., Supreme Court Decision 2001Da53950, decided October 23, 2001). In order for money or valuables paid by an employer to an employee to constitute wages, such money or valuables must first be paid as consideration for labor; therefore, even if such money or valuables are paid continuously and regularly, they cannot be deemed wages if they cannot be regarded as paid as consideration for labor. In determining whether certain money or valuables were paid as consideration for labor, it must be possible to view the obligation to pay such money or valuables as directly related to, or closely related to, the provision of labor (see, e.g., Supreme Court Decision 94Da55934, decided May 12, 1995; Supreme Court en banc Decision 2016Da48785, decided August 22, 2019).
B. The Judgment Below
The court below determined that a practice had been established to the extent that it was considered a matter of course that the Defendant would pay the Special Performance Bonus at Issue once each year according to the Defendant's management performance, such that the Defendant had an obligation to pay the Special Performance Bonus at Issue; that the Special Performance Bonus at Issue could be regarded as consideration for labor as it was closely related to the provision of labor; and that, considering the proportion the Special Performance Bonus at Issue occupied in the employees' total annual pay, including the Special Performance Bonus at Issue in the average wage was consistent with the purpose of the average wage system, which is to calculate retirement benefits based on the employee's ordinary standard of living wage. Accordingly, the court below determined that the Special Performance Bonus at Issue constitutes wages forming the basis for calculating average wages.
C. Judgment of the Supreme Court
However, this determination by the court below is difficult to accept for the following reasons.
1) Regarding the Defendant's Obligation to Pay
In light of the aforementioned legal principles and the facts established above, it is difficult to view that the Defendant was obligated, by virtue of labor practice, to pay the Special Performance Bonus at Issue once each year.
a) The Defendant's "Salary and Welfare Regulations" and "Wage and Welfare Benefits Guidelines," which correspond to rules of employment, explicitly provide that the President may pay a performance bonus and that the payment standards, etc., shall be as determined by the President from time to time, thereby explicitly reserving to the Defendant, as employer, discretion regarding whether and on what basis to pay the Special Performance Bonus at Issue, which falls under the category of performance bonuses.
b) It is acknowledged that the Defendant paid the Special Performance Bonus at Issue over a long period from the enactment of the "Wage and Welfare Benefits Guidelines," etc. around September 2006 until 2020. However, the Defendant determined the specific payment standards, etc. each year, mostly through labor-management agreements concluded at the end of the year or around March of the following year, and the target amounts serving as the basis therefor, such as original insurance premiums, indemnity claim recovery amounts, and pre-tax net income, were also set differently each year. In light of this, it appears only that, when management conditions were favorable, the Defendant decided to pay the Special Performance Bonus at Issue and exercised, through the method of labor-management agreement, the discretion reserved to the employer solely with respect to the payment standards for that particular year. It is reasonable to view that, in the event of circumstances such as a deterioration in management conditions, the Defendant continued to retain the authority, based on the rules of employment, to legitimately refuse the labor union's request for agreement and not pay the Special Performance Bonus at Issue.
c) Ultimately, the fact that the Special Performance Bonus at Issue was paid over a long period resulted, in the first instance, from the Defendant's decision to pay it, followed by the achievement of management performance satisfying the payment standards determined through the method of labor-management agreement. Therefore, such circumstances alone are insufficient to establish that a practice of "payment once each year," which would be inconsistent with the discretion regarding whether to pay explicitly reserved to the Defendant under the rules of employment, was supported by a normative consciousness to the extent that it could be said to have been clearly recognized as a normative fact or established as a de facto system.
2) Regarding Whether the Special Performance Bonus at Issue Constitutes Consideration for Labor
Considering the following circumstances comprehensively, it is reasonable to view the Special Performance Bonus at Issue not as wages constituting consideration for labor, but rather as money or valuables of the nature of distributing to employees the special management performance premised on "realization of net income," in which factors other than the employees' provision of labor have a substantial influence.
a) For a guaranty insurance company such as the Defendant, the occurrence and scale of net income is a result of the combination of factors other than the employees' provision of labor, such as the scale of equity capital or borrowed capital, the scale of expenditures, market conditions, and management decisions.
b) The Special Performance Bonus at Issue takes "realization of net income" as an absolute precondition for payment. That is, even in a situation where the employees would exceed the original insurance premium or indemnity claim recovery targets such that the payment rate stated in the Table at Issue would apply, the Special Performance Bonus at Issue would not be paid if the Defendant did not realize net income. This means that whether payment is made is decisively determined by whether net income arises, a matter significantly influenced by factors other than the employees' provision of labor.
c) Examining the structure for determining the payment rate of the Special Performance Bonus at Issue, even if the quantity and quality of labor provided were maximized to achieve the highest performance (exceeding 150% of target) with respect to the original insurance premium and indemnity claim recovery targets, if the rate of achievement of the pre-tax adjusted net income or pre-tax net income target is low, the payment rate would be limited to 200%, and the maximum compensation (300%) could not be received. This means that the maximum compensation (the additional 100%) under the Special Performance Bonus at Issue is not proportional to the quantity and quality of labor provided, but is instead subordinate to other factors over which the employees cannot control the achievement of the target through the provision of labor, or with which it is difficult to establish a primary causal relationship.
3) Ultimately, it is reasonable to view that the reason the Defendant pays the Special Performance Bonus at Issue is not because it is a portion that must be paid to employees as consideration for labor, but rather to distribute or share profits, when net income arises, for the purpose of boosting employee morale, encouraging work motivation, and promoting labor welfare. Accordingly, the Special Performance Bonus at Issue cannot be regarded as wages forming the basis for calculating average wages.
4) The court below's determination, to the contrary, that the Special Performance Bonus at Issue constitutes wages forming the basis for calculating average wages, contains an error that misapprehends the legal principles concerning labor-management practice and the wage nature and average-wage nature of management performance bonuses, thereby affecting the conclusion of the judgment. The Defendant's ground of appeal pointing this out is well-founded.
3. Regarding the Validity of the Incumbent Employee Condition at Issue (Regarding the Plaintiffs' Grounds of Appeal)
A. The court below determined, for the reasons stated in its judgment, that the Incumbent Employee Condition at Issue is valid.
1) At the time the Defendant and the labor union concluded the 2018 labor-management agreement, the components for calculating the payment rate of the 2018 special performance bonus had not yet been determined, and thus employees' specific right to claim the special performance bonus had not yet arisen; therefore, the labor union could conclude a collective agreement containing the Incumbent Employee Condition at Issue even without obtaining individual consent or authorization from the employees.
2) Since whether the Special Performance Bonus at Issue is to be paid, and the amount thereof, are determined only after the results of the business performance evaluation, the mere addition of the Incumbent Employee Condition at Issue cannot, in itself, be deemed to violate the Constitution or the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), or to lack reasonableness.
3) It is also difficult to view the Incumbent Employee Condition at Issue as violating the principle prohibiting forced labor or the principle of full payment of wages.
B. Examining the reasoning of the judgment below in light of the relevant legal principles and the record, although the premise that the Special Performance Bonus at Issue constitutes wages is inappropriate, the court below's determination rejecting the Plaintiffs' argument that the Incumbent Employee Condition at Issue is void contains no error, as asserted in the grounds of appeal, that misapprehends the legal principles concerning the authority to conclude collective agreements and the limits of collective bargaining autonomy, such as would have affected the conclusion of the judgment.
4. Conclusion
The part of the judgment below against the Defendant is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the court below for further hearing and determination; the Plaintiffs' appeals are dismissed in their entirety as being without merit. It is so decided by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices as stated in the Order.
Justice Ma Yong-ju (Presiding Justice), Roh Tae-ak, Seo Kyung-hwan (Justice in Charge), Shin Suk-hee