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대법원 2023다313401

Wages (Unpaid Wage Claim)임금

Decided2025. 01. 23. Court대법원Worker(s) won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
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AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

A taxi company attempted to circumvent the Minimum Wage Act (최저임금법) by entering into an agreement that formally shortened the 'prescribed working hours' (소정근로시간) on paper, without actually changing the drivers' real working hours. The Supreme Court ruled this agreement invalid, further holding that the reduced Value-Added Tax (VAT) amount given to drivers does not count toward minimum wage calculations, and that a wage is not disqualified from being classified as 'ordinary wage' (통상임금) merely because it is conditioned on meeting a minimum number of working days.

Key takeaways
  • CaseA taxi company entered into an agreement that formally reduced drivers' prescribed working hours on paper, while their actual working hours remained unchanged, in an attempt to evade minimum wage obligations.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court ruled the agreement void as an unlawful evasion scheme, held that VAT reduction amounts do not count toward minimum wage calculations, and confirmed that wages conditioned on minimum working days still qualify as ordinary wages.
  • LessonFormal manipulation of working hours to evade minimum wage laws is invalid; employers cannot escape minimum wage obligations without making substantive improvements to actual working conditions.
Issues
  • Whether an agreement to formally shorten prescribed working hours (소정근로시간) is valid
  • Whether the VAT reduction amount should be included in minimum wage calculations
  • Whether wages conditioned on a minimum number of working days can still qualify as ordinary wages (통상임금)
Key reasoning

The Court found that shortening the prescribed working hours only on paper, while leaving actual working hours unchanged, constitutes an unlawful act designed to evade the Minimum Wage Act, and therefore such an agreement is void as a matter of law. Regarding the VAT reduction amount paid to drivers, the Court reasoned that this payment serves a welfare-benefit purpose rather than compensating for labor performed, and thus should not be included when calculating whether the minimum wage requirement has been met. Additionally, the Court clarified that attaching a condition requiring a minimum number of working days does not, by itself, negate the fixed and uniform nature of a wage item, and such wages can still qualify as 'ordinary wages' used to calculate overtime and other statutory allowances. Overall, the ruling emphasizes that formalistic manipulation of employment terms cannot substitute for genuine compliance with minimum wage obligations.

Full text (English, AI translation) 12,698 chars

[Plaintiffs, Appellees] Plaintiff 1 and 13 others (Legal representative: Donginn LLC, Attorneys Sung Chang-seok and 2 others)
[Defendant, Appellant] ○○○ Co., Ltd. (Legal representative: Gate Law LLC, Attorneys Yoon Young-sun and 5 others)
[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Decision 2022Na2051094 rendered on November 10, 2023

[Order]

All appeals are dismissed. The costs of the appeal shall be borne by the Defendant.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal (including the supplementary appellate brief filed after the submission period, to the extent it supplements the original grounds) are examined as follows.

1. As to the First and Second Grounds of Appeal

A. Relevant Legal Principles

1) An employee bears the duty to work during the agreed contractual working hours (소정근로시간), and the employer pays wages in return for the performance of that duty to work. As long as the standard working hours are not exceeded, the employer and employee may, in principle, freely agree upon the contractual working hours according to their free will. However, where the determination of contractual working hours can be evaluated as being merely a formality, or where there are special circumstances such that the contractual working hours were set with the intent of evading the application of labor relations laws and regulations, the effect of such agreement on contractual working hours must be denied.

Considering comprehensively the content and structure of Article 32, Paragraph 1 of the Constitution (헌법) and the relevant provisions of the Minimum Wage Act (최저임금법), the legislative intent and legislative history of Article 6, Paragraph 5 of the Minimum Wage Act as amended by Act No. 8964 on March 21, 2008 (hereinafter "the special provision at issue"), the purport of the provisions of the Passenger Transport Service Act (여객자동차 운수사업법) and the public nature of the general taxi transport business, and the circumstances surrounding the agreement to shorten contractual working hours, in cases where, under the fixed-amount cash quota system (정액사납금제), an employer, with the intent of avoiding a situation in which the fixed wage excluding wages based on production performance falls short of the minimum wage, agrees with the taxi drivers' labor union merely to shorten the contractual working hours—without any actual change in the form of work or operating hours—in order to increase the nominal amount of the hourly fixed wage calculated based on the contractual working hours, such an agreement must be deemed void as an unlawful act intended to circumvent the application of the special provision at issue, which is a mandatory statutory provision (see Supreme Court en banc Decision 2016Da2451 rendered on April 18, 2019, etc.). Furthermore, the specific circumstances showing that an agreement to shorten contractual working hours constitutes an unlawful act must be asserted and proven by the party claiming that the agreement is void.

2) Whether an agreement to shorten contractual working hours made under the fixed-amount cash quota system is void as an unlawful act must be determined from a normative perspective, focusing on whether the main purpose of the parties to the labor relationship who entered into the agreement was to evade the application of the Minimum Wage Act, as well as on whether there is a substantial discrepancy between the shortened contractual working hours and the actual working hours of the taxi driver. Whether the main purpose of shortening the contractual working hours was to evade the application of the Minimum Wage Act must be determined by considering the specific circumstances and timing of the agreement to shorten the contractual working hours, and the objective difference and trend of change between the hourly wage used for comparison, as calculated by applying the contractual working hours before and after the shortening, and the statutory minimum wage.

The actual working hours of a taxi driver is a concept encompassing not only the operating time during which the taxi carries passengers (actual driving time) but also the time during which the taxi driver actually provides labor, such as the preparation time required for entering and leaving the garage and organizing the vehicle, and the waiting time spent searching for or waiting for passengers (vacant driving time, excluding, however, meal and rest periods), and must be estimated by considering the actual working environment and form of work of the taxi driver. Furthermore, in cases where it may be found that the actual working hours of the taxi driver have partially decreased, in determining whether there is a substantial discrepancy between such decreased actual working hours and the shortened contractual working hours, the ratio, frequency, and abruptness of the reduction in contractual working hours must be considered (see Supreme Court Decision 2023Da279402, 280563 rendered on May 30, 2024, etc.).

2. Determination

The court below determined, for the reasons stated in its judgment, that the agreements between the Defendant and the Defendant's labor union to shorten the contractual working hours through the 2015, 2018, and 2019 wage agreements were void as unlawful acts intended to circumvent the application of Article 6, Paragraph 5 of the Minimum Wage Act, which is a mandatory statutory provision, and therefore the amount of wages falling short of the minimum wage should be calculated for the Plaintiffs by applying the contractual working hours set forth in the 2013 wage agreement.

Upon examining the reasoning of the judgment below in light of the relevant legal principles and the record, the determination of the court below on this point is justified, and there is no error, as alleged in the grounds of appeal, that misapprehended the legal principles regarding the effect of the agreement to shorten contractual working hours or the contractual working hours that serve as the basis for calculating the amount falling short of the minimum wage when the agreement to shorten contractual working hours is void, thereby affecting the judgment.

2. As to the Third Ground of Appeal

A. Relevant Legal Principles

Article 106-7, Paragraph 1 of the Restriction of Special Taxation Act (조세특례제한법) provides: "For general taxi transport business operators (hereinafter in this Article referred to as 'general taxi transport business operators') under the Passenger Transport Service Act and the Enforcement Decree thereof, 99/100 of the value-added tax payable shall be reduced up to and including the taxable period ending on or before December 31, 2026." Paragraph 2 thereof provides: "A general taxi transport business operator shall, out of the reduced tax amount under Paragraph 1, pay in cash an amount equivalent to 90/100 of the value-added tax payable to general taxi transport service workers (hereinafter in this Article referred to as 'general taxi transport service workers') under the Passenger Transport Service Act within one month (hereinafter in this Article referred to as the 'payment period') from the end of the final return and payment deadline for the reduced value-added tax, as determined by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. In such cases, the general taxi transport business operator shall inform the general taxi transport service worker that the cash being paid is the 'value-added tax reduction amount.'"

This provision was established for the purpose of promoting the substantive improvement of the treatment of general taxi transport service workers by having the 'value-added tax reduction amount' paid to them in cash. Considering comprehensively the content of this provision, its legislative history and purpose, and its institutional purport, it is reasonable to view that the 'value-added tax reduction amount' paid in cash to general taxi transport service workers is paid for the improvement of their treatment and welfare, and therefore constitutes "wages paid for the living assistance and welfare of employees," which, pursuant to Item 2 of the proviso to Article 5-3 of the Enforcement Decree of the Minimum Wage Act (최저임금법 시행령), is not included in calculating the minimum wage of drivers employed in the general taxi transport business (see Supreme Court Decision 2012Du22003 rendered on February 26, 2015, etc.).

B. Determination

The court below determined, for the reasons stated in its judgment, that the advance payment corresponding to the value-added tax reduction amount is not included in the wages used for comparison in calculating the minimum wage.

Upon examining the reasoning of the judgment below in light of the relevant legal principles and the record, the determination of the court below on this point is justified, and there is no error, as alleged in the grounds of appeal, that misapprehended the legal principles regarding the scope of wages included in the minimum wage of general taxi transport service workers or the applicability by analogy of Article 6, Paragraph 4 of the Minimum Wage Act.

3. As to the Fourth Ground of Appeal

A. Relevant Legal Principles

Ordinary wages (통상임금) refer to wages determined to be paid regularly and uniformly as consideration for contractual work. Wages determined to be paid regularly and uniformly as consideration where an employee fully performs the contractual work constitute ordinary wages regardless of the existence or possibility of fulfillment of any condition attached thereto. A condition attached to wages may be considered as one of the factors that negates the character of consideration for contractual work, regularity, or uniformity in the process of substantively determining the objective nature of the relevant wage, but the mere fact that fulfillment of the condition is uncertain cannot be deemed to negate the character of the wage as ordinary wages (see Supreme Court en banc Decision 2020Da247190 rendered on December 19, 2024).

Even if a certain wage is subject to a condition requiring that a certain number of working days be satisfied for payment (hereinafter "the working-day condition"), where such condition is one that would be satisfied by an employee who fully performs the contractual work—that is, where the working-day condition is set within the number of contractual working days—the mere fact that such condition is attached does not negate the character of the wage as ordinary wages. Even if an employee's actual number of working days falls short of the number of contractual working days such that the employee fails to receive the wage subject to the working-day condition, as long as the wage possesses the character of consideration for contractual work, regularity, and uniformity, it must be included in the ordinary wages in calculating the statutory allowances for extended, night, and holiday work (see Supreme Court en banc Decision 2023Da302838 rendered on December 19, 2024).

B. Determination

The court below, for the reasons stated in its judgment, adopted as is the first instance judgment, which determined that the driving allowance (승무수당), paid only to those who drove three or more times per month, is included in ordinary wages.

Upon examining the reasoning of the judgment below in light of the relevant legal principles and the record, at the Defendant's place of business, which sets the working days as two-shift work per day and full attendance of 26 days (25 days where the last day of February is the 29th, and 24 days where it is the 28th), driving three times per month constitutes a number of working days that would be satisfied by an employee who fully performs the contractual work. Accordingly, even though the driving allowance in this case is subject to a working-day condition, it constitutes ordinary wages determined to be paid regularly and uniformly as consideration for contractual work. Although the part of the judgment below that regarded fixedness (고정성) as a conceptual indicium of ordinary wages, in accordance with the precedent before its modification, is inappropriate, the conclusion that the driving allowance is included in ordinary wages is justified, and there is no error in the court below's determination on this point, as alleged in the grounds of appeal, that misapprehended the legal principles regarding the scope of ordinary wages, thereby affecting the judgment.

4. Conclusion

All appeals are dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are to be borne by the losing party. This judgment is rendered as set forth in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices.

Justice Shin Suk-hee (Presiding Justice), Justice Noh Tae-ak (Justice in Charge), Justice Seo Kyung-hwan, Justice Noh Kyung-pil

【참조조문】

[1] 헌법 제32조 제1항, 근로기준법 제2조 제1항 제8호, 제50조, 최저임금법 제6조 제1항, 제3항, 제5항, 여객자동차 운수사업법 제1조, 민사소송법 제288조[증명책임]

[2] 최저임금법 제6조 제1항, 제3항, 제5항

[3] 조세특례제한법 제106조의7 제1항, 제2항, 최저임금법 시행령 제5조의3 제2호

[4] 근로기준법 제2조 제1항 제5호, 근로기준법 시행령 제6조 제1항

【참조판례】

[1][2] 대법원 2024. 5. 30. 선고 2023다279402, 280563 판결(공2024하, 986), 대법원 2024. 10. 25. 선고 2023다206138 판결(공2024하, 1821) / [1] 대법원 2019. 4. 18. 선고 2016다2451 전원합의체 판결(공2019상, 1074) / [2] 대법원 2024. 12. 26. 선고 2023다200314 판결(공2025상, 387) / [3] 대법원 2015. 2. 26. 선고 2012두22003 판결 / [4] 대법원 2024. 12. 19. 선고 2020다247190 전원합의체 판결(공2025상, 267), 대법원 2024. 12. 19. 선고 2023다302838 전원합의체 판결(공2025상, 307)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 4,572자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 피상고인】 원고 1 외 13인 (소송대리인 법무법인(유한) 동인 담당변호사 성창석 외 2인)

【피고, 상고인】 주식회사 ○○○ (소송대리인 법무법인 게이트 담당변호사 윤영선 외 5인)

【원심판결】 서울고법 2023. 11. 10. 선고 2022나2051094 판결

【주 문】

상고를 모두 기각한다. 상고비용은 피고가 부담한다.

【이 유】 상고이유(제출기간이 지난 상고이유보충서 등은 이를 보충하는 범위 내에서)를 판단한다.

1. 제1, 2 상고이유에 대하여

가. 관련 법리

1) 근로자는 합의한 소정근로시간 동안 근로의무를 부담하고, 사용자는 그 근로의무이행에 대하여 임금을 지급하게 되는데, 사용자와 근로자는 기준근로시간을 초과하지 않는 한 원칙적으로 자유로운 의사에 따라 소정근로시간에 관하여 합의할 수 있다. 다만 소정근로시간의 정함이 단지 형식에 불과하다고 평가할 수 있는 정도에 이르거나, 노동관계법령 등의 적용을 회피할 의도로 소정근로시간을 정하였다는 등의 특별한 사정이 있는 경우에는 소정근로시간에 관한 합의로서의 효력을 부정하여야 한다.

헌법 제32조 제1항 및 최저임금법 관련 규정 내용과 체계, 2008. 3. 21. 법률 제8964호로 개정된 최저임금법 제6조 제5항(이하 ‘이 사건 특례조항’이라 한다)의 입법 취지와 입법 경과, 여객자동차 운수사업법의 규정 취지 및 일반택시운송사업의 공공성, 소정근로시간을 단축하는 합의 관련 전후 사정 등을 종합적으로 고려하면, 정액사납금제하에서 생산고에 따른 임금을 제외한 고정급이 최저임금에 미달하는 것을 회피할 의도로 사용자가 소정근로시간을 기준으로 산정되는 시간당 고정급의 외형상 액수를 증가시키기 위해 택시운전근로자 노동조합과 실제 근무형태나 운행시간의 변경 없이 소정근로시간만을 단축하기로 합의한 경우, 이러한 합의는 강행법규인 이 사건 특례조항 등의 적용을 회피하기 위한 탈법행위로서 무효라고 보아야 한다(대법원 2019. 4. 18. 선고 2016다2451 전원합의체 판결 등 참조). 나아가 소정근로시간 단축 합의가 탈법행위에 해당한다는 구체적인 사정은 그 합의가 무효임을 주장하는 측에서 주장·증명하여야 한다.

2) 정액사납금제하에서 이루어진 소정근로시간 단축 합의가 탈법행위로서 무효인지 여부는, 합의를 체결한 근로관계 당사자들의 주된 목적이 최저임금법의 적용을 회피하는 것인지와 아울러 단축된 소정근로시간과 택시운전근로자의 실제 근로시간을 비교하여 그 사이에 상당한 불일치가 있는지를 중심으로 규범적인 관점에서 판단하여야 한다. 소정근로시간 단축의 주된 목적이 최저임금법의 적용을 회피하는 것인지는 소정근로시간 단축 합의의 구체적인 경위와 시기, 단축 전후의 소정근로시간을 적용할 경우 산정되는 시간급 비교대상 임금과 법정 최저임금의 객관적 차이 및 변동 추이 등을 고려하여 판단한다.

택시운전근로자의 실제 근로시간은 택시에 승객을 태우고 이동하는 영업시간(실차시간)뿐만 아니라 택시의 입출고 및 정리 등에 소요되는 준비시간, 승객을 찾거나 기다리는 데 소요되는 대기시간(공차시간, 다만 식사·휴게 시간은 제외)과 같이 택시운전근로자가 실제로 근로를 제공하는 시간을 포괄하는 개념으로, 택시운전근로자의 실제 근무환경과 근무형태를 고려하여 추산하여야 한다. 그리고 이러한 택시운전근로자의 실제 근로시간이 일부 감소하였다고 볼 수 있는 경우 그와 같이 감소된 실제 근로시간과 단축된 소정근로시간 사이에 상당한 불일치가 있는지를 판단할 때에는 소정근로시간 단축의 비율, 빈도, 급격성 등을 고려하여야 한다(대법원 2024. 5. 30. 선고 2023다279402, 280563 판결 등 참조).

2. 판단

원심은 그 판시와 같은 이유로, 피고와 피고 노동조합이 2015년, 2018년, 2019년 각 임금협정을 통하여 소정근로시간을 단축하기로 합의한 것은 강행법규인 최저임금법 제6조 제5항 등의 적용을 회피하기 위한 탈법행위로서 무효이므로 원고들에 대하여 2013년 임금협정에서 정한 소정근로시간을 적용하여 최저임금액에 미달하는 임금액수를 산정하여야 한다고 판단하였다.

원심판결 이유를 관련 법리와 기록에 비추어 살펴보면, 원심의 이 부분 판단은 정당하고 상고이유 주장과 같이 소정근로시간 단축 합의의 효력이나 소정근로시간 단축 합의가 무효인 경우에 최저임금 미달액 산정의 기준이 되는 소정근로시간에 관한 법리 등을 오해하여 판결에 영향을 미친 잘못이 없다.

2. 제3 상고이유에 대하여

가. 관련 법리

조세특례제한법 제106조의7 제1항은 "「여객자동차 운수사업법」 및 같은 법 시행령에 따른 일반택시 운송사업자(이하 이 조에서 ‘일반택시 운송사업자’라 한다)에 대해서는 부가가치세 납부세액의 100분의 99를 2026. 12. 31. 이전에 끝나는 과세기간분까지 경감한다."라고 규정하고, 제2항은 "일반택시 운송사업자는 제1항에 따른 경감세액 중 부가가치세 납부세액의 100분의 90에 해당하는 금액을 국토교통부장관이 정하는 바에 따라 경감된 부가가치세의 확정신고납부기한 종료일부터 1개월(이하 이 조에서 ‘지급기간’이라 한다) 이내에 「여객자동차 운수사업법」에 따른 일반택시 운수종사자(이하 이 조에서 ‘일반택시 운수종사자’라 한다)에게 현금으로 지급하여야 한다. 이 경우 일반택시 운송사업자는 지급하는 현금이 ‘부가가치세 경감세액’임을 일반택시 운수종사자에게 알려야 한다."라고 규정한다.

이는 ‘부가가치세 경감세액’을 일반택시 운수종사자에게 현금으로 지급하게 함으로써 그의 실질적인 처우개선을 도모하려는 목적에서 마련된 규정으로서, 이러한 규정의 내용, 입법 연혁과 목적, 제도적 취지 등을 종합하여 보면, 일반택시 운수종사자에게 현금으로 지급되는 ‘부가가치세 경감세액’은 일반택시 운수종사자의 처우개선과 복지향상을 위해 지급되는 것이어서 최저임금법 시행령 제5조의3 단서 제2호에 따라 일반택시운송사업 운전 근로자의 최저임금에 산입하지 아니하는 ‘근로자의 생활 보조와 복리후생을 위하여 지급하는 임금’에 해당한다고 봄이 타당하다(대법원 2015. 2. 26. 선고 2012두22003 판결 등 참조).

나. 판단

원심은 그 판시와 같은 이유로, 부가가치세 감면분 선지급금이 최저임금 산정 비교대상 임금에 포함되지 아니한다고 판단하였다.

원심판결 이유를 관련 법리와 기록에 비추어 살펴보면, 원심의 이 부분 판단은 정당하고 상고이유 주장과 같이 일반택시 운수종사자의 최저임금에 산입되는 임금의 범위, 최저임금법 제6조 제4항의 준용 여부에 관한 법리를 오해하는 등의 잘못이 없다.

3. 제4 상고이유에 대하여

가. 관련 법리

통상임금은 소정근로의 대가로서 정기적, 일률적으로 지급하기로 정한 임금을 말한다. 근로자가 소정근로를 온전하게 제공하면 그 대가로서 정기적, 일률적으로 지급하도록 정해진 임금은 그에 부가된 조건의 존부나 성취 가능성과 관계없이 통상임금에 해당한다. 임금에 부가된 조건은 해당 임금의 객관적 성질을 실질적으로 판단하는 과정에서 소정근로 대가성이나 정기성, 일률성을 부정하는 요소 중 하나로 고려될 수는 있지만, 단지 조건의 성취 여부가 불확실하다는 사정만으로 통상임금성이 부정된다고 볼 수는 없다(대법원 2024. 12. 19. 선고 2020다247190 전원합의체 판결 참조).

어떤 임금에 일정 근무일수를 충족하여야만 지급한다는 조건(이하 ‘근무일수 조건’이라 한다)이 부가되어 있더라도, 그와 같은 조건이 소정근로를 온전하게 제공하는 근로자라면 충족할 조건, 즉 소정근로일수 이내로 정해진 근무일수 조건인 경우에는 그러한 조건이 부가되어 있다는 사정만으로 그 임금의 통상임금성이 부정되지 않는다. 설령 근로자의 실제 근무일수가 소정근로일수에 미치지 못하여 근로자가 근무일수 조건부 임금을 지급받지 못하더라도, 그 임금이 소정근로 대가성, 정기성, 일률성을 갖추고 있는 한 이를 통상임금에 산입하여 연장·야간·휴일근로에 대한 법정수당을 산정하여야 한다(대법원 2024. 12. 19. 선고 2023다302838 전원합의체 판결 참조).

나. 판단

원심은 그 판시와 같은 이유로, 월 3회 이상 승무한 자에 한하여 지급되는 승무수당이 통상임금에 포함된다고 판단한 제1심판결을 그대로 인용하였다.

원심판결 이유를 관련 법리와 기록에 비추어 살펴보면, 1일 2교대, 26일 만근(2월 말일이 29일인 경우 25일, 28일인 경우 24일)을 근로일수로 정하고 있는 피고 사업장에서 월 3회 승무는 소정근로를 온전하게 제공하는 근로자라면 충족할 근무일수에 해당한다. 따라서 이 사건 승무수당은 근무일수 조건이 있다고 하더라도 소정근로의 대가로서 정기적, 일률적으로 지급하기로 정한 통상임금에 해당한다. 원심의 판단 중 변경되기 전의 판례에 따라 고정성을 통상임금의 개념적 징표로 본 부분은 적절하지 아니하나, 승무수당이 통상임금에 포함된다고 본 결론은 정당하고, 원심의 이 부분 판단에 상고이유 주장과 같이 통상임금 범위에 관한 법리를 오해하여 판결에 영향을 미친 잘못이 없다.

4. 결론

상고를 모두 기각하고 상고비용은 패소자가 부담하기로 하여 관여 대법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 신숙희(재판장) 노태악(주심) 서경환 노경필

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