[Plaintiff, Appellant] Plaintiff (Attorneys of Law Firm Yeoneun, Kwon Du-seop and 3 others, of counsel)
[Defendant, Appellee] ○○○ Co., Ltd. (Attorneys of Law Firm CS and 1 other, of counsel)
[Judgment Below] Seoul Central District Court Decision 2011Na20736 decided September 8, 2011
[Order]
The part of the judgment below concerning the claim for summer vacation allowance is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the Panel Division of the Seoul Central District Court. The remainder of the appeal is dismissed.
[Reasoning]
The grounds of appeal (including the descriptions in each supplementary brief on the grounds of appeal submitted after the expiration of the period for submitting the grounds of appeal, to the extent that they supplement the grounds of appeal) are examined.
1. As to the grounds of appeal concerning the claim for summer vacation allowance
A. The court below found the following facts: the collective bargaining agreement concluded between the labor union to which the Plaintiff belongs and the Defendant, who is the Plaintiff's employer, contains a provision regarding the payment of summer vacation allowance stating that "summer vacation allowance shall be paid once a year only to employees who are in active employment as of the payment reference date, July 15 of that year, but shall not be paid to employees who are on leave of absence as of the payment reference date"; and that the said labor union went on strike from June to August 2010, including July 15, 2010, the payment reference date for the 2010 summer vacation allowance, and that the Plaintiff also participated in the said strike. The court below then determined that an employee who participates in a strike is in the same position as an employee on leave of absence, in that the employee's main rights and obligations, such as the obligation to provide labor, are suspended, and the right to claim wages, which is in a reciprocal relationship with such obligation, does not arise; and accordingly, that the Plaintiff, who participated in the said strike, falls under "an employee on leave of absence as of the payment reference date," who is excluded from the recipients of the summer vacation allowance, and thus rejected the Plaintiff's claim for payment of the summer vacation allowance.
B. However, the above determination by the court below is difficult to accept, for the following reasons.
A disposal document such as a collective bargaining agreement, absent special circumstances, must be interpreted to recognize the existence and content of the declaration of intent indicated therein in accordance with its written content; meanwhile, since a collective bargaining agreement is concluded between a labor union, as an autonomous organization of employees, and an employer through collective bargaining regarding working conditions, for the purpose of maintaining and improving employees' working conditions and promoting their welfare so as to enhance their economic and social status, its explicit provisions may not be interpreted disadvantageously to employees (see Supreme Court Decision 95Da20454 decided September 20, 1996; Supreme Court Decision 2003Du896 decided September 9, 2005, etc.). Furthermore, industrial actions such as strikes are the exercise of employees' rights guaranteed under the Constitution and statutes, and treating employees unfairly or disadvantageously on the ground of a legitimate industrial action is prohibited by law (Articles 3, 4, and 81(5) of the Trade Union and Labor Relations Adjustment Act (노동조합 및 노동관계조정법), etc.).
Even according to the reasoning of the judgment below, it can be seen that the Plaintiff has continuously worked for the Defendant company from the time of employment in 1992 until the proceedings before the court below; and that the collective bargaining agreement in this case merely provides that summer vacation allowance shall be paid to employees who are in active employment as of the payment reference date, excluding employees who are on leave of absence as of the payment reference date, from the recipients thereof, without separately providing that summer vacation allowance shall not be paid to employees who are on strike as of the payment reference date.
Examining the above circumstances in light of the legal principles and the content of the relevant provisions set forth above, the Plaintiff's employment relationship with the Defendant was merely temporarily suspended due to the strike in this case, and the employment relationship itself cannot be said to have terminated; therefore, the Plaintiff falls under "an employee in active employment as of the payment reference date," who is entitled to summer vacation allowance under the collective bargaining agreement in this case. Meanwhile, a strike and a leave of absence share some commonalities in that the employment relationship is temporarily suspended and, accordingly, the employee's right to claim wages does not arise for the corresponding period; however, they are clearly distinguishable separate concepts in terms of their purpose, objective, and basis. Therefore, the mere fact that the Plaintiff participated in a strike on the payment reference date for the summer vacation allowance cannot be deemed to mean that the Plaintiff falls under "an employee on leave of absence as of the payment reference date," who is excluded from the recipients of the summer vacation allowance under the collective bargaining agreement in this case.
Nevertheless, the court below, citing only some commonalities that a strike and a leave of absence share in terms of legal effect as set forth in its reasoning, concluded that the Plaintiff falls under "an employee on leave of absence as of the payment reference date," who is excluded from the recipients of the summer vacation allowance under the collective bargaining agreement in this case, and thereby rejected the Plaintiff's claim for payment of summer vacation allowance proportionate to the number of days in the remaining period, excluding the strike period, within the period subject to the 2010 summer vacation allowance. Such determination by the court below contains an error affecting the judgment due to a misunderstanding of the legal principles concerning the recipients of summer vacation allowance and the interpretation of collective bargaining agreements. The argument in the grounds of appeal pointing this out is well-founded.
2. As to the grounds of appeal concerning the claim for the difference in statutory allowances
A. The ordinary wage, which the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) prescribes as the basis for calculating additional wages for extended, night, and holiday work, dismissal notice allowance, annual leave allowance, etc., and as the minimum amount of average wage, refers to money or valuables agreed to be paid regularly, uniformly, and fixedly as consideration for prescribed work (or, in the case of piece-rate workers, total work), which is the work an employee ordinarily provides during prescribed working hours. Wages paid at intervals exceeding one month may also be included in ordinary wages if they are paid regularly, uniformly, and fixedly.
Fixed wages refer to "the minimum wage that is naturally and definitely paid as consideration for a day's work to an employee who has worked the prescribed working hours on any given day, regardless of the name of the wage, even if that employee retires the following day"; therefore, wages for which payment or the amount thereof is predetermined, such that they are naturally scheduled to be paid regardless of whether any additional conditions are fulfilled, provided that the employee provides prescribed work on any given day, may be regarded as having fixedness.
The "condition" referred to herein means a condition whose fulfillment has not yet been determined at the point in time when the employee provides extended, night, or holiday work on any given day. Therefore, where the fulfillment of a condition, such as possessing a specific career or having reached a certain period of continuous service, has already been determined as of that point in time as an existing factual matter, this does not impede the recognition of fixedness. However, wages that are determined to be paid only to employees who are in active employment as of the payment date or another specific point in time, regardless of whether the employee provided prescribed work, are such that being in active employment as of that specific point in time becomes a qualifying requirement for receiving the wage. Such wages are generally not paid to a person who is not in active employment as of the specific point in time even if that person had provided work in the past, whereas they are generally paid to all persons who are in active employment as of that specific point in time, regardless of the content of the work previously provided. If a wage is paid subject to such a condition, it is difficult to regard the wage as being in the nature of consideration for so-called "prescribed work"; moreover, even if the employee provides work on any given day, if the employee retires before the specific point in time arrives, the employee will not receive the wage at all. Therefore, whether the payment condition will be fulfilled is uncertain at the point in time when the employee provides extended, night, or holiday work on any given day, and such wages must also be regarded as lacking fixedness (see Supreme Court en banc Decision 2012Da89399 decided December 18, 2013; Supreme Court en banc Decision 2012Da94643 decided December 18, 2013, etc.).
B. According to the reasoning of the judgment below and the evidence duly adopted, it can be seen that the collective bargaining agreement in this case provides that summer vacation allowance and Lunar New Year/Chuseok bonuses shall be paid only to employees who are in active employment as of the payment reference date, and that, accordingly, the Defendant did not pay any summer vacation allowance or Lunar New Year/Chuseok bonus at all to employees who resigned before the payment reference date, even if such employees had provided work before the payment reference date; and there is no material in the record to find that the labor union or the employees raised any particular objection to such measures taken by the Defendant.
Examining the above circumstances in light of the legal principles set forth above, the summer vacation allowance and Lunar New Year/Chuseok bonuses in this case are wages that are determined, pursuant to the collective bargaining agreement, to be paid only to employees who are in active employment as of the payment reference date, regardless of whether the employee provided prescribed work; and since such an uncertain condition constitutes a qualifying requirement for the payment thereof, it must be said that these wages lack fixedness as an indicator of ordinary wages.
In the same vein, the court below's determination that the summer vacation allowance and Lunar New Year/Chuseok bonuses in this case do not fall under ordinary wages due to their lack of fixedness, and its consequent rejection of the Plaintiff's claim in this part seeking the difference in statutory allowances, such as extended, night, and holiday work allowances, premised on the said wages falling under ordinary wages, is justifiable. The judgment below does not contain any illegality affecting the judgment due to a misunderstanding of the legal principles concerning the criteria for the payment of bonuses or ordinary wages, as argued in the grounds of appeal.
3. Conclusion
The part of the judgment below concerning the claim for summer vacation allowance is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the court below for further hearing and determination; the remainder of the appeal is dismissed. This Decision is rendered as set forth in the Order, with the unanimous concurrence of the Justices participating.
Justice Lee Sang-hoon (Presiding Justice), Shin Yeong-cheol, Kim Yong-deok, Kim So-young (Justice in charge)