Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 90도2771

Business Obstruction (업무방해)업무방해

Decided1991. 04. 23. Court대법원Reversed and remanded; the lower court's acquittal-favoring reasoning was overturned, and the case was sent back for reconsideration under the correct legal standard.
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

A labor union executive organized roughly 1,000 union members to collectively stop working and join a demonstration, bringing the company's operations to a halt. The central issue was whether this mass work stoppage constituted the crime of business obstruction (업무방해죄) under the Korean Criminal Act. The Supreme Court found that the lower court had overlooked the applicable legal standard and reversed and remanded the case.

Key takeaways
  • CaseA union executive mobilized about 1,000 members to stop working and join a demonstration, shutting down the company's operations.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court held that such a mass work stoppage, if not a legitimate labor dispute, amounts to business obstruction, and remanded the case for reconsideration on this basis.
  • LessonUnions and their leaders must ensure that collective actions satisfy the legal requirements for a legitimate labor dispute (정당한 쟁의행위); otherwise, organizers risk criminal liability for business obstruction as joint principal offenders.
Issues
  • Whether an illegitimate (non-lawful) collective group action can constitute the crime of business obstruction
  • Whether a labor union executive who organizes and leads such collective action bears joint principal offender liability for business obstruction
Key reasoning

When numerous workers collectively refuse to perform their duties and thereby disrupt the employer's normal business operations, this constitutes obstruction of business by force of a crowd (다중의 위력에 의한 업무방해죄) under the Criminal Act, unless the action qualifies as a legitimate labor dispute action (정당한 쟁의행위) meeting the procedural and substantive requirements under labor law. Because the mass work stoppage in this case did not meet those requirements, it could not be shielded as lawful collective action. A union executive who organizes and leads such an unlawful collective work stoppage is held liable as a joint principal offender (공동정범), not merely as an instigator, for the resulting business obstruction.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

A. If a large number of workers, acting in collusion, collectively leave the workplace or fail to report for work, thereby refusing to provide labor, and thereby impede the employer's normal operation of business such as production and sales, causing damage, then such conduct constitutes the crime of obstruction of business by obstructing another person's business through the force of numbers, unless such conduct is justified as a legitimate industrial action under the labor relations statutes (노동관계법령) and thus its illegality is negated.

B. If the planning director of a labor union, following a resolution adopted at a meeting of union delegates, caused approximately 1,000 or approximately 1,500 workers who were union members, divided by department, to refrain from working collectively during working hours on a given day and instead participate in rallies and demonstrations, thereby causing disruption to the company's operations, then, unless such collective action constitutes a legitimate industrial action under the labor relations statutes, the planning director cannot be exempted from liability as a co-principal for obstructing the company's business through the force exerted by the collective action, and it should not be considered that liability for the crime of obstruction of business arises only where the workers obstructed the company's business as a result of the exercise of deceptive scheme or force against the workers.

Full text (English, AI translation) 7,036 chars

[Defendant] Defendant
[Appellant] Prosecutor
[Defense Counsel] Attorney Moon Jae-in and 1 other
[Judgment Below] Busan High Court Decision 90No782, delivered October 25, 1990

[Order]

The judgment below is reversed.
The case is remanded to the Busan High Court.

[Reasoning] The Court determines the grounds of appeal raised by the Prosecutor as follows.

1. Summary of the facts charged in this case.

The Defendant, as the head of the Planning Office of the labor union of Non-Indicted Company 1, is charged as follows: On February 12, 1990, at a meeting of union delegates, the Defendant put forward as an agenda item a "Daily Sectional Collective Action Guideline" providing that "each business division shall be divided into 12 sections, and from February 14 to February 28, union members of one section per day shall collectively march to the Ulsan Police Station to stage strong protest demonstrations, and shall conduct public relations activities to citizens in groups of three per team," and unilaterally caused it to be passed, thereby resolving to carry out illegal collective action. (i) In conspiracy with Non-Indicted 2, who was the delegate section head of the Plant Business Division, the Defendant, in accordance with the collective action guideline conveyed through Non-Indicted 2, caused work to be suspended and workers to assemble from around 11:00 to around 12:30 on February 14, and, by delivering a speech before approximately 1,000 union members belonging to the Plant Business Division—the section scheduled to hold its assembly that day—incited the union members to shout slogans and sing labor songs, thereby holding an illegal assembly and suspending the company's normal operations; and (ii) In conspiracy with Non-Indicted 3, who was the delegate section head of the Hull Production Division, the Defendant, in accordance with the collective action guideline conveyed through Non-Indicted 3, caused work to be suspended and workers to assemble from around 11:00 to around 18:00 on February 15, and, by delivering a speech before approximately 1,500 union members belonging to the Hull Production Division—the section scheduled to hold its assembly that day—incited the union members to hold a street demonstration, and thereafter had them return to the company to hold a departure ceremony and resolution rally of the Emergency Countermeasures Committee formed in response to the arrest of Non-Indicted 4, the union chairman, thereby suspending the company's normal operations. Through each of these acts, it is charged that the Defendant obstructed the company's normal business operations by means of the force of a multitude.

2. Summary of the reasoning of the judgment below.

The court below premised that the crime of interference with business is established by disseminating false facts or otherwise damaging a person's credit by deceptive means, or by obstructing another's business by means of force, and that "force" here means the strength of the offender's side, sufficient in light of the offender's authority, number of persons, and surrounding circumstances, to overpower the victim's free will. On this premise, the court below held that even if the company's employees, incited or instigated by the Defendant, collectively failed to report to work during working hours and instead participated in assemblies and demonstrations, thereby causing disruption to the company's operations, there was no basis to view that the employees failed to perform their duties against their will as a result of the Defendant's deceptive means or force; therefore, the crime of interference with business could not be established as to the Defendant's above conduct. The court below further found no other evidence that the employees who participated in the assemblies and demonstrations destroyed or occupied the company's production facilities by the force of a multitude so as to obstruct operations, or that, in the course of such assemblies and demonstrations, force was used to obstruct the performance of duties by employees who wished to work or by company staff. Accordingly, the court below determined that the facts charged in this case either did not constitute a crime or that there was no proof of the criminal facts.

3. Judgment of this Court.

However, even if an employee who has entered into an employment contract with an employer fails, of his or her own volition, to provide labor in breach of the contract, this may give rise to liability for breach of contract arising from the non-performance of the labor contract, but it cannot be said to directly constitute the crime of interference with business. Nevertheless, where a large number of employees, acting in concert with mutual communication of intent, collectively leave the workplace or fail to report for work, thereby refusing to provide labor, and thereby impede the normal operation of the employer's business such as production and sales, causing damage, such conduct—unless it constitutes a legitimate industrial action under labor-related statutes and is thereby exempted from illegality—must be regarded as constituting interference with another's business by the force of a multitude, and thus constitutes the crime of interference with business (see Supreme Court Decision 90Do2852, delivered January 23, 1991).

Accordingly, if the Defendant, by the methods set forth in the facts charged, caused the company's employees to collectively fail to report to work during working hours and instead participate in assemblies and demonstrations, thereby causing disruption to the company's operations, then, unless such collective action constitutes a legitimate industrial action under labor-related statutes, the Defendant cannot escape liability as a co-principal who obstructed the company's business by means of force exercised through collective action. It should not be held that the Defendant bears liability for the crime of interference with business only where the employees obstructed the company's business as a result of the Defendant's exercise of deceptive means or force upon them, as the court below held.

The court below should have examined these matters in somewhat greater detail and determined whether the crime of interference with business was established; however, it overlooked this and rendered its judgment as described above. Therefore, it cannot be said that the judgment below is free from illegality in that it failed to conduct a proper examination or misapprehended the legal principles concerning the crime of interference with business, and it is clear that such illegality affected the judgment. Accordingly, the argument pointing out this error has merit.

4. Therefore, the judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the court below for further examination and determination, the Justices concerned being unanimous in this opinion, and it is decided as stated in the Order.

Presiding Justice Yoon Kwan, Justice Choi Jae-ho, Justice Kim Ju-han, Justice Kim Yong-jun

【판결요지】

가. 다수의 근로자들이 상호 의사연락하에 집단적으로 작업장을 이탈하거나 결근하는 등 근로의 제공을 거부함으로써 사용자의 생산. 판매 등 업무의 정상적인 운영을 저해하여 손해를 발생하게 하였다면, 그와 같은 행위가 노동관계법령에 따른 정당한 쟁의행위로서 위법성이 조각되는 경우가 아닌 한, 다중의 위력으로써 타인의 업무를 방해하는 행위에 해당하여 업무방해죄를 구성한다.

나. 노동조합의 기획실장이 노동조합 대의원간담회의 결의를 거쳐 1일 1개분과별로 조합원인 근로자 약 1000명 또는 약 1500명으로 하여금 그 일과시간에 집단적으로 작업에 임하지 아니하고 집회 및 시위에 참가하게 함으로써 회사의 조업에 차질을 가져오게 하였다면, 그와 같은 집단행동이 노동관계법령에 따른 정당한 쟁의행위에 해당하지 아니하는 한, 집단행동을 통한 위력으로써 회사의 업무를 방해한 공동정범으로서의 책임을 면할 수 없고, 근로자들에게 위계 또는 위력을 행사한 결과로 근로자들이 회사의 업무를 방해한 경우에만 업무방해죄의 책임을 진다고 볼 것은 아니다.

【참조조문】

형법 제314조, 노동쟁의조정법 제3조

【참조판례】

대법원 1991.1.23. 선고 90도2852 판결(공1991,907)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 2,540자 · 펼쳐 보기

【피 고 인】 피고인

【상 고 인】 검사

【변 호 인】 변호사 문재인 외 1인

【원심판결】 부산고등법원 1990.10.25. 선고 90노782 판결

【주 문】

원심판결을 파기한다.

사건을 부산고등법원에 환송한다.

【이 유】 검사의 상고이유에 대하여 판단한다.

1. 이 사건 공소사실의 요지.

피고인은 공소외 1주식회사 노동조합 기획실장으로서, 1990.2.12. 노동조합대의원 간담회에 "각 사업부를 12개 분과로 나누어 2.14.부터 2.28.까지 매일 1개 분과의 조합원들이 울산경찰서에 집단적으로 몰려가 강력한 항의시위를 하고 1조 3명씩 시민홍보를 한다"는 취지의 "1일 분과별 단체행동지침"을 안건으로 상정하여 일방적으로 통과시킴으로써 불법적인 집단행동을 감행하기로 결의하고, (i) 프랜트사업부 대의원 분과장인 공소외 2 등과 공모하여 2.14. 11:00경부터 12:30경까지 사이에 공소외 2를 통하여 시달된 단체행동 지침에따라 작업을 중단하고 집합한 당일 해당 집회 분과인 프랜트사업부 소속 노동조합원 약 1000명 앞에서 연설하는 등의 방법으로 노동조합원들을 선동하여 구호를 외치고 노동가를 부르게 하는 등 불법집회를 개최하여 회사의 정상적인 조업을 중단시키고, (ii)선체생산부 대의원 분과장인 공소외 3 등과 공모하여 2.15. 11:00경부터 18:00경까지 사이에 공소외 3을 통하여 시달된 단체행동 지침에 따라 작업을 중단하고 집합한 당일 해당 집회 분과인 선체생산부 소속 노동조합원 약 1500명 앞에서 연설하는 등의 방법으로 노동조합원들을 선동하여 가두시위를 하게 한 다음, 회사로 돌아와 노동조합 위원장인 공소외 4의 구속에 따른 비상대책위원회의 출정식 및 결의대회를 개최하게 하는 등 회사의 정상적인 조업을 중단시켜, 각 다중의 위력으로써 회사의 정상적인 업무를 방해하였다는 것이다.

2. 원심판결 이유의 요지.

원심은, 업무방해죄는 허위의 사실을 유포하거나 기타 위계로써 사람의 신용을 훼손하는 방법 또는 위력으로써 타인의 업무를 방해함으로써 성립하는 범죄로서, 여기서 위력이라 함은 범인의 위세·인원수 및 주위의 정황에 비추어 피해자의 자유의사를 제압하는 데 족한 범인측의 세력을 의미한다고 전제한 다음, 피고인의 선동 또는 교사에 의하여 회사 소속 근로자들이 그 일과시간에 집단적으로 작업에 임하지 아니하고 집회 및 시위에 참가함으로써 회사의 조업에 차질을 가져왔다고 하더라도, 피고인의 위계 또는 위력의 결과로 근로자들이 그 의사에 반하여 업무를 수행하지 못하였다고 볼 여지가 없으므로, 피고인의 위와 같은 행위에 대하여 업무방해죄가 성립할 수는 없다고 할 것이고, 그 밖에 달리 집회 및 시위에 참가한 근로자들이 다중의 위력으로 회사의 생산시설을 파괴 또는 점거하여 조업을 방해하거나, 위와 같은 집회 및 시위의 과정에서 위력을 행사하여 작업에 임하고자 하는 근로자들이나 회사측 직원들의 업무의 수행을 방해하였다고 볼 증거도 없으므로, 이 사건 공소사실은범죄로 되지 아니하거나 범죄사실의 증명이 없는 경우에 해당한다고 판단하였다.

3. 당원의 판단.

그러나 사용자와 근로계약을 체결한 근로자가 자의로 계약을 위반하여 근로를 제공하지 아니하였다고 하더라도, 근로계약의 불이행에 따르는 채무불이행의 책임을 지게 되는 것은 별론으로 하고, 바로 업무방해죄를 구성하는 것이라고 볼 수는 없겠지만, 다수의 근로자들이 상호 의사연락하에 집단적으로 작업장을 이탈하거나 결근하는 등 근로의 제공을 거부함으로써 사용자의 생산·판매 등 업무의 정상적인 운영을 저해하여 손해를 발생하게 하였다면, 그와 같은 행위가 노동관계법령에 따른 정당한 쟁의행위로서 위법성이 조각되는 경우가 아닌 한, 다중의 위력으로써 타인의 업무를 방해하는 행위에 해당하여 업무방해죄를 구성한다고 보아야 할 것이다(당원 1991.1.23. 선고 90도2852 판결 참조).

따라서 피고인이 공소사실로 적시된 바와 같은 방법으로 회사 소속 근로자들이 그 일과시간에 집단적으로 작업에 임하지 아니하고 집회 및 시위에 참가하게 함으로써 회사의 조업에 차질을 가져오게 하였다면, 그와 같은 집단행동이 노동관계법령에 따른 정당한 쟁의행위에 해당하지 아니하는 한, 피고인은 집단행동을 통한 위력으로써 회사의 업무를 방해한 공동정범으로서의 책임을 면할 수 없는 것이라고 볼 수밖에 없다. 원심이 판시한 바와 같이 피고인이 근로자들에게 위계 또는 위력을 행사한 결과로 근로자들이 회사의 업무를 방해한 경우에만 업무방해죄의 책임을 진다고 볼 것은 아니다.

원심으로서는 위와 같은 점들에 관하여 조금 더 상세하게 심리하여 업무방해죄가 성립하는 것인지의 여부를 판단하였어야 할 것임에도 불구하고, 이를 간과한 채 위와 같이 판단하고 말았으니, 원심판결에는 심리를 제대로 하지 아니하였거나 업무방해죄에 관한 법리를 오해한 위법이 있다고 하지 않을 수없고, 이와 같은 위법은 판결에 영향을 미친 것임이 명백하므로, 이 점을 지적하는 논지는 이유가 있다.

4. 그러므로 원심판결을 파기하고 다시 심리판단하게 하기 위하여 사건을 원심법원에 환송하기로 관여법관의 의견이 일치되어 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 윤관(재판장) 최재호 김주한 김용준

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