Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 2010다95147

Severance Pay, etc.퇴직금등

Decided2012. 10. 11. Court대법원Case remanded (파기환송) — lower court ruling reversed in favor of the worker's position; employer's claim for return of severance payments as unjust enrichment was rejected.
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

A company structured its compensation so that severance pay (퇴직금) was included in the employee's annual salary and paid out in monthly installments. Although this arrangement was labeled as a 'severance pay installment agreement (퇴직금 분할 약정),' the Korean Supreme Court found that it was, in substance, merely a way of setting regular wages while attempting to avoid the employer's statutory obligation to pay severance pay separately. As a result, the Court held that the employee was not required to return the amounts labeled as 'severance pay' as unjust enrichment (부당이득).

Key takeaways
  • CaseA company included severance pay within the employee's annual salary, paying it out monthly, while actually trying to avoid its legal duty to pay severance pay separately.
  • OutcomeThe court ruled that since the arrangement was, in substance, just a wage payment scheme (only formally labeled as a severance installment plan), the employee was not required to return the money received.
  • LessonEven if an agreement is labeled a 'severance pay installment plan,' if it is substantively just a wage arrangement, the employee may still be entitled to separate severance pay—so employees should carefully scrutinize the actual terms of such agreements.
Issues
  • Validity of severance pay installment agreements (퇴직금 분할 약정)
  • Whether an employee must return severance pay amounts as unjust enrichment (부당이득)
  • Distinguishing a substantively genuine severance installment agreement from one that is merely formal in structure
Key reasoning

Under Korean labor law, severance pay (퇴직금) is a mandatory lump-sum benefit owed to employees upon termination, separate from regular wages. If an employer disguises what is actually just a wage payment scheme as a 'severance pay installment agreement' in order to sidestep this obligation, the arrangement is deemed invalid as a genuine severance agreement. In such cases, since the employer never lawfully fulfilled its severance obligation through the disguised monthly payments, the employee is not obligated to return the money as unjust enrichment, because the payments were never truly severance pay to begin with—they were simply wages. To determine whether an agreement is a genuine severance installment plan or merely a disguised wage arrangement, courts must comprehensively examine factors such as how the annual salary was calculated, the basis used for computing various allowances, and trends in salary changes over time.

Full text (English, AI translation) 9,927 chars

[Plaintiffs, Appellants] Plaintiff 1 and 1 other (Attorney: Law Firm Seongwon, Attorney in charge Hong Kyung-pyo)
[Defendant, Appellee] ○○○ Co., Ltd. (Attorney: Law Firm B&S, Attorney in charge Baek Su-gi)
[Judgment Below] Incheon District Court Judgment 2008Na14947, decided October 26, 2010

[Order]

The part of the judgment below concerning the Plaintiffs' losing portion as to the claim for retirement allowance is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the Panel Division of the Incheon District Court.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal are examined as follows.

1. Where an employer and an employee agree to pay a certain amount in advance as retirement allowance together with the monthly salary or the daily wage paid on a monthly or daily basis (hereinafter referred to as an "agreement to pay retirement allowance in installments"), such agreement, unless it is recognized as an interim settlement of retirement allowance, constitutes an advance waiver by the employee of the right to claim retirement allowance that arises upon final retirement, and is therefore null and void as being in violation of mandatory statutory provisions. As a result, even if the employer pays money in the name of retirement allowance to the employee pursuant to such an agreement to pay retirement allowance in installments, such payment has no effect as payment of retirement allowance.

Meanwhile, wages under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) refer to all money paid by an employer to an employee as compensation for labor, which is paid continuously and regularly to the employee, and for which the employer bears an obligation to pay pursuant to a collective agreement, rules of employment, remuneration regulations, employment contract, labor practice, etc. However, where money in the name of retirement allowance has been paid separately from the monthly salary or daily wage during the continuation of the employment relationship pursuant to an agreement to pay retirement allowance in installments, but such agreement is null and void for the reasons stated above and thus has no effect as payment of retirement allowance, the money already paid in the name of retirement allowance pursuant to such agreement cannot be deemed to constitute "wages paid as compensation for labor" either. Accordingly, the employer, having paid money in the name of retirement allowance to the employee without legal cause, has thereby suffered damages equivalent to that amount, while the employee has gained a benefit equivalent to the same amount; therefore, it is reasonable from the standpoint of equity to hold that the employee must return the money received in the name of retirement allowance to the employer as unjust enrichment (see Supreme Court en banc Decision 2007Da90760, decided May 20, 2010).

However, considering the legislative purpose of establishing the retirement allowance system as a mandatory statutory provision, the foregoing legal principle applies only on the premise that a substantive agreement to pay retirement allowance in installments exists between the employer and the employee. Accordingly, where the agreement concluded between the employer and the employee is, in substance, merely a determination of wages, and the employer has merely adopted the form of an agreement to pay retirement allowance in installments in order to evade the payment of retirement allowance, the foregoing legal principle cannot be applied. That is, the foregoing legal principle applies only where: there exists an agreement between the employer and the employee to the effect that retirement allowance is included in the monthly salary or daily wage and that no separate retirement allowance will be paid upon retirement; the amount of money in the name of retirement allowance, as distinguished from wages, is specified; and, considering the amount of wages excluding such money in the name of retirement allowance, the terms of the employment contract including the agreement to pay retirement allowance in installments are not disadvantageous to the employee in light of the previous employment contract or the Labor Standards Act, etc. — in other words, only where the employer and the employee have agreed to substantively pay a certain amount of money additionally in the name of retirement allowance, distinguished from wages (see Supreme Court Decision 2008Da9150, decided May 27, 2010).

2. The court below determined as follows: (1) since each of the annual salary contracts concluded between the Plaintiffs and the Defendant prior to February 2004 merely stated that retirement allowance was included in the annual salary amount, without specifying the amount of money in the name of retirement allowance, it cannot be deemed that the amount of money in the name of retirement allowance, as distinguished from wages, was specified in the employment contracts concluded prior to February 2004; therefore, it cannot be deemed that the Plaintiffs and the Defendant agreed, prior to February 2004, to substantively pay a certain amount of money additionally in the name of retirement allowance, distinguished from wages. (2) However, from February 2004 onward, at the time each annual salary contract was executed, an agreement was made to the effect that retirement allowance was included in the annual salary amount and that no separate retirement allowance would be paid upon retirement, and it was also found that each annual salary contract executed from February 2004 onward specified the amount of money in the name of retirement allowance to be paid monthly. Accordingly, the court below found that there existed, in the employment contracts concluded from February 2004 onward between the Plaintiffs and the Defendant, an agreement to pay retirement allowance in installments to substantively pay a certain amount of money additionally in the name of retirement allowance, distinguished from wages, and determined that, although the Defendant paid money in the name of retirement allowance from February 2004 onward, such payment had no effect as payment of retirement allowance; that the Defendant, by paying money in the name of retirement allowance to the Plaintiffs without legal cause, thereby suffered damages equivalent to that amount, while the Plaintiffs gained a benefit equivalent to the same amount; and that, therefore, the Plaintiffs were obligated to return to the Defendant, as unjust enrichment, the money received in the name of retirement allowance from February 2004 onward.

3. However, in light of the following circumstances recognized from the record — namely: (1) that in calculating the monthly amount of money in the name of retirement allowance to be paid to the Plaintiffs, the Defendant, without considering the Plaintiffs' average wages, first determined the Plaintiffs' annual salary amount and monthly salary amount, and then, by working backward from that amount, uniformly determined the amount in the name of retirement allowance (the Defendant arbitrarily divided the annual salary amount into an item designated as base pay, corresponding to 12/13 of the amount, and an item designated as retirement allowance, corresponding to 1/13 of the amount, and paid them accordingly); (2) that the Defendant, in determining the wages serving as the basis for calculating annual/monthly leave allowances, etc. paid to employees, included the money in the name of retirement allowance therein; (3) that it is difficult to conclude that the Plaintiffs, who received wages in the form of a monthly salary, received payment with a clear distinction between the portion paid as retirement allowance and the portion not so paid; and (4) that if the amount in the name of retirement allowance is excluded from the Plaintiffs' annual salary amounts for 2004 and 2005, the result would be that the amount is actually reduced compared to the annual salary amount for 2003, rendering the employment contract disadvantageous, which is difficult to accept in light of the trend of increasing annual salary amounts since 2001; accordingly, it is reasonable to view the substantive annual salary from 2004 onward as an amount inclusive of the amount in the name of retirement allowance — there is substantial room to find that the agreement to pay retirement allowance in installments between the Plaintiffs and the Defendant from February 2004 onward was, in substance, merely a determination of wages, and that the Defendant merely adopted the form of an agreement to pay retirement allowance in installments in order to avoid the payment of retirement allowance, such that the amount is included in the amount that the Plaintiffs were legitimately entitled to receive as wages.

Nevertheless, the court below, relying solely on the circumstances stated in its reasoning, determined that the Defendant, pursuant to the agreement to pay retirement allowance in installments from February 2004 onward, additionally paid the Plaintiffs money in the name of retirement allowance substantively distinguished from wages, and thereby concluded that the Plaintiffs were obligated to return to the Defendant, as unjust enrichment, the money received in the name of retirement allowance. Such determination by the court below constitutes an error affecting the outcome of the judgment, resulting from a misunderstanding of the legal principles concerning agreements to pay retirement allowance in installments.

4. Therefore, the part of the judgment below concerning the Plaintiffs' losing portion as to the claim for retirement allowance is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the court below for further hearing and determination. This Judgment is rendered in accordance with the unanimous opinion of the Justices participating in the adjudication, as set forth in the Order.

Justice Kim Shin (Presiding Justice), Min Il-yeong, Lee In-bok (Justice in charge), Park Bo-yeong

【참조조문】

[1] 근로기준법 제2조 제1항 제5호, 근로자퇴직급여 보장법 제8조, 민법 제741조

[2] 근로기준법 제2조 제1항 제5호, 근로자퇴직급여 보장법 제8조, 민법 제741조

【참조판례】

[1] 대법원 2010. 5. 20. 선고 2007다90760 전원합의체 판결(공2010상, 1132), 대법원 2010. 5. 27. 선고 2008다9150 판결

【주문】·【이유】 전문 3,399자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인】 원고 1 외 1인 (소송대리인 법무법인 성원 담당변호사 홍경표)

【피고, 피상고인】 주식회사 ○○○ (소송대리인 법무법인 비앤에스 담당변호사 백수기)

【원심판결】 인천지법 2010. 10. 26. 선고 2008나14947 판결

【주 문】

원심판결 중 퇴직금청구에 관한 원고들 패소 부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 인천지방법원 본원 합의부에 환송한다.

【이 유】 상고이유에 대하여 판단한다.

1. 사용자와 근로자가 매월 지급하는 월급이나 매일 지급하는 일당과 함께 퇴직금으로 일정한 금원을 미리 지급하기로 약정(이하 ‘퇴직금 분할 약정’이라 한다)하였다면, 그 약정은 퇴직금 중간정산으로 인정되는 경우가 아닌 한 최종 퇴직 시 발생하는 퇴직금청구권을 근로자가 사전에 포기하는 것으로서 강행법규에 위배되어 무효이고, 그 결과 퇴직금 분할 약정에 따라 사용자가 근로자에게 퇴직금 명목의 금원을 지급하였다 하더라도 퇴직금 지급으로서의 효력이 없다.

한편 근로기준법상 임금은 사용자가 근로의 대가로 근로자에게 지급하는 일체의 금원으로서, 근로자에게 계속적·정기적으로 지급하고 그 지급에 관하여 사용자가 단체협약, 취업규칙, 급여규정, 근로계약, 노동관행 등에 따라 지급의무를 부담하는 것을 의미한다. 그런데 근로관계의 계속 중에 퇴직금 분할 약정에 의하여 월급이나 일당과는 별도로 퇴직금 명목의 금원을 지급하였으나 퇴직금 분할 약정이 위와 같은 이유로 무효여서 퇴직금 지급으로서의 효력이 없다면 위 약정에 의하여 이미 지급한 퇴직금 명목의 금원은 ‘근로의 대가로 지급하는 임금’에도 해당한다고 할 수 없고, 따라서 사용자는 법률상 원인 없이 근로자에게 퇴직금 명목의 금원을 지급함으로써 그 금액 상당의 손해를 입은 반면 근로자는 같은 금액 상당의 이익을 얻은 셈이 되므로, 근로자는 수령한 퇴직금 명목의 금원을 부당이득으로 사용자에게 반환하여야 한다고 보는 것이 공평의 견지에서 합당하다( 대법원 2010. 5. 20. 선고 2007다90760 전원합의체 판결 참조).

다만 퇴직금 제도를 강행법규로 규정한 입법 취지를 감안할 때 위와 같은 법리는 사용자와 근로자 사이에 실질적인 퇴직금 분할 약정이 존재함을 전제로 하여 비로소 적용할 것이어서, 사용자와 근로자가 체결한 당해 약정이 그 실질은 임금을 정한 것에 불과함에도 불구하고 사용자가 퇴직금의 지급을 면탈하기 위하여 퇴직금 분할 약정의 형식만을 취한 것인 경우에는 위와 같은 법리를 적용할 수 없다. 즉 사용자와 근로자 사이에 월급이나 일당 등에 퇴직금을 포함시키고 퇴직 시 별도의 퇴직금을 지급하지 않는다는 취지의 합의가 존재할 뿐만 아니라, 임금과 구별되는 퇴직금 명목 금원의 액수가 특정되고, 위 퇴직금 명목 금원을 제외한 임금의 액수 등을 고려할 때 퇴직금 분할 약정을 포함하는 근로계약의 내용이 종전의 근로계약이나 근로기준법 등에 비추어 근로자에게 불이익하지 아니하여야 하는 등, 사용자와 근로자가 임금과 구별하여 추가로 퇴직금 명목으로 일정한 금원을 실질적으로 지급할 것을 약정한 경우에 한하여 위와 같은 법리가 적용된다 할 것이다( 대법원 2010. 5. 27. 선고 2008다9150 판결 참조).

2. 원심은, (1) 원고들이 2004년 2월 전 피고와 체결한 각 연봉계약서에는 퇴직금은 연봉금액에 포함된다는 취지만이 기재되어 있을 뿐 퇴직금 명목의 금액이 특정되어 기재되지 않아서 2004년 2월 전에 체결된 근로계약에 있어 임금과 구별되는 퇴직금 명목 금원의 액수가 특정되었다고 볼 수 없으므로 원고들과 피고 사이에 2004년 2월 전에는 임금과 구별하여 추가로 퇴직금 명목으로 일정한 금원을 실질적으로 지급하기로 약정하였다고 볼 수 없으나, (2) 2004년 2월 이후에는 각 연봉계약서 작성 당시 연봉금액에 퇴직금을 포함시키고 퇴직 시 별도의 퇴직금을 지급하지 않는다는 취지의 합의를 하였고, 또한 2004년 2월 이후에 작성된 각 연봉계약서에 매월 지급되는 퇴직금 명목의 금액을 특정하여 기재한 사실이 인정되므로 원고들과 피고는 2004년 2월 이후에 체결된 근로계약에 있어서는 임금과 구별하여 추가로 퇴직금 명목으로 일정한 금원을 실질적으로 지급하기로 하는 퇴직금 분할 약정이 있었다고 인정하고, 피고가 2004년 2월 이후 퇴직금 명목의 금원을 지급하였음에도 불구하고 퇴직금 지급으로서의 효력이 없어 피고는 법률상 원인 없이 원고들에게 퇴직금 명목의 금원을 지급함으로써 위 금원 상당의 손해를 입은 반면 원고들은 같은 금액 상당의 이익을 얻은 셈이 되므로, 원고들은 2004년 2월 이후에 수령한 퇴직금 명목의 금원을 부당이득으로 피고에게 반환할 의무가 있다고 판단하였다.

3. 그러나 기록에 의하여 인정되는 다음과 같은 사정들, 즉 (1) 피고가 매월 원고들에게 지급할 퇴직금 명목의 금원을 산정함에 있어서 원고들의 평균임금을 고려하지 않은 채 원고들의 연봉금액 및 월 급여액을 정한 다음 역산하여 그 금액에서 퇴직금 명목의 금원을 일률적으로 정한 점(피고가 임의로 연봉금액 중 12/13에 해당하는 금액을 기본급으로, 1/13에 해당하는 금액을 퇴직금으로 항목을 구분하여 지급한 것이다), (2) 피고는 직원들에게 연월차수당 등을 지급하면서 그 산정의 기초가 되는 임금을 정함에 있어 퇴직금 명목의 금원을 포함시킨 점, (3) 월급의 형태로 임금을 지급받는 원고들의 처지에서 퇴직금으로 지급되는 부분과 그렇지 아니한 부분을 명확히 구별하여 지급받았다고 단정하기 어려운 점, (4) 원고들의 2004년 및 2005년 연봉금액에서 퇴직금 명목 금액을 제외하면 오히려 2003년 연봉금액보다 삭감되어 근로계약이 불리해진 결과가 되는데, 이는 2001년 이래 연봉금액의 증가 추세에 비추어 납득하기 어려워서 2004년 이후의 실질 연봉은 퇴직금 명목 금액을 포함한 금액으로 봄이 상당한 점 등에 비추어 볼 때, 원고들과 피고 사이의 2004년 2월 이후 퇴직금 분할 약정은 그 실질이 임금을 정한 것이면서 퇴직금 지급을 회피하기 위하여 퇴직금 분할 약정의 형식만을 취한 것으로서 원고들이 임금으로서 정당하게 수령할 금액에 포함된다고 볼 여지가 많다.

그럼에도 원심은 그 판시와 같은 사정만을 들어 피고가 2004년 2월 이후 퇴직금 분할 약정에 기하여 원고들에게 임금과 실질적으로 구별된 퇴직금 명목의 금원을 추가로 지급하였다고 보아 원고들이 수령한 퇴직금 명목의 금원을 부당이득으로 피고에게 반환할 의무가 있다고 판단하고 말았으니, 이러한 원심의 판단에는 퇴직금 분할 약정에 관한 법리를 오해하여 판결 결과에 영향을 미친 위법이 있다.

4. 그러므로 원심판결 중 퇴직금청구에 관한 원고들 패소 부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 다시 심리·판단하도록 원심법원에 환송하기로 하여, 관여 대법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 김신(재판장) 민일영 이인복(주심) 박보영

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Cross-check the original: 국가법령정보센터 (auxiliary link)