Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 88다카15413

Severance Pay, etc. (퇴직금등)퇴직금등

Decided1989. 08. 08. Court대법원Case remanded (파기환송) — the lower court's decision was overturned and sent back for retrial, effectively favoring the worker's position
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

This Supreme Court case addressed a situation where a worker repeatedly went through formal resignation and immediate re-hiring while continuing to work without any real interruption in employment. The Court established that such formal resignation procedures have no legal effect if the substantive employment relationship (실질적 근로관계) was never actually severed. It also ruled that a settlement agreement (화해계약) can be voided if there was a mistake regarding an underlying factual premise that was not itself subject to mutual concessions, and that any unfavorable change to severance pay (퇴직금) rules requires the collective consent of the affected workers.

Key takeaways
  • CaseA worker repeatedly underwent formal resignation and immediate re-hiring while continuing to work continuously, then entered into a settlement agreement with the employer regarding severance pay before later seeking to void it and claim the correct amount.
  • OutcomeThe Court held that the employment relationship was never truly severed, so the formal resignations had no legal effect; the settlement could be rescinded due to a factual mistake; and the unfavorable change to severance pay rules was invalid without employee consent.
  • LessonEmployers cannot sever an employment relationship merely through paperwork of formal resignation and re-hiring, and any unfavorable revision to severance pay rules must first obtain the consent of the workers affected.
Issues
  • Whether a settlement agreement (화해계약) may be rescinded due to a mistake about an underlying factual premise
  • Whether formal resignation followed by immediate re-hiring severs the employment relationship for legal purposes
  • Whether unfavorable changes to severance pay (퇴직금) provisions in employment rules (취업규칙) are valid without worker consent
  • How to properly calculate the length of service and severance pay when repeated formal resignations occurred
Key reasoning

A settlement agreement (화해계약) may be rescinded if one party was mistaken about a foundational fact that both sides assumed to be true, as opposed to a matter that was actually negotiated through mutual concessions. Where a worker formally resigns but is immediately re-hired and continues working without any real break, this indicates the underlying employment relationship never actually ended, meaning the resignation has no legal effect on the calculation of continuous service. Consequently, the worker's length of service and severance pay must be calculated based on the entire continuous period of actual employment, not the artificially divided periods created by the formal resignation paperwork. Additionally, changes to employment rules (취업규칙) that make severance pay provisions less favorable to workers are invalid unless the collective body of affected employees consents to the change.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

a. A compromise (화해) is a contract that becomes effective when the parties agree to make mutual concessions and terminate a dispute. Therefore, even if there is a mistake in the declaration of intention, if it concerns the very matter that the parties treated as the object of the dispute and determined through mutual concessions, the compromise cannot be rescinded on the ground of mistake. On the other hand, if the mistake concerns a matter which the parties premised or presupposed as the basis for the disputed matter, and which was not made part of the content of the mutual concessions but was understood by both parties as an undisputed and unquestioned fact, then this falls under a matter other than the object of the compromise as provided in the proviso of Article 733 of the Civil Act (민법), and, absent special circumstances, the compromise contract may be rescinded on the ground of mistake.

b. If the degree of discrepancy between the matter determined in the compromise contract and the truth significantly exceeds the scope of the parties' assertions, and it is clearly recognized that the parties had no particular doubt about, and did not treat as an object of dispute, the portion exceeding the scope of their assertions, and consequently did not make it part of the content of their mutual concessions, then a mistake concerning the matter exceeding the scope of the assertions constitutes a case of mistake as to the premise or basis of the compromise.

c. Where an employee submitted a letter of resignation in accordance with the company's management policy, and the company accepted it and processed the resignation, but the employee immediately took the form of re-entering employment, such that the employee continued to work without any substantial severance of the employment relationship before and after the purported retirement, then the effects that would otherwise follow from the submission of the letter of resignation and the processing of retirement do not arise.

d. Where an employer amends a provision of the rules of employment concerning retirement allowances, which constitutes part of the working conditions, in a manner less favorable to employees than the corresponding provision of the existing rules of employment, such amendment constitutes an unfavorable modification of the rules of employment lacking reasonableness, and such an unfavorable modification of the rules of employment cannot take effect unless the group of employees who were subject to the existing rules of employment consents thereto through a method of collective decision-making by the group.

Full text (English, AI translation) 15,062 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellant] Kum Kyo-yong, Attorney Jung Sang-cheon (Counsel for the Plaintiff)
[Defendant, Appellee] Kangwon Industries Co., Ltd., Attorneys Jang Kyung-chan and 1 other (Counsel for the Defendant)
[Original Judgment] Seoul High Court Decision 86Na3730 rendered on April 27, 1988

[Order]

The original judgment is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.

[Reasoning]

As to the grounds for appeal:

Since a compromise (화해) is a contract that becomes effective when the parties agree to mutually concede and thereby terminate a dispute between them (Article 731 of the Civil Act (민법)), it is naturally the case that even if there was a mistake in the declaration of intent constituting the compromise contract, if the mistake concerns the very matter that the parties made the subject of the dispute and resolved through mutual concession, the compromise may not be rescinded on the ground of mistake (Article 732 and the main text of Article 733 of the Civil Act (민법)). On the other hand, it is equally clear that if the mistake does not concern a matter that was the subject of dispute between the parties, but rather concerns a matter that both parties presupposed as the premise or basis for the matter in dispute — such that it did not form part of the content of the mutual concession and was understood by both parties as a fact free from dispute or doubt — then this falls under "matters other than the dispute that is the object of the compromise" as provided in the proviso to Article 733 of the Civil Act (민법), and, absent other special circumstances, a party may rescind the compromise contract on the ground of mistake (see this Court's Decisions 4293Minsang101 rendered on December 14, 1961, and 64Da500 rendered on September 15, 1964).

However, in an actual compromise contract, the question of what was specifically disputed and resolved through mutual concession, and what was presupposed as the premise or basis of the compromise and thus constitutes a matter other than the dispute that is the object of the compromise, is a matter of interpreting the parties' intent that must be judged by examining the entire course of the conduct. In particular, where the degree of discrepancy between what was determined in the compromise contract and the truth significantly exceeds the scope of the parties' assertions, and it is clearly recognized that the parties had no particular doubt about, and did not treat as a subject of dispute, the portion exceeding the scope of their assertions — and accordingly did not make that portion part of the content of their mutual concession — then a mistake concerning matters exceeding the scope of such assertions falls under the case of a mistake concerning the premise or basis of the compromise. Accordingly, it is a reasonable interpretation, consistent with the specific intent of the parties who entered into the compromise, that the parties may dispute the validity of the compromise on the ground of mistake.

According to the reasoning of the original judgment, the court below, in response to the Plaintiff's claim for payment of a total of KRW 50,000,000 in retirement pay, etc. in this case, and the Defendant's defense that the Plaintiff had waived the entire claimed amount, found the following facts based on the evidence adopted: the Plaintiff joined the Defendant company on September 16, 1966 as a production department coal-transport worker and worked there; according to the Defendant company's records, the Plaintiff retired on October 31, 1972 and was rehired on December 1 of the same year, and again retired on January 15, 1982 and was rehired on February 1 of the same year; the Plaintiff finally retired from the Defendant company on October 2, 1984; thereafter, on November 7, 1984, the Plaintiff filed a petition (진정) with the Ministry of Labor (노동부) alleging that he had not been paid KRW 1,950,000 in holiday work and overtime work allowances and KRW 180,000 in retirement pay from the Defendant company; in the course of the investigation of that petition, on November 27 of the same year, the Plaintiff received a total of KRW 1,040,763 in additional retirement pay and holiday work allowances and other allowances from the Defendant, and prepared and delivered to the Head of the Taebaek Local Office of the Ministry of Labor a written withdrawal of the petition stating that he had received the full amount owed to him in overtime allowance, holiday work allowance, and the shortfall in retirement pay from the Defendant, and was accordingly withdrawing the petition. The court below then further reasoned as follows: where, in connection with a civil dispute, a person who filed a petition and the party against whom the petition was filed reach an agreement and the petition is thereupon withdrawn, it is the general practice, absent special circumstances, that all disputes related to that petition up to that point are resolved before the petition is withdrawn; as found above, at the time the Plaintiff reached an agreement with the Defendant company regarding retirement pay and other allowances and withdrew the petition accordingly, there is no evidence whatsoever showing that the Plaintiff reserved a claim for further retirement pay and allowances beyond the agreed amounts, or any special circumstance of a similar nature; therefore, the Plaintiff, through the above agreement and the consequent withdrawal of the petition, settled the dispute with the Defendant regarding the said retirement pay and allowances, and even if the agreed amount of retirement pay and allowances fell short of the amount actually owed, leaving a remaining debt corresponding to the difference, it should be regarded as having been agreed to be waived; accordingly, the court below held that the Defendant's above defense was well-founded. The court below then rejected the Plaintiff's claim in this case, holding, with respect to the Plaintiff's assertion that the above agreement should be rescinded on the ground of mistake as to an essential part of the content of the declaration of intent, that there was no evidence to support such assertion.

However, in the fact-finding portion in the earlier part of the reasoning of the original judgment, the court below merely found the fact that the Plaintiff filed a petition with the Ministry of Labor against the Defendant, received a total of KRW 1,040,763 in additional retirement pay, etc. from the Defendant, and prepared and delivered a written withdrawal of the petition to the Head of the Taebaek Local Office of the Ministry of Labor, without making any factual finding as to whether an agreement was actually reached between the Plaintiff and the Defendant regarding the amount of the remaining retirement pay and allowances. Nevertheless, in the concluding portion in the latter part of the reasoning of the original judgment, the court below determined that, since the Plaintiff and the Defendant reached an agreement on the amount of retirement pay and allowances and the petition was withdrawn, the Plaintiff should be deemed to have agreed to waive any remaining debt regarding retirement pay, etc., even if such debt still remained. In this respect, the original judgment cannot but be found to contain the illegality of inconsistency in reasoning or insufficiency of reasoning.

Furthermore, even assuming that it can be found, as stated in the concluding portion of the original judgment, that an agreement was reached between the Plaintiff and the Defendant regarding the amount of retirement pay, etc., the issue in this case is not whether an agreement or compromise was formed at all, but rather what matters constituted the content of the compromise. Taking together the purport of the Plaintiff's assertions, Defendant's Evidence No. 9, Defendant's Evidence No. 14-4, and Defendant's Evidence No. 16 (which the court below neither adopted nor rejected), and the testimony of Ju Jae-won, the labor supervisor (근로감독관) who investigated the above petition case, the following facts are recognized: as stated by the court below, the Plaintiff's records with the Defendant showed two instances of intermediate retirement processing; meanwhile, on December 29, 1972, the Defendant abolished the progressive-rate retirement pay payment regulation that had previously been applied to workers including the Plaintiff, and changed the retirement pay payment regulation to provide only 30 days' pay per year of service, in accordance with the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), and implemented this change; the Plaintiff originally filed the petition with the Ministry of Labor asserting that, of his approximately 18 years of employment, he had not yet been paid, for the period of approximately 2 years and 9 months from around January 1982, when he was promoted to regular employee, until his final retirement around the end of September 1984, KRW 1,950,000 in holiday work and overtime work allowances and KRW 180,000 in retirement pay, totaling KRW 2,130,000; in the course of consultation with the Defendant, both the labor supervisor and the Defendant treated the Defendant's two instances of intermediate retirement processing of the Plaintiff and the change in the retirement pay payment regulation as naturally valid, and, on that premise, made the Plaintiff's asserted service period of 2 years and 9 months and the amount of KRW 2,130,000 in retirement pay, etc. the ceiling and scope of the dispute and negotiation, ultimately determining the remaining retirement pay, etc. to total KRW 1,040,763, which the Defendant then paid; and the Plaintiff, after withdrawing the petition, belatedly learned that both the intermediate retirement processing and the change in the retirement pay payment regulation were invalid, and accordingly filed this lawsuit, asserting that, if properly calculated, the additional retirement pay, etc. owed to him, after deducting the amounts already received, would amount to KRW 50,000,000. There appears to be no special circumstance warranting rejection of the above-mentioned testimony of the labor supervisor to this effect, whereas the contents of Defendant's Evidence No. 15, cited by the court below, do not appear to obstruct the above findings.

Now, where a worker submits a letter of resignation in accordance with the company's management policy and the company accepts it and processes the resignation, but the worker is immediately rehired in form, such that there is no substantial severance of the employment relationship before and after the retirement and the worker continues to work without interruption, the effects that would otherwise follow from the submission of the resignation letter and the retirement processing do not arise. Furthermore, where an employer amends provisions in the rules of employment (취업규칙) concerning retirement pay, which constitute working conditions, in a manner disadvantageous to workers compared to the existing rules of employment, such amendment constitutes an unreasonable disadvantageous amendment of the rules of employment, and such disadvantageous amendment of the rules of employment cannot take effect, and does not apply to the workers who were subject to the existing rules of employment, unless there is consent obtained through the collective decision-making method of the group of workers subject to the existing rules of employment (see this Court's Decision 87Daka2578 rendered on May 10, 1988, among others). Accordingly, if, as the Plaintiff asserts, the intermediate retirement processing and the change in the retirement pay payment regulation in this case meet the above requirements and can both be found invalid, it appears from the record that the number of days of retirement pay owed to the Plaintiff would be 1,410 days under the former retirement pay payment regulation (Plaintiff's Evidence No. 16-13), and that, even based on the average wage acknowledged by the Defendant (Defendant's Evidence No. 14-4), the retirement pay alone would amount to at least KRW 27,896,779 (19,784.95 × 1,410). Given that the amount actually owed to the Plaintiff by the Defendant thus significantly exceeds the amount asserted by the Plaintiff prior to reaching the above compromise, and given that it is clear that, in entering into this compromise, the Plaintiff and the Defendant did not intend, regardless of the true amount of retirement pay, etc. actually owed to the Plaintiff, to conclude the compromise contract with the intention that the Plaintiff would concede even as to amounts exceeding his asserted amount and thereby end the dispute, but rather that the compromise contract determined the amount of KRW 1,040,763 on the premise that the claimed amount of remaining retirement pay, etc. was capped at, and fell within the scope of, the KRW 2,130,000 originally asserted by the Plaintiff, then the mistake concerning this matter constitutes a mistake concerning a matter presupposed as the premise or basis of the compromise. Accordingly, it must be held that the Plaintiff may assert rescission of the compromise contract in this case on the ground of mistake concerning a matter other than the dispute that is the object of the compromise.

If so, the court below ought to have more closely examined whether the intermediate retirement processing and the change in the retirement pay payment regulation applied to the Plaintiff were valid, and the circumstances under which the Plaintiff received the amount stated by the court below from the Defendant and withdrew the petition in this case, and thereby carefully determined whether an agreement or compromise was indeed reached between the Plaintiff and the Defendant regarding the amount of the remaining debt for retirement pay, etc., and, if so, what matters were determined by that compromise contract. Nevertheless, without going into such matters, the court below readily rejected the Plaintiff's claim on the premise that, by the Plaintiff's receipt of a partial payment from the Defendant and withdrawal of the petition filed with the Ministry of Labor, an agreement had been reached regarding the entire amount of the remaining debt for retirement pay, etc. between the Plaintiff and the Defendant. This ultimately constitutes an illegality of insufficiency of reasoning or inconsistency of reasoning and insufficient examination, arising from a misunderstanding of the legal principles concerning the relationship between compromise and mistake, and affecting the judgment, which constitutes a ground for reversal under Article 12 of the Act on Special Cases Concerning Expedition of Legal Proceedings (소송촉진등에관한특례법). Accordingly, the argument pointing out this matter is well-founded.

Therefore, the original judgment is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court, which is the court below, for further examination, the opinions of the Justices involved being unanimous, and it is so decided as stated in the Order.

Justice Kim Ju-han (Presiding Justice), Lee Hoi-chang, Bae Seok, Kim Sang-won

【판결요지】

가. 화해는 당사자가 상호양보하여 분쟁을 종지할 것을 약정함으로써 효력이 생기는 계약이므로 그 의사표시에 착오가 있더라도 그것이 당사자가 다툼의 대상으로 하여 상호양보에 의하여 결정한 사항 자체에 관한 것인 때에는 착오를 이유로 취소할 수 없고, 반면에 그것이 다툼의 대상인 사항의 전제 내지 기초로서 양당사자가 예정한 것이어서 상호양보의 내용으로 되지 않고 다툼도, 의심도 없는 사실로서 양해된 사항에 관한 것인 때에는 민법 제733조 단서 소정의 화해의 목적인 분쟁 이외의 사항에 관한 것이므로 특별한 사정이 없는 한 착오를 이유로 그 화해계약을 취소할 수 있다.

나. 화해계약에서 결정된 사항과 진실과의 차이의 정도가 당사자의 주장 범위를 현저히 넘고, 당사자가 그 주장 범위를 넘는 부분에 대하여는 별로 의문을 갖지 아니하여 다툼의 대상으로 삼지 아니하고, 따라서 상호양보의 내용으로 한 바도 없었음이 명백하게 인정된다면 그 주장범위를 넘는 사항에 관하여 착오가 있는 것은 화해의 전제 내지 기초에 착오가 있는 경우에 해당한다.

다. 근로자가 회사의 경영방침에 따라 사직원을 제출하고 회사가 이를 받아들여 사직처리를 하였다가 즉시 재입사하는 형식을 취함으로써 근로자가 그 퇴직전후에 걸쳐 실질적인 근로관계의 단절없이 계속 근무하였다면 위 사직원제출과 퇴직처리에 따른 효과는 생기지 않는다.

라. 사용자가 취업규칙 중 근로조건의 내용을 이루는 퇴직금에 관한 규정을 기존 취업규칙의 그것보다 근로자에게 불이익하게 변경하는 것은 합리성이 없는 취업규칙의 불이익변경에 해당하고 이와 같은 취업규칙의 불이익변경은 기존 취업규칙의 적용을 받고 있던 근로자집단의 집단의사 결정방법에 의한 동의가 없는 한 효력을 가질 수 없다.

【참조조문】

가.나. 민법 제733조 / 나. 민법 제109조 / 다. 근로기준법 제28조 / 라. 근로기준법 제95조

【참조판례】

대법원 1961.12.14 선고 민상101 판결, 1964.9.15 선고 64다500 판결, 1988.5.10. 선고 87다카2578 판결, 1988.5.10. 선고 87다카2578 판결

【주문】·【이유】 전문 5,426자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인】 금교용 소송대리인 변호사 정상천

【피고, 피상고인】 강원산업주식회사 소송대리인 변호사 장경찬 외 1인

【원 판 결】 서울고등법원 1988.4.27. 선고 86나3730 판결

【주 문】

원판결을 파기하고 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.

【이 유】 상고이유에 대하여,

화해는 당사자가 상호양보하여 당사자간의 분쟁을 종지할 것을 약정함으로써 그 효력이 생기는 계약이므로( 민법 제731조), 화해계약의 의사표시에 착오가 있다 하더라도 그것이 당사자가 다툼의 대상으로 하여 상호양보에 의하여 결정한 사항자체에 관한 것인 때에는 착오를 이유로 취소할 수 없는 것이 당연하고( 민법 제732조, 제733조 본문), 반면에 그것이 당사간의 다툼의 대상으로 되지 아니하고 다툼의 대상인 사항의 전제 내지 기초로서 양당사자가 예정한 것이어서 상호양보의 내용으로 되지 아니하고 다툼도 의심도 없는 사실로서 양해된 사항에 관한 것인 때에는 이는 민법 제733조 단서 소정의 화해의 목적인 분쟁 이외의 사항에 관한 것이므로 다른 특별한 사정이 없는 한 당사자는 착오를 이유로 위 화해계약을 취소할 수 있음은 또한 명백하다 (당원 1961.12.14. 선고 민상101 판결; 1964.9.15. 선고 64다500 판결).

그런데 현실의 화해계약에 있어서 무엇이 구체적으로 다투어져서 상호양보에 의하여 결정된 사항이고 무엇이 화해의 전제 내지 기초로 예정됨으로써 화해의 목적인 분쟁 이외의 사항에 해당하는가는 행위의 전과정을 살펴서 판단할 의사해석의 문제라 할 것이므로, 특히 화해계약에서 결정된 사항과 진실과의 차이의 정도가 당사자의 주장범위를 현저히 넘고 있는 데다가 당사자가 그 주장범위를 넘는 부분에 대하여는 별로 의문을 갖지 아니하여 다툼의 대상으로 삼지 아니하고 따라서 상호양보의 내용으로 한 바도 없었음이 명백하게 인정되는 경우에는 그 주장범위를 넘는 사항에 관하여 착오가 있는 것은 화해의 전제 내지 기초에 착오가 있는 경우에 해당된다 할 것이므로, 당사자는 착오를 이유로 그 화해의 효력을 다툴 수 있다고 보는 것이 화해에 임한 당사자의 구체적인 의사에 합치되는 타당한 해석이 된다할 것이다.

원판결 이유에 의하면 원심은, 원고의 이 사건 퇴직금 등 합계금 50,000,000원의 지급청구에 대하여 피고는 원고가 위 청구채권을 모두 포기하였다는 취지의 항변을 하자, 채택한 증거에 의하여 원고는 1966.9.16. 피고 회사에 생산부운탄공으로 입사하여 근무하게 되면서 피고 회사의 장부상으로는 1972.10.31. 퇴직하였다가 같은 해 12.1. 재입사하고, 다시 1982.1.15. 퇴직하였다가 같은 해 2.1. 재입사한 것으로 정리된 후 마지막으로 1984.10.2. 피고 회사를 퇴직하였는데, 그후 1984.11.7. 피고 회사로부터 휴일근로 및 연장근로수당 금 1,950,000원과 퇴직금 180,000원을 못받았다고 하면서 노동부에 진정을 하여 그 조사를 받는 과정에서 같은 해 11.27. 피고로부터 추가퇴직금과 휴일근무수당등 제수당 합계금 1,040,763원을 수령하면서 피고로부터 연장근로수당,휴일근로수당, 퇴직금의 부족액 전액을 수령하였으므로 위 진정을 취하한다는 내용의 진정취하서를 작성하여 노동부 태백지방사무소장에게 교부한 사실을 인정한 다음, 나아가 판단하기를 민사분쟁에 관하여 진정을 하였다가 진정인과 피진정인 사이에 합의가 이루어져 진정을 취소하게 되는 경우에는 다른 특별한 사정이 없는 한 그 진정사건에 관련된 그때까지의 모든 분쟁관계를 일응 해결하고 나서 진정을 취소하게 되는 것이 일반적인 상례라 할 것인데, 위 인정과 같이 원고가 피고 회사와의 사이에 퇴직금과 제수당에 관하여 합의를 하고 그에 따라 진정을 취소할 당시, 그 합의된 퇴직금과 제수당 이외에 피고로부터 수령하여야 할 퇴직금과 제수당이 더 있다하여 이를 유보하여 두었다거나 또는 이와 유사한 특별한 사정이 있었음을 인정할 아무런 자료도 찾아볼 수 없으므로, 원고로서는 위 합의 및 그에 따른 진정취소로써 피고와의 사이에 위 퇴직금과 제수당에 관한 분쟁을 마무리짓는 한편, 합의된 퇴직금과 제수당의 액수가 실제로 지급받아야 할 액수에 미달하여 그 차액 상당의 퇴직금과 제수당에 관한 채무가 잔존한다 하더라도 이는 포기하기로 약정한 것으로 볼 것이므로 피고의 위 항변은 이유있다고 설시하고, 이어서 위 합의는 의사표시의 내용의 중요부분에 착오가 있으므로 취소한다는 취지의 원고의 주장에 대하여는 이를 인정할 만한 증거가 없다 하여 원고의 이 사건 청구를 배척하고 있다.

그러나 원심은 원판결 이유 전단 사실인정부분에서는 원고가 피고를 상대로 노동부에 진정을 하였다가 피고로부터 추가퇴직금 등 합계금 1,040,763원을 수령하고 진정취하서를 작성하여 노동부 태백지방사무소장에게 교부한 사실을 인정하고 있을 뿐, 과연 원고와 피고 사이에 잔여퇴직금 및 제수당의 액수에 관하여 합의가 이루어졌는지 여부에 관하여는 아무런 사실인정도 하지 아니하고 있으면서도, 원판결이유 후단 결론부분에서는 원고와 피고가 퇴직금과 제수당의 액수에 관하여 합의를 하고 진정을 취하한 이상 원고로서는 아직 퇴직금 등에 관한 채무가 잔존한다 하더라도 이는 포기하기로 약정한 것으로 보아야 한다고 판단하고 있으니, 이 점에서 우선 원판결에는 이유모순 내지 이유불비의 위법이 있다 아니할 수 없다.

그리고 원판결의 결론부분과 같이 원.피고 사이에 퇴직금 등의 액수에 관한 합의가 이루어졌다는 사실이 인정될 수 있다 하더라도, 이 사건에서의 문제는 합의 내지 화해의 성립자체가 아니라 어떠한 점이 화해의 내용으로 되었는 가인데, 원고의 주장취지와 원심이 채택하거나 배척하지 아니한 을제9호증, 을제14호증4, 을제16호증의 각 기재 및 위 진정사건을 조사한 근로감독관 주재원의 증언을 모아 보면, 원고는 원심설시와 같이 피고로부터 장부상 2차례에 걸쳐 중간퇴직한 것으로 처리되어 있고, 한편 피고는 1972.12.29. 종전부터 원고를 비롯한 근로자들에 대하여 시행하여 오던 누진율제에 의한 퇴직금지급규정을 폐지하고 근로기준법 수정의 근속 1년에 대하여 30일분의 퇴직금만을 지급하는 내용으로 퇴직금지급 규정을 변경하여 시행하고 있는 사실, 원고는 당초 위 18년간의 재직기간 중 원고가 사원으로 승진한 1982.1.경부터 최종적으로 퇴직한 1984.9.말경까지의 약 2년 9개월간의 휴일근로 및 연장근로수당금 1,950,000원과 퇴직금 180,000원, 합계금 2,130,000원만을 아직 피고로부터 지급받지 못하였다 하여 노동부에 진정을 하였고, 피고와의 협의과정에서 근로감독관이나 피고도 원고에 대한 피고의 2회에 걸친 중간퇴직처리 및 퇴직금지급규정 변경처리는 당연히 유효한 것을 전제로 하여 원고가 주장하는 위 2년 9개월간의 재직기간과 금 2,130,000원의 퇴직금 등의 액수를 한도로 하여 그 범위내의 금액만을 다툼 및 절충의 대상으로 한 끝에 잔존퇴직금 등을 합계금 1,040,763원으로 결정하여 이를 피고가 지급하게 되었던 것이고, 원고는 위 진정을 취하한 후 위 중간퇴직처리 및 퇴직금지급 규정의 변경처리가 모두 효력이 없음을 뒤늦게 알게 되었다 하여 이 사건 소송을 제기하면서 제대로 계산하면 추가로 지급받아야 할 퇴직금 등은 그동안 지급받은 금원을 공제하고도 금 50,000,000원이 된다고 주장하고 있음이 인정되고, 이와 같은 내용의 위 주재원의 증언을 배척할 특별한 사정을 찾아 볼 수 없는 반면, 원심거시의 을제15호증의 기재는 위 인정에 방해가 되지 않는 것으로 보인다.

그런데 근로자가 회사의 경영방침에 따라 사직원을 제출하고 회사가 이를 받아들여 사직처리를 하였다가 즉시 재입사하는 형식을 취함으로써 근로자가 그 퇴직전후에 걸쳐 실질적인 근로관계의 단절없이 계속 근무하였다면 위 사직원제출과 퇴직처리에 따른 효과는 생기지 않는 것이고, 또한 사용자가 취업규칙 중 근로조건의 내용을 이루는 퇴직금에 관한 규정을 기존취업규칙의 그것보다 근로자에게 불이익하게 변경하는 것은 합리성이 없는 취업규칙의 불이익변경에 해당하고 이와 같은 취업규칙의 불이익변경은 기존취업규칙의 적용을 받고 있던 근로자집단의 집단의사결정방법에 의한 동의가 없는 한 효력을 가질 수 없어 그 근로자들에게 적용되지 않는다 할 것이므로( 당원 1988.5.10. 선고 87다카2578 판결등 참조), 원고주장과 같이 이 사건 중간퇴직처리나 퇴직금지급규정의 변경처리가 위 요건에 해당되어 모두 무효로 판단될 수 있다면 원고의 퇴직금지급일수는 종전 퇴직금지급규정(갑 제16호증의13)에 의한 1,410일이 되어 기록상 피고 인정의(을 제14호증의 4) 평균임금을 기초로 하더라도 퇴직금만 적어도 금 27,896,779원(19,784.95 X 1,410)에 이르는 사실이 엿보이는 바, 이와 같이 실제로 원고가 피고로부터 지급받아야 할 금액이 위 화해에 이르기 전 원고의 주장금액을 현저히 넘고 있고, 원.피고는 이 사건 화해에 임하여 진실로 원고가 받아야 할 퇴직금 등의 액수가 어떠하든 원고는 그 주장금액을 넘는 금액에 대하여도 양보하고 분쟁을 끝마친다는 의사로 화해계약을 체결한 것이 아니라, 잔존퇴직금 등의 청구채권액이 원고가 당초 주장하던 금 2,130,000원을 한도로 하여 그 범위내임을 전제로 하여 화해계약에 의하여 그 금액을 합계금 1,040,763원으로 결정하였던 것이 명백하다면, 이에 관한 착오는 화해의 전제 내지 기초로 예정된 사항에 관한 착오에 해당한다고 할 것이므로,원고는 화해의 목적인 분쟁이외의 사항에 관한 착오를 이유로 이 사건 화해계약의 취소를 주장할 수 있다고 보아야 할 것이다.

그렇다면 원심으로는 마땅히 원고에 대한 위 중간퇴직처리 및 퇴직금지급규정의 변경처리가 유효한지 여부와 원고가 피고로부터 원심설시의 금원을 받고 이 사건 진정을 취하게 된 경위 등을 좀더 자세히 심리하여 원·피고 사이에 과연 퇴직금 등의 잔존채무액수에 관한 합의 내지 화해가 이루어졌는지, 이루어졌다면 그 화해계약에 의하여 결정된 사항이 무엇인지를 신중히 가려보았어야 할 것임에도 불구하고 이에 이르지 아니하고 만연히 원고가 피고로부터 일부 금원을 받고 노동부에 제기한 진정을 취하함에 의하여 피고와의 사이의 퇴직금 등의 잔존채무액 전부에 관한 합의가 이루어졌음을 전제로 원고의 청구를 가볍게 배척하였으니, 이는 필경 화해와 착오의 관계에 관한 법리를 오해함으로써 판결에 영향을 미친 이유불비 내지 이유모순과 심리미진의 위법을 저지른 것이라 할 것이고, 이는 소송촉진등에관한특례법 제12조 소정의 파기사유에 해당한다 할 것이므로, 이 점을 지적하는 취지의 논지는 이유있다 할 것이다.

그러므로 원판결을 파기하고, 사건을 다시 심리케 하기 위하여 원심인 서울고등법원에 환송하기로 관여 법관의 의견이 일치되어 주문과 같이 판결한다.

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