Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 95다20454

Confirmation of Invalidity of Dismissal, etc. (해고무효확인등)해고무효확인등

Decided1996. 09. 20. Court대법원Worker won (case remanded for reconsideration in worker's favor)
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

After an employee reached the mandatory retirement age, he applied to continue working under a 'contracted employment' (촉탁근무) arrangement as allowed by the collective bargaining agreement (단체협약), but the company refused. The dispute centered on whether the collective agreement clause stating 'contracted employment for one year is available upon the employee's request' gave the company discretion to refuse, or created a binding obligation to accept such requests. The Supreme Court (대법원) reversed the lower court's ruling, holding that collective agreement provisions must be interpreted in favor of workers and therefore this clause should be read as mandatory, not discretionary.

Key takeaways
  • CaseAn employee who reached mandatory retirement age applied for contracted employment under the collective bargaining agreement, but the company denied the request.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court ruled that the collective agreement's contracted employment clause must be interpreted as a mandatory obligation on the employer, reversing and remanding the lower court's decision.
  • LessonWhen collective agreement provisions are ambiguous, courts will interpret them in favor of employees—so employers must use clear and precise language when drafting such agreements.
Issues
  • How should ambiguous provisions in a collective bargaining agreement (단체협약) be interpreted?
  • Does a clause allowing post-retirement contracted employment (촉탁근무) upon employee request create a mandatory employer obligation, or merely grant the company discretion?
Key reasoning

Since collective bargaining agreements exist to improve workers' employment conditions, any ambiguous or express provisions within them must not be interpreted in a way that disadvantages workers. The Court emphasized that when analyzing such a clause, courts must comprehensively consider the history and evolution of how the provision was drafted and amended over time. Applying this principle, the clause allowing 'contracted employment for one year upon request' was determined to impose a binding duty on the employer to accept such requests, rather than leaving it to the company's discretion. Because the lower court had failed to apply this employee-protective interpretive principle, its judgment was reversed.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] As long as the authenticity of a disposal document such as a collective agreement is recognized, the existence and content of the declaration of intent indicated in that document must be acknowledged based on the content of its entries, unless there is clear and convincing counter-evidence to deny such content, and since a collective agreement (단체협약) is formed between an employer and a labor union (a self-governing organization of workers) through collective bargaining regarding working conditions for the purpose of maintaining and improving workers' working conditions and enhancing their welfare so as to improve their economic and social status, its express provisions cannot be interpreted disadvantageously to the workers.

[2] In a case where the collective agreement provision stating that "an employee may work for one year as a fixed-term contract employee (촉탁) upon his or her own request after mandatory retirement" was held to be appropriately interpreted as a mandatory provision in light of the circumstances of its enactment, the process of its amendment, the situation at the time of the negotiations, and the process of agreement, the court reversed the judgment of the court below, which had construed the above provision as a discretionary provision.

Full text (English, AI translation) 12,923 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellant]

[Defendant, Appellee] Daewoo Heavy Industries Co., Ltd. (Attorney Kim Dae-seob, counsel for the defendant)
[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Decision 95Na2458 rendered on April 18, 1995

[Order]

The judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal by the litigation representative are examined.

1. According to the reasoning of the judgment below, the lower court found as follows: Article 31, Paragraph 1, main text of the Defendant's collective bargaining agreement (단체협약) provides that the retirement age of union members shall be 55 years, that the date of mandatory retirement shall be calculated based on the date of birth and set as the last day of the relevant month, and that the retirement age may be extended by one year upon the employee's request; and the proviso to the same paragraph provides that, upon the employee's request, the employee may work for one year as a contracted employee (촉탁) after mandatory retirement, in which case wages shall be paid at 90% of the average wage for the one year prior to retirement. The lower court further found that the Plaintiff (born April 20, 1937) was hired as an employee of the Defendant on December 9, 1980, and worked until reaching the retirement age on April 30, 1992; that, pursuant to the main text of Article 31, Paragraph 1 of the above collective bargaining agreement, the Plaintiff's retirement age was extended by one more year, making the retirement date April 30, 1993; that on March 12, 1993, shortly before the extended retirement date, the Plaintiff applied to the Defendant to work as a contracted employee for one year; and that on April 20 of the same year, the Defendant refused to accept this application.

The lower court then addressed the Plaintiff's argument that the provision in the proviso to Article 31, Paragraph 1 of the collective bargaining agreement stating that "the employee may work for one year as a contracted employee upon the employee's request after mandatory retirement" is a mandatory provision imposing an obligation on the Defendant, such that once the Plaintiff applied for contracted employment, a contracted employment relationship was established between the Plaintiff and the Defendant pursuant to that provision.

In response, based on the evidence presented, the lower court found the following: that Article 34 of the collective bargaining agreement concluded on November 4, 1988, concerning the extension of retirement age or post-retirement contracted employment for the Defendant's union members, provided that "the retirement age of union members shall be 55 years, provided that it may be extended by one year only upon the employee's request"; that this provision was subsequently partially amended to the content set forth above in the collective bargaining agreement concluded on February 20, 1991, and the same content was maintained in the collective bargaining agreement concluded on August 8, 1992; and that in the collective bargaining agreement concluded in 1994, the retirement age was set at 57, and the provisions concerning extension of retirement age or contracted employment were deleted.

The lower court further found that although the collective bargaining agreements of February 20, 1991 and August 8, 1992 did not define "contracted employment," the Defendant's personnel regulations define a "contracted employee" as "a person possessing the prescribed skills or techniques required by the company, who is deemed suitable to be assigned to such duties only for a certain period required by the company, and who has consented to conclude a contract"; that between January 1, 1992 and January 31, 1994, out of 32 employees who reached mandatory retirement, the Defendant permitted only 4 employees to work as contracted employees, while the remaining employees were either denied such employment or did not apply for it at all; and that, apart from the Plaintiff, no formal objection had ever been raised by the labor union or the employees concerned regarding the Defendant's practice of handling applications for contracted employment as described above.

Based on these findings, the lower court held that the proviso to Article 31, Paragraph 1 of the collective bargaining agreement, stating that "the employee may work for one year as a contracted employee upon the employee's request," should be interpreted—in light of its literal text, the Defendant's related personnel regulations, and the manner in which it had been operated—as a discretionary provision allowing the Defendant, as the employer, to decide whether to hire the employee as a contracted employee within the scope permitted by the company's circumstances, taking into account the employee's ability and work attitude, among other factors, when the employee requests contracted employment; and that it could not be regarded as a mandatory provision imposing on the Defendant an obligation to necessarily accept such a request. On this basis, the lower court rejected all of the Plaintiff's claims in this case, which were premised on the provision being a mandatory one.

2. However, this Court cannot readily accept the above determination by the lower court.

As for a disposition document (처분문서) such as a collective bargaining agreement, once its authenticity is established, the court must recognize the existence and content of the declaration of intent indicated in the document based on its written content, unless there is clear and convincing evidence to the contrary. Furthermore, since a collective bargaining agreement is concluded through collective bargaining between a labor union, as an autonomous organization of workers, and the employer regarding working conditions, for the purpose of maintaining and improving workers' working conditions, promoting their welfare, and enhancing their economic and social status, its express provisions may not be interpreted unfavorably to the workers (see Supreme Court Decision 86Daka306 rendered on April 14, 1987).

Upon examination, first, in interpreting the proviso to Article 31, Paragraph 1 of the above collective bargaining agreement, it does not appear entirely clear from the text alone whether the phrase "the employee may work for one year as a contracted employee upon the employee's request" means that, when the employee requests contracted employment, the Defendant may accept or refuse such request after considering the company's circumstances (i.e., a discretionary provision granting discretion to the company), or whether it means that the Defendant cannot refuse such a request and bears only the obligation to approve it (i.e., a mandatory provision).

However, Article 3 of the above collective bargaining agreement provides that "the standards set forth in this Agreement shall take precedence over the standards under labor relations statutes, the rules and regulations established by the company, and individual employment contracts concluded with union members, and where they differ from the standards of this Agreement, the higher working conditions shall apply." Article 126 provides that "the interpretation of this Agreement may not be made arbitrarily by either party, and in the event the labor and management sides differ in their views, the interpretation of the labor-management working committee (노사실무위) at the time of the negotiation shall govern." Accordingly, in a case such as the present one, where the meaning of the proviso is not clear from its text alone and a dispute has arisen between the Plaintiff and the Defendant, the interpretation of the labor-management working committee at the time of the negotiation should, in principle, govern first pursuant to Article 126 of the collective bargaining agreement. However, according to the record, opinions among the members of the labor-management working committee who participated in the negotiation at the time are currently divided regarding the interpretation of the proviso, such that a unified interpretation from the labor-management working committee at the time of the negotiation cannot be expected. In such circumstances, the court has no choice but to reasonably interpret the proviso by taking into account the circumstances under which it came to be included in the collective bargaining agreement and the process of agreement among the labor-management working committee at the time.

According to the record, the proviso in question was not included in the collective bargaining agreement concluded on November 4, 1988, but was first included in the collective bargaining agreement concluded on February 20, 1991, and the same content was maintained in the collective bargaining agreement concluded on August 8, 1992. According to the contents of Exhibits A No. 8-7 through 8-10 (each titled "Collective Bargaining for Renewal of the 1990 Collective Bargaining Agreement"), at the collective bargaining session held on December 3, 1990 for the renewal of the 1990 collective bargaining agreement, the labor union side first demanded that, in the form of contracted employment after mandatory retirement, the working period be extended by two years so that employees could work until age 58; on January 9, 1991, the company side made a counter-proposal to accept contracted employment but to set the period at one year; and ultimately, on January 30 of the same year, the parties reached agreement on content identical to the proviso to Article 31, Paragraph 1 of the collective bargaining agreement at issue in this case. It is also found that, during the collective bargaining on January 30, 1991, in the process of persuading the labor union side—which had argued that the retirement age itself should be readjusted to 56, without a separate extension, with one additional year of contracted employment—the Defendant's representative director, the non-party, persuaded the labor union side to the effect that "it is sufficient to accept that, while the form remains 55 years of age, in substance the employee will work until age 57."

In light of these facts, together with the fact, as found by the lower court, that disputes continued between the Defendant and the labor union over the interpretation of the proviso to Article 31, Paragraph 1 of the collective bargaining agreement, until, upon the conclusion of the 1994 collective bargaining agreement, the retirement age itself was changed outright to 57; and considering the circumstances and process of change leading up to the enactment of the proviso, and in particular the content of the exchanges between labor and management at the labor-management working committee at the time of the negotiation and the process by which agreement was reached, it is reasonable to view that there is room to interpret the proviso to Article 31, Paragraph 1 of the collective bargaining agreement at issue in this case—which states that "after mandatory retirement, upon the employee's request, the employee may work for one year as a contracted employee, and wages shall be paid at 90% of the average wage for the one year prior to retirement"—as a mandatory provision imposing on the Defendant an obligation, without room for discretion, to allow an employee who has reached mandatory retirement age and requests contracted employment to work for one additional year in the form of contracted employment.

Accordingly, in this dispute arising from the interpretation of the proviso to Article 31, Paragraph 1, the view of the labor-management working committee at the time of the negotiation should, pursuant to Article 126 of the collective bargaining agreement, serve as the foremost standard. Nevertheless, the lower court, disregarding the negotiation process and content of the labor-management working committee at the time of the negotiation, interpreted the proviso unfavorably to the Plaintiff based solely on the definition of "contracted employee" under the Defendant's personnel regulations and the manner in which the proviso had been operated based on the Defendant's unilateral interpretation, and thereby determined it to be a discretionary provision of the Defendant. In doing so, the lower court committed an error of law in failing to exhaust its examination or in violating the rules of evidence, thereby misapprehending the facts, or, in the end, erred in interpreting the proviso to Article 31, Paragraph 1 of the collective bargaining agreement at issue in this case, which error affected the judgment. Accordingly, the argument in the grounds of appeal pointing this out is well-founded.

3. Therefore, the opinions of the participating Justices being unanimous, it is decided as set forth in the Order to reverse the judgment below and remand the case to the court below.

Justice Park Man-ho (Presiding Justice), Justice Park Jun-seo, Justice Kim Hyeong-seon (Justice in charge)

【판결요지】

[1] 단체협약서와 같은 처분문서는 진정성립이 인정되는 이상 그 기재 내용을 부정할 만한 분명하고도 수긍할 수 있는 반증이 없는 한 그 기재 내용에 의하여 그 문서에 표시된 의사표시의 존재 및 내용을 인정하여야 하고, 단체협약은 근로자의 근로조건을 유지 개선하고 복지를 증진하여 그 경제적·사회적 지위를 향상시킬 목적으로 노동자의 자주적 단체인 노동조합이 사용자와 사이에 근로조건에 관하여 단체교섭을 통하여 이루어지는 것이므로 그 명문의 규정을 근로자에게 불리하게 해석할 수는 없다.

[2] "정년퇴직 후 본인의 요청에 의하여 1년간 촉탁으로 근무할 수 있다."는 단체협약규정에 대하여 그 제정경위, 변천 과정, 교섭 당시의 상황 및 합의과정 등에 비추어 의무조항으로 해석함이 상당하다는 이유로, 위 규정을 재량조항으로 본 원심판결을 파기한 사례.

【참조조문】

[1] 노동조합법 제33조, 제36조, 민사소송법 제328조

[2] 노동조합법 제33조, 제36조, 민사소송법 제328조

【참조판례】

[1][2] 대법원 1987. 4. 14. 선고 86다카306 판결(공1987, 787)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 4,536자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고,상고인】

【피고,피상고인】 대우중공업 주식회사 (소송대리인 변호사 김대섭)

【원심판결】 서울고법 1995. 4. 18. 선고 95나2458 판결

【주문】

원심판결을 파기하고 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.

【이유】 소송대리인의 상고이유를 판단한다.

1. 원심판결 이유에 의하면 원심은, 피고의 단체협약서 제31조 제1항 본문에는 조합원의 정년은 만 55세로 하고, 정년퇴직일자는 생년월일을 기준으로 계산하여 해당 월의 말일로 하며, 본인의 요청이 있을 때에는 1년 연장할 수 있다고 규정되어 있으며, 위 같은 항 단서에는 정년퇴직 후 본인의 요청에 의하여 1년간 촉탁으로 근무할 수 있고, 이 경우 임금은 퇴직 전 1년간의 평균임금의 90%를 지급하도록 규정되어 있는 사실, 원고(1937. 4. 20.생)는 1980. 12. 9. 피고의 직원으로 채용되어 근무하다가 1992. 4. 30. 정년에 달하였으나, 위 단체협약서 제31조 제1항 본문 규정에 따라 정년이 1년 더 연장되어 1993. 4. 30. 정년이 된 사실, 원고는 연장된 정년이 임박한 1993. 3. 12. 피고에게 1년간의 촉탁근무를 신청하였으나, 피고는 같은 해 4. 20. 이를 받아들이지 아니한 사실을 확정한 다음, 위 단체협약서 제31조 제1항 단서의 "정년퇴직 후 본인의 요청에 의하여 1년간 촉탁으로 근무할 수 있다."는 규정은 피고의 의무규정이므로 원고가 촉탁근무를 신청한 이상 원·피고 사이에는 위 규정에 의한 촉탁근로계약 관계가 성립된 것이라는 원고의 주장에 대하여, 원심은 그 내세운 증거에 의하여, 피고 조합원의 정년연장 또는 퇴직 후 촉탁근무와 관련하여 1988. 11. 4.자로 체결된 단체협약 제34조는 "조합원의 정년은 만 55세로 하되 본인의 요청이 있을 때에는 1년에 한하여 연장할 수 있다."고 규정하였고, 그 후 위 조항은 1991. 2. 20.자로 체결된 단체협약에서 앞에서 본 바와 같은 내용으로 일부 개정되어 1992. 8. 8.자로 체결된 단체협약에서도 같은 내용으로 유지되어 오다가 1994년에 체결된 단체협약에서는 정년을 57세로 정하고, 정년의 연장 또는 촉탁근무에 관한 규정을 삭제하는 것으로 개정된 사실, 위 1991. 2. 20. 자 단체협약이나 1992. 8. 8. 자 단체협약에서는 촉탁근무의 정의에 관하여 규정하고 있지 아니하나, 피고의 인사규정에 의하면 '촉탁직원'은 '당사가 필요로 하는 소정의 기술 또는 기능을 소지한 자 중 회사가 요구하는 일정기간 동안만 그 업무에 보함이 적당하다고 인정된 자로서 계약체결에 동의한 자'라고 규정되어 있는 사실, 피고는 1992. 1. 1.부터 1994. 1. 31.까지 사이에 32명의 정년퇴직자 중 4명의 근로자에게만 촉탁근무를 허용하고, 나머지 직원에 대하여는 이를 허용하지 아니하거나 아예 그 신청 자체가 없었던 사실, 피고의 위와 같은 촉탁근무 신청의 처리관행에 대하여 원고를 제외하고는 노동조합이나 해당 근로자측으로부터 정식으로 이의가 제기된 적이 없었던 사실 등을 인정한 다음, "본인의 요청에 의하여 1년간 촉탁으로 근무할 수 있다."는 위 단체협약서 제31조 제1항 단서의 규정은 그 문면 자체와 피고의 인사규정 등 관련 규정이나, 그 동안의 운영형태 등에 비추어 볼 때, 이는 근로자의 촉탁근무 요청이 있는 경우 사용자인 피고가 회사의 여건이 허락하는 범위 내에서 근로자의 능력과 근무태도 등을 감안하여 그 채용 여부를 결정할 수 있다는 재량조항으로 해석하여야 할 것이고, 이와는 달리 사용자인 피고에게 반드시 이를 승낙하여야 할 의무를 지우는 의무규정이라고 볼 수 없다는 이유로 위 조항이 의무조항임을 전제로 한 원고의 이 사건 청구를 모두 배척하였다.

2. 그러나, 원심의 위와 같은 판단은 선뜻 수긍이 가지 아니한다.

단체협약서와 같은 처분문서는 그 성립의 진정함이 인정되는 이상, 법원은 그 기재 내용을 부정할 만한 분명하고도 수긍할 수 있는 반증이 없는 한, 그 기재 내용에 의하여 그 문서에 표시된 의사표시의 존재 및 내용을 인정하여야 할 것이고, 또한 단체협약은 근로자의 근로조건을 유지 개선하고 복지를 증진하여 그 경제적·사회적 지위를 향상시킬 목적으로 노동자의 자주적 단체인 노동조합이 사용자와 사이에 근로조건에 관하여 단체교섭을 통하여 이루어지는 것이므로 그 명문의 규정을 근로자에게 불리하게 해석할 수는 없는 것이다( 대법원 1987. 4. 14. 선고 86다카306 판결 참조).

살피건대, 우선 위 단체협약서 제31조 제1항 단서의 규정을 해석함에 있어 그 문면만으로는 위 단서에 규정된 "본인의 요청에 의하여 1년간 촉탁으로 근무할 수 있다."는 의미가 본인이 촉탁근무를 요청하면 피고는 회사의 사정 등을 고려하여 이를 받아들이거나, 거절할 수도 있는 것으로서 회사에게 그 재량권이 부여된 재량조항인지, 아니면 근로자가 촉탁근무를 요청하면 피고로서는 이를 거부할 수 없고, 반드시 이를 승인하여야 할 의무만을 부담하는 의무조항인지의 여부가 반드시 명확한 것은 아니라고 보여진다.

그러나, 위 단체협약서의 제3조는 "본 협약에 정한 기준은 노동관계법상의 기준과 회사가 정한 제 규칙, 규정 및 조합원과 맺은 개별근로계약보다 우선하며, 이 협약 기준과 다른 경우에는 상위의 근로조건을 적용한다."고 규정되어 있고, 제126조에는 "본 협약의 해석은 일방이 임의로 해석할 수 없으며, 노사 쌍방의 견해가 다를 경우에는 교섭 당시 노사실무위의 해석에 따른다."고 규정되어 있으므로, 이 사건과 같이 위 단서 조항의 문면만으로 그 뜻이 명확하지 아니하여, 원·피고 사이에 분쟁이 발생한 경우에는, 단체협약서 제126조의 규정에 따라 먼저 교섭 당시의 노사실무위의 해석에 따라야 할 것이지만, 기록에 의하면, 현재 위 단서 조항의 해석을 둘러싸고 교섭 당시의 노사실무위원들 간에 의견이 분분하여 교섭 당시의 노사실무위의 통일된 해석을 기대할 수 없는 형편이므로, 이와 같은 경우에는 위 단서 조항이 단체협약서의 내용에 포함되게 된 경위와 당시의 노사실무위의 합의과정 등을 참작하여 법원이 이를 합리적으로 해석할 수밖에 없다고 할 것이다.

기록에 의하면, 위 단서규정은 1988. 11. 4.자로 체결된 단체협약에는 그 내용이 규정된 바가 없었다가 1991. 2. 20.자로 체결된 단체협약서에서 비로소 그 내용이 포함되어 1992. 8. 8.자로 체결된 단체협약에서도 같은 내용으로 유지되었고, 갑 제8호증의 7 내지 10 (각 '90 단체협약갱신을 위한 단체교섭)의 기재 내용에 의하면, 1990. 12. 3. 열린 1990년도 단체협약 갱신을 위한 단체교섭에서 노동조합측이 처음으로 정년퇴직 후 촉탁근무 형식으로 2년간 근무기간을 연장하여 58세까지 근무하게 하여 줄 것을 요구하자, 1991. 1. 9. 회사측은 촉탁근무를 받아들이되 그 기간을 1년으로 하자고 수정제의하여, 결국 같은 달 30. 이 사건 단체협약서 제31조 제1항 단서와 같은 내용에 합의하기에 이르렀고, 위 1991. 1. 30. 자 단체교섭시 피고는 별도의 정년 연장 없이 정년 자체를 56세로 재조정하고 1년간은 촉탁근무토록 하자고 주장하는 노동조합측을 설득하는 과정에서 피고의 대표이사인 소외인은 "형식은 55세로 놔두고 실질적으로는 57세까지 근무한다는 뜻만 받아들이면 된다."는 취지로 노동조합 측을 설득한 사실이 인정되고, 여기에다가 원심이 확정한 바와 같이 피고와 노동조합 간에 위 단체협약서 제31조 제1항 단서의 해석을 둘러싸고 분쟁이 이어져 오다가 1994년 단체협약 체결시에는 아예 정년 자체가 57세로 변경된 사실 등 위 단서 조항이 제정되기까지의 경위나 그 변천 과정, 특히 교섭 당시 노사실무위에서 오고간 노사 쌍방간의 대화 내용이나 그 합의 과정 등에 비추어 볼 때, "퇴직 후 본인의 요청에 의하여 1년간 촉탁으로 근무할 수 있으며, 임금은 퇴직 전 1년간의 평균임금의 90%를 지급한다."는 이 사건 단체협약서 제31조 제1항 단서의 규정은 정년퇴직한 근로자가 회사에 대하여 촉탁근무를 요청하여 오면, 회사는 재량의 여지없이 그 근로자를 촉탁근무의 형식으로 1년간 더 근무하게 할 의무를 부담하는 피고에 대한 의무규정이라고 해석할 여지가 있다고 봄이 상당하다.

따라서, 위 제31조 제1항 단서규정의 해석을 둘러싸고 발생한 이 사건 분쟁에 있어서 위 단체협약서 제126조에 따라 교섭 당시의 노사실무위의 견해가 최우선적인 기준이 되어야 함에도 불구하고, 교섭 당시의 노사실무위의 교섭과정과 그 내용을 도외시한 채, 피고의 인사규정상의 '촉탁직원'의 정의나 그 동안 피고의 일방적인 해석에 근거한 위 단서규정의 운영상황 등만으로 위 단서의 규정을 원고에게 불리하게 해석하여, 이를 피고의 재량규정으로 판단한 원심은 필경 심리미진 또는 채증법칙을 위배하여 사실을 오인한 위법이나, 이 사건 단체협약서 제31조 제1항 단서규정의 해석을 그르친 나머지 판결에 영향을 미친 위법을 저지른 것이라고 아니할 수 없으니, 이 점을 지적하는 상고이유의 주장은 이유 있다 할 것이다.

3. 그러므로 원심판결을 파기하고 사건을 원심법원에 환송하기로 관여 법관들의 의견이 일치되어 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 박만호(재판장) 박준서 김형선(주심)

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