Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 95다10778

Confirmation of Invalidity of Dismissal, etc.해고무효확인등

Decided1995. 08. 11. Court대법원Employer won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

In this case, a labor union officer was dismissed after refusing his employer's job transfer order (전보명령). The Supreme Court ruled that the transfer order was legitimate because it was based on genuine business necessity, and therefore the dismissal (해고) resulting from the employee's refusal to comply was valid. The Court also held that failure to follow the prior consultation procedure (사전협의 절차) required under the collective bargaining agreement (단체협약) did not by itself invalidate the transfer order.

Key takeaways
  • CaseA labor union officer was dismissed for refusing to comply with the company's job transfer order.
  • OutcomeThe court ruled that since the transfer order was legitimate and based on business necessity, the dismissal of the employee who refused to comply was valid.
  • LessonEmployees, even union officers, cannot refuse a legitimate transfer order from their employer, and failure to follow procedural steps under a collective bargaining agreement does not automatically invalidate the transfer order itself.
Issues
  • The scope and legitimacy limits of an employer's authority to issue job transfer orders
  • The legal effect of failing to follow the prior consultation procedure under a collective bargaining agreement when transferring a union officer
  • Whether dismissal is valid when an employee refuses to comply with a legitimate transfer order
Key reasoning

The Court reasoned that the transfer order was issued based on legitimate business necessity, and the disadvantage suffered by the employee did not significantly exceed what would ordinarily be expected from a typical job transfer under generally accepted social norms. Since the transfer order was therefore valid, the employee's refusal to comply with it constituted a legitimate ground for dismissal. The Court further clarified that even though the employer did not go through the prior consultation procedure with the union as required by the collective bargaining agreement, this procedural lapse did not render the transfer order itself invalid, since such consultation requirements are generally treated as a procedural formality rather than a condition for the order's validity.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

a. A reassignment or transfer of an employee may result in a disadvantageous disposition to the employee in that it brings about a change in the type and content of the work to be provided by the employee, or in the place of work, but since this falls, in principle, within the authority of the employer as the holder of personnel authority, considerable discretion must be recognized within the scope necessary for business purposes, and such a measure cannot be deemed invalid unless there are special circumstances, such as its violating Article 27(1) or Article 105 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) or constituting an abuse of rights.

b. As long as there is a business necessity, the employee's consent is not required for a transfer order, and even when comparing and weighing the business necessity of the transfer order against the disadvantages in the employee's living conditions caused thereby, it cannot be said that such disadvantages in living conditions suffered by the employee significantly exceed, in light of common social norms, the degree ordinarily accompanying a transfer, such that it would be unreasonable to require the employee to bear them; accordingly, the case held that the transfer order could not be deemed an abuse of rights.

c. A provision in a collective agreement stating that "personnel actions concerning union officials shall be taken only after prior consultation with the union" should be understood as intended merely to prevent the normal activities of the labor union from being obstructed by the company's arbitrary exercise of personnel authority over union officials, by requiring the company to notify the union in advance of the content of personnel actions concerning union officials, thereby giving the union an opportunity to present the opinions necessary to ensure fairness in personnel actions, including disciplinary actions, and allowing the opinions presented by the union to be considered as reference material; therefore, even if a personnel action concerning a union official was taken without going through the aforementioned prior consultation procedure, it cannot be said that the personnel action is thereby rendered invalid.

d. If a transfer order is not invalid, the employee is obligated to comply with it, and refusing to report for duty in defiance of a valid transfer order constitutes a wrongful act; therefore, the case held that it was justified to disciplinarily dismiss an employee who, in violation of the provisions of a collective agreement or employment rules, continued to be absent without leave for a prolonged period in defiance of a transfer order.

Full text (English, AI translation) 9,872 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellant]

[Defendant, Appellee] Hyosung BASF Co., Ltd., Attorney Min Kyung-sik, Litigation Representative

[Original Judgment] Busan High Court Judgment 94Na5434, dated January 27, 1995

[Order]

The appeal is dismissed.
The costs of the appeal shall be borne by the Plaintiff.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal are examined.

1. As to Grounds 1 and 2

According to the reasoning of the judgment below, the court below found as follows: the Plaintiff joined the Defendant company on March 9, 1987, and after completing training, worked in the P.S Production Department from April 1 of the same year until July 2, 1988, a period of approximately 1 year and 3 months, mainly engaged in the preparation and mixing of raw and auxiliary materials in the C.P production process; from July 3, 1988 until June 20, 1989, a period of approximately 1 year, he worked in the P.S Production Department or the C.P Production Department (which was separated from the P.S Department on April 1, 1989), engaged in operating the extruder that extracts the product in the C.P production process; and thereafter, for 3 years and 6 months until the transfer order at issue in this case, he was in charge of product mixing and packaging in the C.P production process, while also serving as a union delegate. The Defendant company had been producing and selling A.B.S products, a plastic resin, since around April 1990, but had continued to suffer losses of over 300 million won per month since the start of production of that product. In order to strengthen its sales capability for that product and to resolve customer complaints in advance, the Defendant company, as a means of enabling subcontractors located in the Gyeongin area to produce the high-quality products required by the Defendant company through technical guidance and the like, leased part of the Anyang plant of its affiliate, Dongyang Nylon Co., Ltd., on April 1, 1992, and decided to establish and operate a Technical Service Center (TSC) under the Head Office Sales and Technology Department there. As there was an urgent need to recruit personnel experienced in the relevant duties, on November 2, 1992, the Head Office General Affairs Department requested the recommendation of one worker who had work experience in the C.P Department and had at least 5 years of factory work experience. In accordance with the above criteria, the head of the production department of the Defendant company's Ulsan plant excluded the four team leaders responsible for commanding the production lines from the candidates for recommendation out of concern for disruption to the production process, and among the remaining workers meeting the above experience criteria, recommended the following three: non-party ○○○ (hired December 1, 1984) of the P.S Production Department, the Plaintiff of the C.P Production Department, and non-party ○○○ (hired December 4, 1984) of the A.B.S Production Department. On November 26, 1992, around 14:00, the Defendant company held a personnel committee meeting at its Ulsan plant and determined that, among the three recommended persons, the above ○○○ was the planning director of the union executive and the above ○○○, as an ordinary union member, although having a longer period of service in the P.S Production Department compared to the Plaintiff, had short experience in the C.P Production Department and thus lacked sufficient work experience related to the extruder operation and molding processing technical guidance duties required by the Technical Service Center, and accordingly excluded them from the candidates for recommendation; and determined that the Plaintiff, having experience in C.P, i.e., secondary processing of plastic resin products (extruder operation and raw material preparation) required by the Technical Service Center, and meeting the condition of at least 5 years of continuous service, among other factors, was the most suitable candidate, and resolved to recommend him. Accordingly, on December 1, 1992, the Defendant company issued the transfer order at issue to the Plaintiff, transferring him to the above Technical Service Center. The court below found that, due to the above transfer order, although the Plaintiff did not lose his status as a union delegate, it became practically difficult for him to engage in union activities, and that, since the Technical Service Center did not have regular overtime and holiday work as was the case at the Ulsan plant, there was a possibility that his actual take-home wages would decrease somewhat, and that he would suffer the disadvantage of having the continuity of his social life temporarily interrupted by having to work in an area with no personal ties.

Upon comparing the evidence cited by the court below with the record, the factual findings of the court below can be sufficiently acknowledged, and there is no illegality therein in violation of the rules of evidence or in misapprehension of the facts.
The argument is without merit.

2. As to Grounds 3 and 4

A.

A transfer or reassignment of a worker may constitute a disadvantageous disposition to the employee in that it brings about changes in the type and content of work to be provided by the employee, or in the place of work, but it in principle falls within the authority of the employer, who holds the power of personnel management, and accordingly, considerable discretion must be recognized to the extent necessary for business purposes; absent special circumstances such as that it violates Article 27, Paragraph 1 or Article 105 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) or constitutes an abuse of rights, it cannot be deemed invalid (see Supreme Court Decision 91Nu5204, delivered on January 21, 1992; Supreme Court Decision 93Da10279, delivered on April 26, 1994; Supreme Court Decision 93Da51263, delivered on May 9, 1995, etc.)

If the grounds for the transfer order against the Plaintiff are as set forth in the factual relationship above, this means that the Defendant company selected the Plaintiff, who had extensive experience in C.P production process work, and issued the transfer order for the efficient operation of the Technical Service Center, which was established out of necessity to remedy the large accumulated losses resulting from the production and sale of A.B.S products; as long as such business necessity exists, it cannot be said that the Plaintiff's consent was required for the transfer order. Furthermore, even upon weighing the business necessity of the above transfer order against the disadvantages in daily life that the Plaintiff would suffer as a result thereof, it cannot be said that the disadvantages in daily life suffered by the Plaintiff as described above significantly exceed the degree ordinarily accompanying a transfer under common social norms to such an extent that it would be unreasonable to expect a worker to bear them; therefore, the above transfer order cannot be deemed to constitute an abuse of rights either.

The court below, having judged to this effect, is justified, and there is no illegality therein due to insufficient deliberation, omission of judgment, or misapprehension of legal principles regarding consent to or legitimacy of a transfer. The argument is without merit.

B.

The provision in a collective agreement requiring prior consultation with the union before personnel actions are taken against union officers is to be understood as merely requiring the company to notify the union in advance of the content of personnel actions regarding union officers, so as to prevent the normal activities of the union from being impeded by the company's arbitrary exercise of its personnel authority over union officers, thereby giving the union an opportunity to present opinions necessary to ensure fairness in personnel matters, including disciplinary actions, and having the company consider the opinions presented by the union as reference material; it does not go so far as to require more than this. Therefore, even if a personnel action against a union officer was taken without going through the aforementioned prior consultation procedure, it cannot be said that the personnel action is thereby rendered invalid (see this Court's Decision 91Da41477, delivered on June 9, 1992; Decision 92Da34940, delivered on April 23, 1993; Decision 94Da15653, delivered on January 12, 1995, etc.)

As argued by the Plaintiff, even assuming that the Defendant company, in issuing the transfer order against the Plaintiff, a union delegate, did not go through the prior consultation procedure with the union as prescribed in Article 17 of the collective agreement, it cannot be said that the above transfer order is thereby rendered invalid; therefore, the argument disputing this point is without merit.

3. As to Ground 5

If the transfer order is not invalid, the worker is obligated to comply with it, and refusing to report to the new post in defiance of a valid transfer order constitutes a wrongdoing (see this Court's Decision 90Da12366, delivered on September 24, 1991; Decision 93Da47677, delivered on May 10, 1994, etc.). Accordingly, it is justified for the Defendant to have disciplinarily dismissed the Plaintiff, who had been continuously absent without leave for 50 days, in accordance with the provisions of the collective agreement or the rules of employment, and there is no illegality therein due to misapprehension of legal principles regarding the legitimacy of disciplinary dismissal. The argument is without merit.

4. Therefore, the appeal is dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are to be borne by the losing party. It is so decided as set forth in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the Justices participating in the decision.

Supreme Court Justice Ahn Yong-deuk (Presiding Judge), Cheon Gyeong-song, Ji Chang-kwon, Shin Seong-taek (Justice in charge)

【판결요지】

가. 근로자에 대한 전직이나 전보는 피용자가 제공하여야 할 근로의 종류와 내용 또는 장소 등에 변경을 가져온다는 점에서 피용자에게 불이익한 처분이될 수 있으나 원칙적으로 인사권자인 사용자의 권한에 속하므로 업무상 필요한 범위 안에서는 상당한 재량을 인정하여야 하고, 이것이 근로기준법 제27조 제1항 또는 제105조에 위반하거나 권리남용에 해당하는 등 특별한 사정이 없는 한 무효라고 할 수는 없다.

나. 업무상 필요성이 있는 이상 전보명령에 근로자의 동의를 필요로 한다고 할 수 없고, 또한 전보명령의 업무상 필요성과 근로자가 그로 인하여 입게 되는 생활상의 불이익을 비교 교량하여 보더라도 근로자가 입게 되는 위와 같은생활상의 불이익이 사회통념상 통상의 전보에 따르는 정도를 현저히 넘어서 근로자가 이를 감당하는 것이 부당하다고 볼 수 없다는 이유로, 전보명령이 권리남용에 해당한다고 할 수 없다고 한 사례.

다. “단체협약에서 노동조합 간부에 대한 인사를 하기 위하여는 사전에 조합과 협의하여야 한다”는 규정을 둔 것은, 노동조합 간부에 대한 회사의 자의적인 인사권 행사로 인하여 노동조합의 정상적인 활동이 저해되는 것을 방지하려는 취지에서 회사로 하여금 노동조합의 간부 등에 대한 인사의 내용을 노동조합에 미리 통지하도록 하여 노동조합에게 징계를 포함한 인사의 공정을기하기 위하여 필요한 노동조합측의 의견을 제시할 기회를 주고 노동조합으로부터 제시된 의견을 참고자료로 고려하게 하는 정도에 지나지 않는 것이라고 봄이 상당하므로, 노동조합 간부에 대한 인사가 위와 같은 사전협의 절차를 거치지 아니한 채 행하여졌다고 하여 그 인사의 효력이 없는 것이라고 할 수는 없다.

라. 전보명령이 무효가 아니라면 근로자로서는 이에 따라야 할 의무가 있고 유효한 전보명령에 불응하여 부임을 거부하는 것은 잘못이라 할 것이므로, 단체협약 또는 취업규칙 등의 규정에 따라 전보명령에 불응하여 장기간 계속 무단결근한 근로자를 징계해고한 것은 정당하다고 한 사례.

【참조조문】

가.나.다.라. 근로기준법 제27조 제1항 / 가. 근로기준법 제105조 / 나. 민법 제2조

【참조판례】

가. 대법원 1992.1.21. 선고 91누5204 판결(공1992,927)>, 1994.4.26. 선고 93다10279 판결(공1994상,1452), 1995.5.9. 선고 93다51263 판결(공1995상,2072) / 다. 대법원 1992.6.9. 선고 91다41477 판결(공1992,2117)>, 1993.4.23. 선고 92다34940 판결(공1993하,1526), 1995.1.12. 선고 94다15653 판결(공1995상,869), 1995.7.14. 선고 95다1767 판결(공1995하,2801) / 라. 대법원 1991.9.24. 선고 90다12366 판결(공1991,2592), 1994.5.10. 선고 93다47677 판결(공1994상,1653)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 3,672자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인】

【피고, 피상고인】 효성바스프 주식회사 소송대리인 변호사 민경식

【원심판결】 부산고등법원 1995.1.27. 선고 94나5434 판결

【주 문】

상고를 기각한다.

상고비용은 원고의 부담으로 한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 판단한다

1. 제1, 2점에 대하여

원심판결 이유에 의하면 원심은, 원고는 1987.3.9. 피고 회사에 입사하여 연수교육을 마친 다음 같은 해 4.1.부터 1988.7.2.까지 약 1년 3개월간 P.S 생산과에 근무하면서 주로 C.P 생산공정 중 원·부재료조제 및 혼합업무에, 1988.7.3.부터 1989.6.20.까지 약 1년간 P.S 생산과 또는 C.P 생산과(1989.4.1. P.S과로 부터 분리되었다)에 근무하면서 C.P 생산공정 중 제품을 뽑아 내는 압출기 운전업무에, 그 이후부터 이 사건 전보명령 전까지 3년 6개월간 C.P 생산공정 중 제품혼합 및 포장업무를 담당하여 왔고 노동조합의 대의원으로 활동하고 있는 사실, 피고 회사는 1990.4.경부터 플라스틱 수지인 A.B.S 제품을 생산·판매하여 왔는데 그 제품생산 이후 계속하여 매월 3억원 이상의 적자를 면하지 못하고 있어서 그 제품의 영업력 강화를 위하여 고객의 불만을 사전에 해소할 수 있도록 경인지역 소재 임가공업체들에 대한 기술지도 등을 통하여 피고 회사에서 요구하는 품질좋은 제품을 생산하게 하기 위한 방편으로, 1992.4.1. 그 계열회사인 소외 동양나이론주식회사 안양공장 일부를 임차하여 그 곳에 본사 영업기술부 산하 기술서비스센터(TSC)를 설치 운영하기로 하여 관련 직무 유경험자를 충원받을 시급한 필요가 있어 1992.11.2. 본사 총무부에 C.P과 작업경험이 있고 공장 근무경력이 5년 이상되는 근로자 1인의 추천을 의뢰한 사실, 피고 회사 울산공장 생산부장은 위 기준에 따라 생산라인 통솔 역할을 맡은 반장 4명은 생산공정의 차질을 염려하여 추천대상에서 제외한 다음 나머지 근로자들 중 위 경력에 해당하는 P.S 생산과 소속 소외 ○○○(1984.12.1.입사), C.P 생산과 소속 원고와 A.B.S 생산과 소속 소외 ○○○(1984.12.4.입사)을 각 추천한 사실, 피고 회사는 1992.11.26. 14:00경 피고 회사 울산공장에서 인사위원회를 개최하여 위 추천된 3명중 위 ○○○은 노동조합 집행부의 기획부장이고, 위 ○○○은 평노동 조합원으로서 원고와 비교해 볼 때 P.S 생산과 근무기간은 장기간이나 C.P 생산과 경력은 짧아 위 기술서비스센터에서 요구하는 압출기 운전 및 성형가공 기술지도업무와 관련되는 업무경험이 부족하다고 판단하여 추천대상에서 제외하고, 원고가 위 기술서비스센터에서 요구하는 C.P 즉 플라스틱 수지제품 2차 가공(압출기 운전 및 원료조제) 경험이 있으며 5년이상 근속조건에 부합되는 등 적임자라고 판단하여 그의 추천을 의결하였고, 이에 따라 피고 회사는 1992.12.1. 원고에 대하여 위 기술서비스센터로 전보명령을 한 사실, 원고는 위 전보명령으로 인하여 노동조합 대의원으로서의 지위는 상실되지 않으나 사실상 노동조합 활동을 하기는 어렵게 되었고 위 기술서비스센터에서는 울산공장에서와 같이 상시 연장 및 휴일근로를 하지는 않으므로 실수령 임금이 다소 줄어들 가능성이 있으며 비연고지에서 근무하게 됨으로써 사회생활의 연속성이 일시정지되는 불이익을 받게 된 사실을 인정하였다.

원심이 들고 있는 증거를 기록과 대조하여 보면 원심의 사실인정은 충분히 인정할 수 있고 거기에 채증법칙을 위배하거나 사실을 오인한 위법은 없다.

논지는 이유가 없다.

2. 제3, 4점에 대하여

가. 근로자에 대한 전직이나 전보는 피용자가 제공하여야 할 근로의 종류와 내용 또는 장소 등에 변경을 가져온다는 점에서 피용자에게 불이익한 처분이 될 수 있으나 원칙적으로 인사권자인 사용자의 권한에 속하므로 업무상 필요한 범위 안에서는 상당한 재량을 인정하여야 하고, 이것이 근로기준법 제27조 제1항 또는 제105조에 위반하거나 권리남용에 해당하는 등 특별한 사정이 없는 한 무효라고 할 수는 없다고 할 것이다( 대법원 1992.1.21. 선고 91누5204 판결; 1994.4.26. 선고 93다10279 판결; 1995.5.9. 선고 93다51263 판결 등 참조)

원고에 대한 전보명령을 한 사유가 위에서 본 사실관계와 같다면, 이는 피고 회사가 A.B.S 제품의 생산 판매로 인하여 누적되는 큰 폭의 적자를 시정할 필요에서 설치한 기술서비스센터의 효율적 운영을 위하여 C.P 생산공정 업무에 대한 경험이 많은 원고를 선발하여 전보명령을 한 것으로서 이와 같은 업무상 필요성이 있는 이상 전보명령에 원고의 동의를 필요로 한다고 할 수 없고, 또한 위 전보명령의 업무상 필요성과 원고가 그로 인하여 입게되는 생활상의 불이익을 비교교량하여 보더라도 원고가 입게되는 위와 같은 생활상의 불이익이 사회통념상 통상의 전보에 따르는 정도를 현저히 넘어서 근로자가 이를 감당하는 것이 부당하다고 볼 수 있을 정도라고는 볼 수 없으므로 위 전보명령이 권리남용에 해당한다고도 할 수 없다 할 것이다.

이와 같은 취지로 판단한 원심은 정당하고, 거기에 전보에 있어서의 동의나 정당성에 대한 심리미진, 판단유탈, 법리오해의 위법이 없다. 논지는 이유가 없다.

나. 단체협약에서 노동조합 간부에 대한 인사를 하기 위하여는 사전에 조합과 협의하여야 한다는 규정을 둔 것은, 노동조합 간부에 대한 회사의 자의적인 인사권 행사로 인하여 노동조합의 정상적인 활동이 저해되는 것을 방지하려는 취지에서 회사로 하여금 노동조합의 간부 등에 대한 인사의 내용을 노동조합에 미리 통지하도록 하여 노동조합에게 징계를 포함한 인사의 공정을 기하기 위하여 필요한 노동조합측의 의견을 제시할 기회를 주고 노동조합으로부터 제시된 의견을 참고자료로 고려하게 하는 정도에 지나지 않는 것이라고 봄이 상당하므로, 노동조합 간부에 대한 인사가 위와 같은 사전협의 절차를 거치지 아니한 채 행하여졌다고 하여 그 인사의 효력이 없는 것이라고 할 수는 없다(당원 1992.6.9. 선고 91다41477 판결; 1993.4.23. 선고 92다34940 판결; 1995.1.12. 선고 94다15653 판결 등 참조)

소론과 같이 설사 피고 회사가 노동조합 대의원인 원고에 대한 전보명령을 하면서 단체협약 제17조 소정의 노동조합과의 사전협의 절차를 거치지 않았다고 하더라도 결국 위 전보명령이 무효라고 할 수는 없는 것이므로, 이를 다투는 논지는 이유가 없다.

3. 제5점에 대하여

전보명령이 무효가 아니라면 근로자로서는 이에 따라야 할 의무가 있고 유효한 전보명령에 불응하여 부임을 거부하는 것은 잘못이라 할 것이므로(당원 1991.9.24. 선고 90다12366 판결; 1994.5.10. 선고 93다47677 판결 등 참조), 피고가 단체협약 또는 취업규칙 등의 규정에 따라 50일간 계속 무단결근한 원고를 징계해고한 것은 정당하다고 할 것이고, 거기에 징계해고의 정당성에 대한 법리오해의 위법이 없다. 논지는 이유가 없다.

4. 그러므로 상고를 기각하고, 상고비용은 패소자의 부담으로 하기로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 안용득(재판장) 천경송 지창권 신성택(주심)

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