Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 95다1767

Confirmation of Invalidity of Dismissal, etc.해고무효확인등

Decided1995. 07. 14. Court대법원Employer won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

In this case, a labor union officer who was a licensed medical professional received a criminal conviction and was subjected to automatic retirement (당연퇴직) by the employer. Although the employer did not follow the prior consultation procedure with the union required under the collective bargaining agreement (단체협약) for personnel actions involving union officers, the Supreme Court held the automatic retirement valid because it was a mechanical action leaving no room for discretion. While automatic retirement is legally treated as a form of dismissal (해고) requiring just cause, the Court found that a criminal conviction of a medical professional constituted just cause given the strong public interest considerations involved in the medical profession.

Key takeaways
  • CaseIncident: A union officer who was a medical professional received a criminal conviction, and the company imposed automatic retirement (당연퇴직) without following the prior consultation procedure required under the collective bargaining agreement.
  • OutcomeResult: The Court ruled that automatic retirement is a mechanical action valid even without union consultation, and that a medical professional's criminal conviction constituted just cause given the public interest at stake.
  • LessonLesson: If automatic retirement provisions exist and their conditions are met, employers may act immediately even against union officers without going through procedural consultation with the union.
Issues
  • Whether failure to follow the prior consultation procedure required under the collective bargaining agreement for personnel actions against union officers affects the validity of the action
  • Whether disciplinary procedures are required when imposing automatic retirement
  • The legal nature of automatic retirement and whether it requires just cause
Key reasoning

Automatic retirement (당연퇴직) is triggered mechanically once the specified grounds under company regulations are met, meaning the employer has no discretion to choose an alternative outcome even after consulting the union. Because prior consultation would not have changed the result, failure to follow the prior consultation procedure required under the collective bargaining agreement did not affect the validity of the automatic retirement. However, since automatic retirement still functions as a dismissal in substance, it must be supported by just cause. The Court reasoned that criminal punishment of a medical professional undermines the public trust and public interest inherent in the medical profession, and therefore satisfies the just cause requirement for automatic retirement.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

a. The fundamental purpose of a provision in a collective agreement stating that "personnel matters concerning union officers, etc. shall be determined in consultation with the union" is to restrict the employer's unfair exercise of personnel authority by requiring the labor union and the employer to sincerely exchange their opinions and reach agreement between labor and management before exercising the authority to make personnel decisions regarding union officers. However, even where labor and management sincerely exchange opinions and go through the consultation procedure, if there are circumstances under which the employer has no choice but to necessarily take the relevant personnel action pursuant to provisions such as the employment rules, such that there is no possibility of reaching agreement in the first place, it cannot be said that the failure to go through the consultation procedure with the labor union has any effect on the validity of that personnel action.

b. Where, under the company's personnel regulations, an automatic retirement disposition is to be processed as an automatic retirement occurring immediately upon falling under a certain ground for retirement, without going through a separate procedure such as a disciplinary procedure, and the collective agreement does not separately provide for any provision excluding or restricting such automatic retirement, the employer, unlike in a case such as a disciplinary action where one of several levels of disciplinary sanctions may be selected, or a case where the personnel regulations, etc., provide that a certain personnel action may be taken, mechanically issues a retirement disposition upon falling under the ground for automatic retirement; thus, no matter how sincerely the union and the employer exchange opinions on the personnel matter during the consultation procedure, there is no possibility of taking any personnel action other than retirement, and therefore it cannot be said that the failure to go through prior consultation with the labor union as required under the collective agreement has any effect on the validity of the automatic retirement disposition. This is an example of a case holding as such.

c. Where the employment rules, etc., do not provide any procedural provisions with respect to grounds for automatic retirement, unlike other grounds such as disciplinary dismissal, it cannot be said that, unlike the case where a ground for automatic retirement is also identically provided as a ground for disciplinary action, the procedures prescribed for disciplinary action, etc., must be followed in making an automatic retirement disposition.

d. Although an automatic retirement disposition terminates the employment relationship by the unilateral intent of the employer regardless of the employee's intent, it is, in its nature, to be regarded as a dismissal; therefore, in order for such retirement disposition to be valid, there must be a justifiable cause as prescribed in Article 27(1) of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법).

e. This is an example of a case holding that there was justifiable cause, as set forth in item "d," for the automatic retirement disposition.

Full text (English, AI translation) 8,468 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellant]

[Defendant, Appellee] Hanyang Educational Foundation (학교법인 한양학원), Legal Counsel Jeong Gi-sung and 2 others

[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Decision 94Na6675, decided November 15, 1994

[Order]

The appeal is dismissed.
The costs of the appeal are to be borne by the Plaintiff.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal are examined as follows.

1. As to Ground No. 1

Where a collective bargaining agreement (단체협약) provides that personnel actions concerning union officers, etc. are to be decided in agreement with the union, a personnel action taken without going through such an agreement procedure shall, in principle, be null and void (see Supreme Court Decisions 91Da22100, decided May 22, 1992; 92Da45735, decided July 13, 1993; 94Da24596, decided January 24, 1995, etc.). Such "personnel action" includes all dispositions bringing about a change or termination of the employment relationship, such as personnel transfer, reward and punishment, and dismissal. The fundamental purpose of placing such a personnel-agreement clause is to have the labor union and the employer sincerely exchange their opinions and reach agreement between labor and management, so that the personnel authority over union officers is exercised through such agreement, thereby restricting the employer's unfair exercise of personnel authority. However, even where labor and management sincerely exchange opinions and go through the agreement procedure, if there are circumstances under which the employer is compelled, pursuant to provisions such as the employment rules, to take the relevant personnel action, such that there was no possibility from the outset of reaching agreement, then the failure to go through the agreement procedure with the labor union cannot be said to have any effect on the validity of the personnel action.

According to the record in this case, Article 8, Paragraph 1, Item 4 of the Defendant Foundation's Personnel Regulations for General Staff (일반직원 인사규정) provides, as one of the grounds for disqualification from appointment, a case where a person has received a sentence of imprisonment or a heavier penalty and two years have not yet passed from the date the suspended execution period was completed; Article 22, Item 1 provides that an employee shall automatically retire when a ground for disqualification from appointment arises or is discovered with respect to that employee; Articles 23 and 31 provide, in effect, that in order to carry out an ex officio dismissal or disciplinary action, procedures such as consent of the disciplinary committee must be followed; Article 21, Paragraph 1 of the collective bargaining agreement provides that the hospital shall not discriminate in personnel principles against union members on account of their legitimate union activities; and Paragraph 2 thereof provides that personnel actions concerning union officers and delegates shall be decided in prior agreement with the union, but there is no separate provision concerning automatic retirement (당연퇴직).

According to the above Personnel Regulations, an automatic retirement disposition is to be treated as a case in which retirement occurs automatically and immediately upon the mere satisfaction of a certain ground for retirement, without going through any separate procedure such as that for a disciplinary action, and since the collective bargaining agreement contains no separate provision excluding or restricting such automatic retirement, the employer, unlike in a case such as a disciplinary action where one of several types of disciplinary measures may be selected, or a case where the Personnel Regulations, etc. provide that a certain personnel action "may" be taken, mechanically carries out the retirement disposition simply upon satisfaction of the ground for automatic retirement. Therefore, no matter how sincerely opinions on personnel matters are exchanged with the labor union in the agreement procedure, there is no possibility of taking any personnel action other than retirement, and accordingly, the failure to go through prior agreement with the labor union as prescribed in the collective bargaining agreement cannot be said to have any effect on the validity of the automatic retirement disposition.

The court below's determination that the automatic retirement cannot be deemed invalid even though the above agreement procedure with the labor union was not followed, is justified, and there is no error of law affecting the judgment, such as a misapprehension of the legal principles concerning the collective bargaining agreement and the employment rules, contradiction in reasoning, or insufficiency of reasoning. This ground of appeal cannot be accepted.

2. As to Ground No. 2

Where the employment rules, etc. do not provide any procedural provisions concerning grounds for automatic retirement, unlike the case of disciplinary dismissal, etc., it cannot be said that, unlike a case where the same ground for automatic retirement is also prescribed as a ground for disciplinary action, the procedures prescribed for disciplinary action, etc. must be followed in taking an automatic retirement disposition (see Supreme Court Decisions 92Nu12452, decided May 25, 1993; 94Da42082, decided March 24, 1995, etc.).

The court below's determination that, since the above Personnel Regulations contain no procedural provisions whatsoever with respect to the automatic retirement disposition at issue in this case, the disposition cannot be deemed invalid merely because the Plaintiff was not given an opportunity to explain or because the matter was not deliberated by the personnel committee, is justified. The ground of appeal on this point also cannot be accepted.

3. As to Ground No. 3

Although an automatic retirement disposition terminates the employment relationship by the unilateral intent of the employer regardless of the employee's intent, it is, by its nature, to be regarded as a dismissal, and therefore, in order for such retirement disposition to be valid, there must be justifiable cause as prescribed in Article 27, Paragraph 1 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) (see Supreme Court Decisions 92Da54210, decided October 26, 1993; 94Da42082, decided March 24, 1995, etc.).

In light of the following: that the ground for the automatic retirement disposition in this case is that the Plaintiff received a sentence of imprisonment or a heavier penalty with suspended execution and two years had not yet passed from the date the suspended execution period was completed, which also falls under the ground for disqualification from appointment prescribed in the above Personnel Regulations; that the medical business conducted by Hanyang University Hospital, operated by the Defendant Foundation, constitutes a public-interest business aimed at improving national health, and the Plaintiff, as a member of the hospital and a nurse, is likewise a medical professional whose duty is to promote the improvement of national health and contribute to securing a healthy life for the people; that Article 8, Paragraph 1, Item 5 of the Medical Service Act (의료법) likewise provides, as one of the grounds for disqualification of medical personnel, a case where a person has received a sentence of imprisonment or a heavier penalty and it has not been finally determined that such sentence will not be executed; and that the content of the crime for which the Plaintiff received a suspended sentence of imprisonment was that the Plaintiff refused an administrative agency's business inspection, etc. regarding the status of operation of the labor union and intervened as a third party in a labor dispute at another workplace, etc. — in light of all these circumstances, the automatic retirement disposition in this case is found to have justifiable cause.

Furthermore, the automatic retirement disposition in this case does not constitute an unfair labor practice, nor can it be deemed to constitute an abuse of the right to discipline, and the court below's determination to this effect is justified. The ground of appeal related to this point also cannot be accepted.

4. Accordingly, the appeal is dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are to be borne by the Plaintiff, the appellant. This Judgment is rendered as set forth in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices.

Justice Park Jun-seo (Presiding Justice), Park Man-ho, Kim Hyeong-seon, Lee Yong-hoon (Justice in charge)

【판결요지】

가. 단체협약에 "노조 간부 등에 대한 인사는 조합과 합의하여 결정한다"는 조항을 둔 근본적인 취지는 노동조합과 사용자가 자신의 의견을 성실하게 교환하여 노사간에 의견의 합치를 보아 조합 간부에 대한 인사권을 행사하도록 함으로써 사용자의 부당한 인사권 행사를 제한하자는 데에 있는 것이기는 하지만, 노사간에 성실히 의견 교환을 하여 합의 절차를 거친다 하더라도 사용자가 취업규칙 등의 규정에 의하여 필요적으로 해당 인사처분을 하지 않을수 없는 사정이 있어서 애당초 의견의 합치를 볼 가능성이 없는 경우에는, 노동조합과의 합의 절차를 거치지 않았다고 하여 그 인사처분의 효력에 무슨 영향이 있다고 할 수 없다.

나. 회사의 인사규정에 의하면 당연퇴직 처분은 징계처분 등과 같은 절차를 따로 거치지 않고 일정한 퇴직 사유에 해당하기만 하면 바로 당연히 퇴직하는 것으로 처리하도록 되어 있고, 단체협약에서는 이러한 당연퇴직을 배제하거나 제한하는 등의 규정을 따로 두고 있지 아니한 경우에는, 사용자는 징계처분과 같이 여러 단계의 징계 종류 중 어느 하나를 선택할 수 있는 경우나 인사규정 등에 일정한 인사처분을 할 수 있다고 규정되어 있는 경우와는 달리 당연퇴직 사유에 해당하기만 하면 기계적으로 퇴직 처분을 하는 것이어서, 합의 절차에서 노동조합과 인사에 대한 의견을 아무리 성실히 교환한다고 하더라도 퇴직 이외의 다른 인사처분을 할 수 있는 경우가 아니므로, 단체협약 소정의 노동조합과 사전 합의를 거치지 않았다고 하여 그 당연퇴직 처분의 효력에 무슨 영향이 있다고 할 수 없다고 한 사례.

다. 취업규칙 등에서 당연퇴직 사유에 대하여 다른 징계해고 등과는 달리 아무런 절차 규정을 두고 있지 아니한 경우에는, 당연퇴직 사유가 동일하게 징계 사유로도 규정되어 있는 경우와는 달리 당연퇴직 처분을 함에 있어서 징계 등에서 정한 절차를 거쳐야 한다고 할 수 없다.

라. 당연퇴직 처분은 근로자의 의사와 관계없이 사용자의 일방적인 의사에 의하여 근로관계를 종료시키는 것이기는 하나, 성질상 해고라 할 것이므로 그 퇴직 처분이 유효하기 위하여는 근로기준법 제27조 제1항 소정의 정당한 사유가 있어야 한다.

마. 당연퇴직 처분에 "라"항의 정당한 이유가 있다고 본 사례.

【참조조문】

근로기준법 제27조 제1항 , 노동조합법 제36조

【참조판례】

가. 대법원 1992.5.22. 선고 91다22100 판결(공1992,1959), 1993.7.13. 선고 92다45735 판결(공1993하,2249), 1995.1.24. 선고 94다24596 판결(공1995상,1125) / 다. 대법원 1993.10.22. 선고 92다49935 판결(공1993하,3151), 1993.10.26. 선고 92다54210 판결(공1993하,3160), 1995.6.30. 선고 94다35350 판결(공1995하,2547) / 다.라. 대법원 1993.5.25. 선고 92누12452 판결(공1993하,1893), 1995.3.24. 선고 94다42082 판결(공1995상,1722)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 3,090자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인】

【피고, 피상고인】 학교법인 한양학원 소송대리인 변호사 정기숭 외 2인

【원심판결】 서울고등법원 1994.11.15. 선고 94나6675 판결

【주 문】

상고를 기각한다.

상고비용은 원고의 부담으로 한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 판단한다.

1. 제1점에 대하여

단체협약에 노조 간부 등에 대한 인사는 조합과 합의하여 결정한다고 규정하고 있는 경우, 이러한 합의 절차를 거치지 아니한 인사처분은 원칙적으로 무효라 할 것이다( 대법원 1992.5.22.선고 91다22100 판결 ; 1993.7.13. 선고 92다45735 판결 ; 1995.1.24. 선고 94다24596 판결 등 참조). 이 인사처분에는 인사이동, 상벌, 해고 등 근로관계의 변동, 소멸을 가져오는 모든 처분을 포함하는 것으로 이와 같은 인사 합의 조항을 둔 근본적인 취지는 노동조합과 사용자가 자신의 의견을 성실하게 교환하여 노사간에 의견의 합치를 보아 조합 간부에 대한 인사권을 행사하도록 함으로써 사용자의 부당한 인사권 행사를 제한하자는 데에 있는 것이기는 하지만, 노사간에 성실히 의견 교환을 하여 합의 절차를 거친다 하더라도 사용자가 취업규칙 등의 규정에 의하여 필요적으로 해당 인사처분을 하지 않을 수 없는 사정이 있어서 애당초 의견의 합치를 볼 가능성이 없는 경우에는 노동조합과의 합의 절차를 거치지 않았다고 하여 그 인사처분의 효력에 무슨 영향이 있다고 할 수 없다.

이 사건 기록에 의하면, 피고 법인의 일반직원 인사규정 제8조 제1항 제4호는 금고 이상의 형을 받고 그 집행유예의 기간이 완료된 날로부터 2년을 경과하지 아니한 경우를 임용 결격사유의 하나로 규정하고 있고, 제22조 제1호는 직원에게 임용 결격사유가 발생 또는 발견될 경우에는 당연히 퇴직한다고 규정하고 있으며, 제23조와 제31조는 직권면직과 징계를 하기 위하여는 징계위원회 동의 등의 절차를 거쳐야 한다는 취지의 규정을 두고 있고, 단체협약 제21조 제1항은 병원은 조합원의 정당한 조합 활동을 이유로 인사 원칙에서 차별대우를 하지 않는다. 제2항은 노조 간부 및 대의원에 대한 인사는 조합과 사전 합의하여 결정한다고 규정하고 있고, 당연퇴직에 대하여는 따로 규정하고 있지 않다.

위 인사규정에 의하면 당연퇴직 처분은 징계처분 등과 같은 절차를 따로 거치지 않고 일정한 퇴직 사유에 해당하기만 하면 바로 당연히 퇴직하는 것으로 처리하도록 되어 있고, 단체협약에서는 이러한 당연퇴직을 배제하거나 제한하는 등의 규정을 따로 두고 있지 아니하므로, 사용자는 징계처분과 같이 여러 단계의 징계종류 중 어느 하나를 선택할 수 있는 경우나, 인사규정 등에 일정한 인사처분을 할 수 있다고 규정되어 있는 경우와는 달리 당연퇴직 사유에 해당하기만 하면 기계적으로 퇴직 처분을 하는 것이어서, 합의 절차에서 노동조합과 인사에 대한 의견을 아무리 성실히 교환한다고 하더라도 퇴직 이외의 다른 인사처분을 할 수 있는 경우가 아니므로 단체협약 소정의 노동조합과 사전 합의를 거치지 않았다고 하여 그 당연퇴직 처분의 효력에 무슨 영향이 있다고 할 수 없다.

원심판결이 노동조합과 위와 같은 합의 절차를 거치지 않았더라도 당연퇴직을 무효라고 볼 수 없다고 판단한 것은 정당하고, 거기에 판결에 영향을 미친 단체협약 및 취업규칙에 관한 법리오해, 이유모순, 이유불비의 위법이 있다고 할 수 없다. 이 점을 지적하는 상고이유는 받아들일 수 없다.

2. 제2점에 대하여

취업규칙 등에서 당연퇴직 사유에 대하여 다른 징계해고 등과는 달리 아무런 절차 규정을 두고 있지 아니한 경우에는 당연퇴직 사유가 동일하게 징계 사유로도 규정되어 있는 경우와는 달리 당연퇴직 처분을 함에 있어서 징계 등에서 정한 절차를 거쳐야 한다고 할 수 없다( 대법원 1993.5.25. 선고 92누12452 판결; 1995.3.24. 선고 94다42082 판결 등 참조).

원심이 이 사건 당연퇴직 처분의 경우에는 위 인사규정에 아무런 절차 규정을 두고 있지 아니하므로 원고에게 변명의 기회를 주지 않았다거나 인사위원회의 심의를 거치지 않았다 하여 무효라고 볼 수 없다고 판단한 것은 정당하다. 이 점에 관한 상고이유도 받아들일 수 없다.

3. 제3점에 대하여

당연퇴직 처분은 근로자의 의사와 관계없이 사용자의 일방적인 의사에 의하여 근로관계를 종료시키는 것이기는 하나, 성질상 해고라 할 것이므로 그 퇴직 처분이 유효하기 위하여는 근로기준법 제27조 제1항 소정의 정당한 사유가 있어야 할 것이다 ( 대법원 1993.10.26. 선고 92다54210 판결 ; 1995.3.24. 선고 94다42082 판결 등 참조).

이 사건 당연퇴직 처분은 그 사유가 금고 이상의 형을 받고 그 집행유예의 기간이 완료된 날로부터 2년을 경과하지 아니한 경우로서 이는 위 인사규정 소정의 임용 결격사유에도 해당되는 점, 피고 법인이 경영하는 한양대학교 의과대학 부속병원이 하는 의료사업은 국민보건 향상을 목적으로 하는 공익사업에 해당하고 병원의 구성원인 원고 역시 간호사로서 국민보건의 향상을 도모하고 국민의 건강한 생활 확보에 기여함을 임무로 하는 의료인인 점, 의료법 제8조 제1항 제5호에도 금고 이상의 형의 선고를 받고 집행을 받지 않기로 확정되지 아니한 자를 의료인의 결격사유의 하나로 규정하고 있는 점, 원고가 징역형의 집행유예를 선고받은 범죄의 내용은 행정관청의 노동조합 운영 상황 등에 대한 업무 조사 등을 거부하였고 다른 사업장의 쟁의행위에 제3자로서 개입을 하였다는 것인 점 등에 비추어 보면, 이 사건 당연퇴직 처분은 정당한 이유가 있고, 이 사건 당연퇴직 처분이 부당노동행위에 해당되지 않음은 물론 징계권을 남용하였다고 볼 수도 없어 원심의 이러한 판단은 정당하다. 이 점에 관련된 상고이유도 받아들일 수 없다.

4. 그러므로 상고를 기각하고, 상고비용은 상고인인 원고의 부담으로 하기로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 박준서(재판장) 박만호 김형선 이용훈(주심)

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