Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 92다54210

Confirmation of Invalidity of Dismissal해고무효확인

Decided1993. 10. 26. Court대법원Case remanded (파기환송) — sent back to the lower court for reconsideration in favor of the worker's position that just cause was required
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

After the labor union chairman received a criminal conviction, the company applied its 'automatic retirement' (당연퇴직) rule under the company's work rules to end his employment. The Supreme Court (대법원) ruled that even automatic retirement, if it in substance terminates the employment relationship unilaterally, constitutes dismissal (해고) under labor law and therefore requires just cause. The case was remanded to the lower court for further review.

Key takeaways
  • CaseAfter the union chairman was criminally convicted, the company terminated his employment by applying the 'automatic retirement' clause in its work rules.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court ruled that automatic retirement is, in substance, a dismissal and therefore requires just cause to be valid.
  • LessonEmployers cannot avoid the just-cause requirement for dismissal simply by labeling a termination as 'automatic retirement' — if it functions as a dismissal, proper legal grounds are still required.
Issues
  • Whether an 'automatic retirement' (당연퇴직) provision in company work rules constitutes a dismissal (해고) under labor law
  • Whether automatic retirement also requires just cause for dismissal under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법)
Key reasoning

Under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), 'dismissal' is not defined by the label or procedure used, but by substance — any situation where the employer unilaterally ends the employment relationship qualifies as a dismissal. Therefore, even if a company calls the termination 'automatic retirement' (당연퇴직) rather than 'dismissal,' it must still meet the legal requirement of having just cause if it functions as a unilateral termination by the employer. The Court emphasized that companies cannot bypass employee protection rules simply by using different terminology in their internal work rules. Since automatic retirement in this case effectively ended the employment relationship at the company's initiative, it had to satisfy the same just-cause standard as an ordinary dismissal.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] The grounds for termination of an employment contract can be divided into: resignation, which occurs by the will or consent of the employee; dismissal, which occurs against the will of the employee by the unilateral intention of the employer; and automatic termination, which occurs regardless of the will of either the employee or the employer.
Dismissal as referred to in Article 27 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) means the termination of any employment contract relationship falling under the second category above, regardless of the name actually used at the workplace or the procedure followed.

[2] Even if a company stipulates the occurrence of certain grounds as grounds for automatic retirement and handles the procedure differently from ordinary dismissal or disciplinary dismissal, if the employment relationship is unilaterally terminated by the employer regardless of the employee's intention, this must, by its nature, be regarded as a dismissal subject to the restrictions under the Labor Standards Act. Therefore, even if a retirement measure against an employee is stipulated as automatic retirement in a collective agreement or employment rules, for such retirement measure to be valid, there must be justifiable cause as prescribed in Article 27, Paragraph 1 of the Labor Standards Act, and where there is no such justifiable cause, a lawsuit for confirmation of the invalidity of the retirement disposition may be filed.

Full text (English, AI translation) 10,868 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellant]

[Defendant, Appellee]

[Judgment Below]

Daegu High Court Decision 92Na2722, decided October 29, 1992

[Order]

The judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Daegu High Court.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal are examined.

1. The summary of the facts found by the court below is as follows.

A. The Plaintiff worked as an assembly worker for the Defendant company from June 24, 1987, and on February 7, 1990, was elected chairperson of the Defendant company's labor union. Thereafter, in the course of wage negotiations between labor and management from around April 20, 1990 to around June 7, 1990, the Plaintiff, as union chairperson, was arrested on June 13 of the same year on charges of obstructing the company's business, engaging in illegal work slowdowns and strikes, and leading outdoor rallies and demonstrations. He was sentenced to one year of imprisonment by the Daegu District Court on September 8 of the same year, appealed, and was sentenced on appeal on January 25, 1991 to one year of imprisonment with two years' suspension of execution. He further appealed to the Supreme Court, but the appeal was dismissed on June 26 of the same year, and the judgment became final.

B. Article 23 of the Defendant company's labor-management agreement provides that an employee shall be automatically retired (당연퇴직) when: the employee is absent without leave for five or more days without justifiable cause; the employee reaches retirement age or dies; the employee receives a conviction for a criminal offense; the employee is declared incompetent, quasi-incompetent, or bankrupt; or an employee on leave due to discharge from military service, illness, or injury fails to submit an application for reinstatement within two weeks from the date of recovery.
Article 9, Paragraph 2, Item 3 of the Rules of Employment likewise provides for automatic dismissal (당연면직) in the case of such grounds (which appear to refer to the case of receiving a conviction for a criminal offense).

C. Furthermore, apart from automatic dismissal, the Defendant company's Rules of Employment separately provide, in Article 15, Paragraph 2, Item 1, that disciplinary action may be taken against a person who violates the Rules of Employment; in Item 2, that the types of disciplinary action are warning, reprimand, wage reduction, suspension, and dismissal; and in Item 4, grounds for dismissal that are distinct from the grounds for automatic retirement. Article 25 of the above labor-management agreement likewise provides for the same types of disciplinary action.

D. When the Plaintiff was sentenced on appeal to one year of imprisonment with two years' suspension of execution, the Defendant company convened a personnel committee on January 29, 1991, and, having determined that grounds for automatic retirement under the labor-management agreement and the Rules of Employment had arisen, went through a formal deliberation and resolution, and on the same date notified the Plaintiff that he had been automatically retired.

2. The Judgment of the Court Below

Under the above factual relationship, the court below held as follows. The Defendant company's designation of "receiving a conviction for a criminal offense" as a ground for automatic retirement is because, where an employee commits a crime beyond a mere violation of company rules, is prosecuted, and receives a final conviction, keeping such person as an employee is deemed to harm the company's social reputation and impede the maintenance of corporate order, regardless of whether the crime in question was committed in relation to his duties; moreover, since the misconduct is clear and its degree is substantial, it is reasonable that dismissal need not go through separate disciplinary procedures. In light of the fact that the conviction referred to in that ground is interpreted to presuppose a sentence of imprisonment or a heavier punishment (including suspended sentences), the above automatic retirement provision cannot be deemed unconditionally disadvantageous to the employee and thus invalid. Furthermore, in light of the fact that the Defendant company's Rules of Employment provide for a disciplinary dismissal provision separate from automatic retirement, with different grounds and procedures, the notice of automatic retirement cannot be regarded as a dismissal disposition. Automatic retirement occurs as a matter of course when the relevant ground arises, without any special act of disposition, and the notice given to the Plaintiff was merely a notice of perception (관념의 통지) confirming and informing him of the fact of automatic retirement. Therefore, both an action seeking confirmation of invalidity of dismissal premised on the notice being a dismissal, and an action seeking confirmation of invalidity of a retirement disposition premised on it being an independent disposition distinct from dismissal, lack the interest in seeking such confirmation.

The court below further held that "when a conviction is received," as one of the grounds for automatic retirement, should be interpreted to mean when the conviction becomes final. Therefore, although the Defendant company's notice of automatic retirement, given on January 29, 1991, a few days after the conviction was rendered on appeal, was erroneous, since the appeal was subsequently dismissed by the Supreme Court on June 26 of the same year and the conviction became final, the Plaintiff was automatically retired from the Defendant company on that same date and lost his status as an employee. Accordingly, even if the claim is construed as seeking confirmation of employee status, this would be seeking confirmation of a past legal relationship and would therefore be unlawful. The court below further determined that the Defendant was obligated to pay the Plaintiff wages in the amount of KRW 3,472,010, for the period from January 29, 1991, when the Defendant ceased paying wages to the Plaintiff, until June 26 of the same year, when the Plaintiff was automatically retired.

3. Judgment of this Court

A. Upon consideration, the grounds for termination of an employment contract may be divided into: resignation, which occurs by the employee's intention or consent; dismissal, which occurs contrary to the employee's intention by the unilateral intention of the employer; and automatic extinguishment, which occurs regardless of the intention of either the employee or the employer.

The term "dismissal" as used in Article 27 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) must be interpreted to mean any termination of the employment relationship falling within the second category above, regardless of the name actually used at the workplace in question or the procedure followed.

Therefore, even if the Defendant company designated the occurrence of a certain ground as a ground for automatic retirement and adopted a procedure different from that for ordinary dismissal or disciplinary dismissal, if the employment relationship is unilaterally terminated by the employer regardless of the employee's intention, this must, by its nature, be regarded as a dismissal subject to the restrictions of the Labor Standards Act.

Accordingly, even though the retirement measure taken against the Plaintiff in this case was designated as automatic retirement under the collective agreement or the Rules of Employment, this constitutes a type of dismissal in the sense described above, and it should be viewed that the company merely, for internal purposes, used a different name and procedure in order to distinguish it from ordinary dismissal procedures. Therefore, in order for the retirement measure taken against the Plaintiff in this case to be valid, there must be a justifiable reason as provided in Article 27, Paragraph 1 of the Labor Standards Act, and in the absence of such justifiable reason, an action seeking confirmation of invalidity of the retirement disposition may be brought.

If so, the court below erred in dismissing the action on the ground of lack of interest in confirmation, having regarded the retirement measure taken against the Plaintiff in this case merely as a notice of perception, without proceeding to the merits and determining the legitimacy of the retirement disposition against the Plaintiff.

In this case, regardless of whether the Plaintiff's action is construed as an action seeking confirmation of invalidity of dismissal or as an action seeking confirmation of invalidity of a retirement disposition, both must be regarded as seeking confirmation of invalidity of the above retirement measure, which is a type of dismissal. Therefore, the claim for confirmation of invalidity of the retirement disposition and the claim for confirmation of invalidity of dismissal should not be treated as independent, separate claims.

B. Furthermore, although the provisions of the Rules of Employment and the labor-management agreement (collective agreement) at issue in this case are worded such that an employee who receives a conviction for a criminal offense is automatically retired, in a form suggesting that retirement occurs immediately upon satisfaction of the requirements under the provision, since, as noted above, an automatic retirement measure based on such a ground must also be recognized as legitimate as a type of dismissal, such provisions of the Rules of Employment or labor-management agreement, notwithstanding their formal wording, can constitute a lawful ground for automatic retirement only in cases where such legitimacy as described above can be recognized. If, instead, the intent is to treat all cases formally falling under the above provision as grounds for automatic retirement, this may be viewed as being in violation of the provisions of Article 27, Paragraph 1 of the Labor Standards Act.

Viewed in this light, it is reasonable to interpret the provisions concerning grounds for automatic retirement in the Rules of Employment or the collective agreement as carrying an inherent limitation (內在的 制約) requiring the existence of a justifiable reason as referred to in Article 27, Paragraph 1 of the Labor Standards Act. Understood in this manner, the above provisions cannot be deemed invalid as violating Article 27, Paragraph 1 of the Labor Standards Act.

C. The judgment below is unlawful in that it misapprehended the legal principles concerning dismissal in the form of automatic retirement and failed to exhaust its examination, and the argument is well-founded to this extent.

Therefore, without determining the remaining grounds of appeal, the opinions of the participating Justices being unanimous, it is ordered that the judgment below be reversed and the case be remanded to the court below, as stated in the Order.

Justice Kim Seok-su (Presiding Justice), Bae Man-un (Justice in charge), Kim Ju-han, Jeong Gwi-ho

【판결요지】

가. 근로계약의 종료사유는 근로자의 의사나 동의에 의하여 이루어지는 퇴직, 근로자의 의사에 반하여 사용자의 일방적 의사에 의하여 이루어지는 해고, 근로자나 사용자의 의사와는 관계없이 이루어지는 자동소멸 등으로 나눌 수 있으며 근로기준법 제27조에서 말하는 해고란 실제 사업장에서 불리우는 명칭이나 그 절차에 관계없이 위의 두번째에 해당하는 모든 근로계약관계의 종료를 의미한다.

나. 회사가 어떠한 사유의 발생을 당연퇴직사유로 규정하고 그 절차를 통상의 해고나 징계해고와는 달리 하였더라도 근로자의 의사와 관계없이 사용자측에서 일방적으로 근로관계를 종료시키는 것이면 성질상 이는 해고로서 근로기준법에 의한 제한을 받는다고 보아야 할 것이므로 근로자에 대한 퇴직조처가 단체협약이나 취업규칙에서 당연퇴직으로 규정되었다 하더라도 위 퇴직조처가 유효하기 위하여는 근로기준법 제27조 제1항이 규정하는 바의 정당한 이유가 있어야 하고, 이와 같은 정당한 이유가 없는 경우에는 퇴직처분무효확인의 소를 제기할 수 있다.

【참조조문】

근로기준법 제27조 제1항

【참조판례】

대법원 1993.10.22. 선고 92다49935 판결(공1993하,3151)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 4,008자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인】

【피고, 피상고인】

【원심판결】 대구고등법원 1992.10.29. 선고 92나2722 판결

【주 문】

원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 대구고등법원에 환송한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 본다.

1. 원심이 인정한 사실의 요지는 다음과 같다.

가. 원고는 1987.6.24.부터 피고 회사의 조립공으로 근무하여 오다가 1990.2.7. 피고 회사 노동조합의 위원장으로 선출되었다. 그 후 원고는 노조위원장으로서 1990.4.20.경부터 같은 해 6.7.경까지 사이에 노사간에 임금교섭을 하는 과정에서 회사업무를 방해하고, 불법으로 태업, 파업을 하며 옥외집회를 열고 시위를 주동하였다는 이유로 같은 해 6.13. 구속되어 같은 해 9.8. 대구지방법원에서 징역 1년의 실형을 선고받고 항소하여 1991.1.25. 항소심에서 징역 1년에 집행유예 2년을 선고받았으며, 다시 대법원에 상고하였으나 같은 해 6.26. 상고기각되어 확정되었다.

나. 피고 회사의 노사합의서 제23조에 의하면 정당한 사유 없이 5일 이상 무단결근하였을 때, 조합원이 정년에 달했거나 사망하였을 때, 형사상의 범죄로 유죄판결을 받았을 때, 금치산, 한정치산, 파산선고를 받았을 때, 전역일 또는 질병, 부상으로 인해 휴직한 자가 완치일로부터 2주 이내에 복직원을 제출하지 아니한 때에는 당연퇴직한다고 규정되어 있고, 취업규칙 제9조 제2항 제3호에도 위와 같은 사유(형사상의 범죄로 유죄판결을 받았을 경우를 가리키는 것으로 보인다)가 있는 경우에는 당연면직한다고 규정되어 있다.

다. 또한 피고 회사의 취업규칙에서는 당연면직과는 별도로 제15조 제2항 제1호에서 취업규칙을 위반하는 자에 대하여는 징계를 할 수 있다고 규정하고, 제2호에서 징계의 종류로 경고, 견책, 감봉, 정직, 해고를 규정하고, 제4호에서 당연퇴직사유와 다른 해고사유를 규정하고 있으며, 위 노사합의서 제25조에서도 위와 같은 징계 종류를 규정하고 있다.

라. 피고 회사는 원고가 항소심에서도 징역 1년에 집행유예 2년의 판결을 선고받자 1991.1.29. 인사위원회를 열어 노사합의서 및 취업규칙상의 당연퇴직사유가 발생하였다 하여 형식적인 심의의결을 거쳐 같은 날짜로 원고가 당연퇴직되었음을 원고에게 통보하였다.

2. 원심의 판단

원심은 위와 같은 사실관계하에서, 피고 회사가 “형사상의 범죄로 유죄판결을 받았을 때”를 당연퇴직사유로 삼은 것은 근로자가 사규위반의 정도를 넘어 범죄를 저지르고 소추되어 유죄판결을 받아 확정되었다면 당해 범죄가 직무에 관하여 범한 것인가에 관계없이 그를 근로자로 두는 것이 회사의 사회적 명예를 해하고 기업질서의 유지에 저해가 된다고 보여질 뿐 아니라 그와 같은 비행이 있었음이 명백하고 비행의 정도가 커서 별도의 징계 등의 절차를 거쳐 해고하지 않아도 됨이 상당하다고 인정되기 때문이고, 그 사유에서의 유죄판결은 자유형 이상의 형(집행유예 포함)을 선고받음을 전제로 하고 있는 것으로 해석되는 점에 비추어 보면, 위 당연퇴직규정이 무조건 근로자에게 불리하여 효력이 없다고 볼 수는 없으며, 피고 회사 취업규칙에 당연퇴직과는 별도로 징계해고규정을 두고 있고 그 사유 및 절차가 다른 점에 비추어 보면 당연퇴직의 통보를 해고처분으로 볼 수는 없고, 당연퇴직은 그 사유가 발생한 때에 특별한 처분행위 없이 당연히 퇴직하는 것이고 이를 원고에게 통지한 것은 당연퇴직사실을 확인하고 알리는 관념의 통지에 불과하므로 위 통지가 해고임을 전제로 한 해고무효확인의 소나 해고와는 다른 독립된 처분임을 전제로 한 퇴직처분무효확인의 소는 모두 그 확인을 구할 소의 이익이 없고, 당연퇴직사유의 하나인 유죄판결을 받았을 때란 유죄판결이 확정되었을 때를 의미하는 것으로 보아야 할 것이므로 피고 회사가 항소심에서 유죄판결이 선고되자 그 며칠 후인 1991.1.29. 당연퇴직통보를 한 것은 잘못된 것이기는 하나 그 후 같은 해 6.26. 상고심에서 상고기각되어 유죄판결이 확정됨으로써 원고는 같은 날 피고 회사를 당연퇴직하여 사원의 지위를 상실하였다 할 것이므로, 위 청구를 사원의 지위의 확인을 구하는 것으로 보더라도 이는 과거의 법률관계의 확인을 구하는 것이어서 부적법하다 할 것이고, 다만 피고는 원고에게 임금을 지급하지 않은 1991.1.29. 부터 당연퇴직된 같은 해 6.26.까지의 급료 금 3,472,010원을 지급할 의무가 있다고 판단하였다.

3. 당원의 판단

가. 생각컨대, 근로계약의 종료사유는 근로자의 의사나 동의에 의하여 이루어지는 퇴직, 근로자의 의사에 반하여 사용자의 일방적 의사에 의하여 이루어지는 해고, 근로자나 사용자의 의사와는 관계없이 이루어지는 자동소멸 등으로 나누어 볼 수 있을 것인바, 근로기준법 제27조에서 말하는 해고란 실제 사업장에서 불리우는 명칭이나 그 절차에 관계없이 위의 두번째에 해당하는 모든 근로계약관계의 종료를 의미한다 고 해석하여야 할 것이므로, 피고 회사가 어떠한 사유의 발생을 당연퇴직사유로 규정하고 그 절차를 통상의 해고나 징계해고와는 달리 하였더라도 근로자의 의사와 관계없이 사용자측에서 일방적으로 근로관계를 종료시키는 것이면 성질상 이는 해고로서 근로기준법에 의한 제한을 받는다고 보아야 할 것이다.

그러므로 원고에 대한 이 사건 퇴직조처가 단체협약이나 취업규칙에서 당연퇴직으로 규정하였다 하더라도 이는 위와 같은 의미의 해고의 일종이고, 다만 그 절차에서 다른 일반의 해고절차와 구분하기 위하여 회사가 내부적으로 그 명칭과 절차를 달리한 것이라고 볼 것이고, 따라서 원고에 대한 이 사건 퇴직조처가 유효하기 위하여는 근로기준법 제27조 제1항이 규정하는 바의 정당한 이유가 있어야 하고, 이와 같은 정당한 이유가 없는 경우에는 퇴직처분무효확인의 소를 제기할 수 있다 고 보아야 할 것이다.

그렇다면 원심이 원고에 대한 이 사건 퇴직조처가 관념의 통지인 것으로만 파악하여 본안에 들어가 원고에 대한 퇴직처분의 정당성에 관하여 판단하지 아니하고, 확인의 이익이 없다는 이유로 각하한 것은 잘못이라고 할 것이다.

이 사건에서는 원고가 해고무효확인의 소를 제기한 것이건 퇴직처분무효확인의 소를 제기한 것이건 이는 모두 해고의 일종인 위 퇴직조처의 무효확인을 구하는 것으로 보아야 할 것이므로, 퇴직처분무효확인청구와 해고무효확인청구를 독립한 별개의 청구로 볼 것도 아니다.

나. 나아가 보건대, 이 사건에서 문제된 위 취업규칙이나 노사합의서(단체협약)의 규정이 종업원이 형사상의 범죄로 유죄판결을 받았을 때는 당연퇴직한다고 되어 있어 마치 위 규정상의 요건에 충족되기만 하면 곧바로 퇴직되는 것과 같은 형식으로 규정되어 있지만, 이를 이유로 하는 당연퇴직조처도 일종의 해고로서 정당한 것으로 인정되어야 하는 것임은 위에서 본 바와 같으므로, 위와 같은 취업규칙이나 노사합의서의 규정은 그 규정의 형식에도 불구하고 위와 같은 정당성이 인정될 수 있는 경우라야 적법한 당연퇴직사유에 해당할 수 있는 것이고, 그렇지 아니하고 형식적으로 위 규정에 해당하는 모든 경우를 당연퇴직사유로 삼는 취지라면 이는 근로기준법 제27조 제1항의 규정에 위배된다고 볼 여지가 있을 수 있다.

이렇게 볼 때 위의 취업규칙이나 단체협약의 당연퇴직사유에 관한 규정은 근로기준법 제27조 제1항에서 말하는 정당한 사유가 있는 경우라는 내재적 제약(內在的 制約)을 가지고 있다고 보는 것이 합리적일 것이며, 이렇게 보면 위의 규정이 근로기준법 제27조 제1항에 위반되어 무효라고 할 수는 없다.

다. 원심판결에는 해고로서의 당연퇴직에 관한 법리를 오해하여 심리를 다하지 아니한 위법이 있다고 할 것이고, 논지는 이 범위 안에서 이유 있다.

그러므로 나머지 상고이유에 대한 판단을 생략하고 원심판결을 파기하여 사건을 원심법원에 환송하기로 관여 법관의 의견이 일치되어 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 김석수(재판장) 배만운(주심) 김주한 정귀호

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