Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 91다2663

Confirmation of Invalidity of Dismissal (해고무효확인)해고무효확인

Decided1991. 05. 14. Court대법원Worker won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

A labor union president conducted training for union officers outside of working hours, after which the company filed a criminal complaint against him. Although the investigation cleared him of wrongdoing, the company disciplinarily dismissed him, claiming he had disrupted the workplace atmosphere and damaged the company's reputation during the investigation process. The Supreme Court upheld the lower court's ruling that the dismissal was invalid, finding that the worker's continued objections after receiving severance pay (퇴직금) meant he had not accepted the dismissal.

Key takeaways
  • CaseIncident: A union president conducted union training outside working hours, leading to a company complaint, a criminal investigation, and subsequent disciplinary dismissal.
  • OutcomeResult: The court ruled the dismissal invalid, holding that legitimate union activity cannot be used as disciplinary grounds, and that accepting severance pay did not waive the worker's right to contest the dismissal.
  • LessonLesson: Legitimate union activities conducted outside working hours are protected, and receiving severance pay does not count as approving a dismissal if the worker continues to formally object.
Issues
  • Whether a disciplinary dismissal based on union officer training conducted outside working hours was legally justified
  • Whether receiving severance pay (퇴직금) constitutes a worker's acceptance of the validity of a disciplinary dismissal
Key reasoning

The court held that a disciplinary dismissal (징계해고) cannot be based on the mere fallout from a criminal complaint filed against legitimate union activities conducted outside working hours. Since the criminal investigation ultimately found no wrongdoing, using that same matter as grounds for disciplinary action was invalid. Furthermore, the court found that even though the worker accepted severance pay after dismissal, this did not constitute acceptance or ratification of the dismissal because he had consistently and continuously raised objections to it. Therefore, the disciplinary dismissal lacked just cause and was void from the outset.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

a. A case holding that a disciplinary dismissal was null and void, where the dismissal was based on the ground that the union president, who had held and conducted a training assembly for union officers during off-duty hours, was reported for violation of the Assembly and Demonstration Act (집회및시위에관한법률), and that the investigation into that case disturbed the atmosphere of the company and damaged the company's reputation and credit.

b. A case affirming the lower court's determination that, although the employee received the retirement allowance and dismissal allowance deposited by the company for repayment (변제공탁) immediately after the disciplinary dismissal, since he had implicitly reserved his objection, the mere act of receiving the deposited money could not be deemed to constitute approval of the disciplinary dismissal as valid; and that the mere fact that he did not file a suit for confirmation of invalidity of the dismissal until two years had passed after receiving the deposited money could not, by itself, be conclusively deemed to have provided the company with a basis for trust that he had approved the disciplinary dismissal as valid.

Full text (English, AI translation) 10,482 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellee]

[Defendant, Appellant] Tongil Co., Ltd., Counsel Yoon Kyung-hyun and one other

[Judgment Below] Busan High Court Decision 89Na9302 rendered on November 29, 1990

[Order]

The appeal is dismissed.

The costs of the appeal shall be borne by the Defendant.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal are examined.

(1) As to the First Ground of Appeal

According to the reasoning of the judgment below, the court below, upon comprehensive consideration of the evidence cited therein, found the following facts: the Plaintiff joined the Defendant company on October 6, 1980, and worked as a technical employee, and was elected chairman of the Defendant company's labor union on May 2, 1985; the Plaintiff conducted labor union executive training as indicated in the judgment at the date, time, and place indicated therein; in connection with this, the Defendant company reported the Plaintiff and 17 other executives, totaling 18 persons, to the Gyeongsangnam-do Police Bureau for violation of the Act on Assembly and Demonstration (집회및시위에관한법률), and on the same day also reported, together with the above assembly case, the labor dispute action conducted by Defendant company's workers from April 6 to April 26, 1985, which had been led by the Plaintiff while he served as the labor union's secretary-general, for violation of Article 12(2) of the Labor Dispute Adjustment Act (노동쟁의조정법), which prohibits labor disputes at defense industry enterprises; the Plaintiff was detained on June 28, 1985, on suspicion of violating the Labor Dispute Adjustment Act and the Act on Assembly and Demonstration; as a result of the investigation of the above reported case, the Gyeongsangnam-do Police Bureau and the Masan District Public Prosecutors' Office rendered a decision of no suspicion with respect to the Plaintiff's holding of the above labor union executive training assembly, on the ground that it was difficult to view the act as one likely to cause significant social unrest, while indicting the Plaintiff before the Masan District Court on July 20, 1985, with respect to the labor dispute portion for violation of the Labor Dispute Adjustment Act, and the said court sentenced the Plaintiff on December 10, 1985, to one year's imprisonment, suspended for two years; the Defendant company, deeming that, as a result of the above labor union executive training assembly case led by the Plaintiff, numerous employees and management staff including the president were subjected to investigation, thereby internally disturbing the atmosphere of the company and externally damaging the company's honor and credit, and that this constituted grounds for disciplinary action under Article 74, Item 10 of the Defendant company's Rules of Employment (regarding misconduct in the performance of duties, acts disturbing the order and discipline of the company, acts impairing harmony among employees, and acts damaging the honor or credit of the company) and Article 10, Item 1 of the Disciplinary Regulations, dismissed the Plaintiff by way of disciplinary action effective July 5, 1985. Having established these facts, the court below then held as follows: the Plaintiff held the above labor union executive training assembly during non-working hours, namely Saturday evening through Sunday dawn; the content of the executive training conducted at the assembly did not violate social norms or could be regarded as part of legitimate labor union activities; further, even if, due to the investigation initiated as a result of the Defendant company's report concerning the above labor union executive training assembly on suspicion of violation of the Act on Assembly and Demonstration, numerous employees including the Plaintiff were taken into custody by investigative authorities, thereby internally disturbing the atmosphere of the Defendant company and causing significant disruption to production activities, and externally damaging the honor of the Defendant company, this should be regarded merely as an incidental result of the exercise of the State's criminal justice power; moreover, since the above labor union executive training assembly matter, which the Defendant company put forward as the premise for the grounds of disciplinary action against the Plaintiff, was found through investigation to be a case of no suspicion, the disciplinary dismissal in this case rendered by the Defendant company against the Plaintiff either does not fall under grounds for disciplinary action, or was based on grounds for which the Plaintiff cannot be held responsible, and is therefore null and void. Upon examining the record against the evidence cited in the judgment below, the above determination of the court below is acceptable, and there is no illegality therein such as incomplete deliberation, insufficient reasoning, or misapprehension of the legal principles concerning justifiable grounds for disciplinary dismissal, as argued in the grounds of appeal. Therefore, this argument cannot be accepted.

(2) As to the Second Ground of Appeal

The court below examined the Defendant's argument that: the Plaintiff, on May 2, 1986, received without reservation of any objection the retirement allowance and dismissal allowance which the Defendant company had deposited for performance immediately after the above disciplinary dismissal, and only two years later, on May 2, 1988, filed the instant lawsuit; first, the Plaintiff, upon receiving the deposited amount, already approved the above disciplinary dismissal as valid; and second, labor-management disputes, particularly disputes relating to the validity of dismissal, require prompt resolution both from the standpoint of the worker, who depends on wages for livelihood, since dismissal is a measure that deprives the worker of his status, and from the standpoint of the employer, for whom the supply and demand of labor forms the basis of management; moreover, since the grounds for disciplinary action against the Plaintiff arose from a collective demonstration, and the Plaintiff was detained, sentenced, and released, and thereafter received the deposited amount including the retirement allowance and did not contest the validity of the dismissal for two years thereafter, considering all these circumstances together, the Plaintiff provided the Defendant company with a basis for trust that the Plaintiff had approved the above disciplinary dismissal as valid; therefore, it is argued, the Plaintiff's belated contest of the validity of the above disciplinary dismissal is not permitted under the principle of good faith or the principle of estoppel. As to this argument, the court below, upon comprehensive consideration of the evidence cited therein, found the following facts: from the time the Plaintiff received notice of the convening of the disciplinary committee, he made clear that he could never accept the disciplinary action and that he would fight against it; even after being disciplinarily dismissed, he continued to serve as chairman of the Defendant company's labor union, went to the Defendant company demanding withdrawal of the disciplinary dismissal, while also attending the labor union's regular general meetings and various events to engage in union activities, and on May 2, 1986, upon the advice of counsel, withdrew and received the deposited amount which the Defendant company had deposited; the acting chairmen of the Defendant company's labor union, until April 1988, included the issue of reinstatement of dismissed persons such as the Plaintiff in the agenda when conducting collective bargaining with the Defendant company and attempted to resolve it, but in April 1988, when drafting the labor union's collective agreement proposal, made a proposal that the issue of dismissed persons would be left to the court's determination; the Plaintiff filed the instant lawsuit on May 2, 1988; and thereafter the labor union's collective agreement proposal was concluded as a collective agreement as it was on October 25, 1988. Having established these facts, the court below held that the Plaintiff continuously contested the validity of the above disciplinary dismissal from the time of the dismissal until the filing of the instant lawsuit, and it is reasonable to view that the Defendant company was also aware of these circumstances; therefore, even though the Plaintiff did not expressly reserve an objection when receiving the deposited amount, in light of the circumstances before and after the receipt as described above, it is reasonable to view that the Plaintiff impliedly reserved an objection; accordingly, the act of receiving the deposited amount alone cannot be deemed to constitute approval of the above disciplinary dismissal as valid; furthermore, the mere fact that the Plaintiff filed the instant lawsuit only after two years had elapsed since receiving the deposited amount cannot be conclusively deemed to have provided the Defendant company with a basis for trust that the Plaintiff had approved the above disciplinary dismissal as valid. On this basis, the court below rejected the Defendant's above argument. Upon examining the record against the evidence cited in the judgment below, the above determination of the court below is likewise acceptable, and there is no illegality therein such as misapprehension of the legal principles concerning the nature of retirement allowances or the principle of good faith, as argued in the grounds of appeal; and the precedent of this Court cited in the grounds of appeal differs from the instant case in its factual relationship regarding the circumstances under which the retirement allowance was received and the Plaintiff's conduct before and after receiving the retirement allowance, and is therefore inappropriate to invoke in this case. Therefore, this argument also cannot be accepted.

(3) As to the Third Ground of Appeal

The argument raised in the grounds of appeal is a new argument raised for the first time before this Court, which was not raised up to the court below, and therefore cannot constitute a legitimate ground of appeal against the judgment below. This argument also cannot be accepted.

(4) Therefore, the appeal is dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are to be borne by the losing party. This Judgment is rendered as stated in the Order, by the unanimous opinion of the Justices involved.

Presiding Justice Lee Jae-sung, Justice Lee Hoi-chang, Justice Bae Man-woon, Justice Kim Seok-su

【판결요지】

가. 근무 외의 시간에 노동조합 간부교육집회를 개최하여 그 교육을 실시한 노동조합장에 대하여 집회및시위에관한법률위반으로 고발한 후 그 사건에 대한 수사로 회사 분위기를 문란케 하고 회사 명예와 신용을 훼손하였다는 사유로 한 징계해고가 무효라고 본 사례

나. 근로자가 징계해고 직후에 회사가 변제공탁한 퇴직금과 해고수당을 수령하였으나 묵시적으로 이의를 유보하였으므로 위 공탁물을 수령한 행위만으로 징계해고를 유효한 것으로 승인하였다고는 할 수 없고, 또 위 공탁물을 수령하고 2년이 경과한 후에 비로소 해고무효확인의 소를 제기하였다는 사정만으로는 회사에 대하여 징계해고를 유효한 것으로 승인하였다는 신뢰의 기반을 제공하였다고 단정할 수도 없다고 본 원심의 조치를 수긍한 사례

【참조조문】

근로기준법 제27조

【참조판례】

나. 대법원 1987.4.28. 선고 86다카1873 판결(공1987,882), 1987.9.22. 선고 87다카1187 판결(공1987,1638), 1991.1.25. 선고 90누4952 판결(공1991,878)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 3,647자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 피상고인】

【피고, 상고인】 주식회사 통일 소송대리인 변호사 윤경현 외 1인

【원심판결】 부산고등법원 1990.11.29. 선고 89나9302 판결

【주 문】

상고를 기각한다.

상고비용은 피고의 부담으로 한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 본다.

(1) 상고이유 제1점에 대하여,

원심판결 이유에 의하면 원심은 그 거시증거를 종합하여 1980.10.6. 피고 회사에 입사하여 기능직사원으로 근무하던 중 1985.5.2. 피고 회사 노동조합장으로 선출된 원고가 그 판시 일시 장소에서 판시와 같은 노동조합 간부교육을 실시한 사실, 피고 회사는 이와 관련하여 원고를 포함한 간부 18명을 집회및시위에관한법률위반으로 경상남도 경찰국에 고발하는 한편 같은 날 원고가 피고 회사 노동조합사무국장으로 재직시에 주동하였던 피고 회사 근로자들에 의한 1985.4.6.부터 같은 달 26.까지의 노동쟁의행위를 방위산업체에서의 노동쟁의금지를 규정하고 있는 노동쟁의조정법 제12조 제2항 위반으로 위 경찰국에 위 집회사건과 함께 고발한 사실, 원고는 1985.6.28. 위 노동쟁의조정법위반과 집회및시위에관한법률위반 혐의로 구속되고 경상남도 경찰국과 마산지방 검찰청은 위 고발사건을 수사한 결과 원고의 위 노조간부교육집회 사실에 대하여는 현저히 사회적 불안을 야기시킬 우려가 있는 행위로 보기 어렵다는 이유로 무혐의 결정을 하였고 위 노동쟁의 부분에 대하여는 노동쟁의조정법위반으로1985.7.20. 마산지방법원에 기소하고 같은 법원은 1985.12.10. 원고에게 징역1년, 집행유예 2년의 형을 선고한 사실, 피고 회사는 원고가 주도한 위 노동조합 간부교육집회 사건으로 다수의 근로자와 사장을 비롯한 관리직 사원들이 수사를 받음으로써 대내적으로 회사의 분위기를 문란케 하고 대외적으로 회사의 명예와 신용을 훼손하였으므로 이는 징계사유로서 직무수행상의 비위, 회사규율질서의 교란행위, 직원의 인화관계 저해행위, 회사의 명예 또는 신용을 훼손한 행위를 규정하고 있는 피고 회사 취업규칙 제74조 제10호, 징계규정 제10조 제1호 소정의 징계해고사유에 해당한다고 보아서 1985.7.5.자로 원고를 징계해고한 사실들을 확정한 다음, 원고는 위 노동조합간부교육집회를 근무외의 시간인 토요일 저녁과 일요일 새벽에 걸쳐 개최하였고 위 집회시에 한 간부교육내용도 사회상규에 위반되지 아니하거나 정당한 노동조합활동의 일부로 볼 수 있는 것들이며 나아가 피고 회사의 고발에 의하여 수사가 개시된 위 노동조합 간부교육집회에 대한 집회및시위에관한법률위반혐의 등으로 원고등의 다수의 근로자가 수사기관에 연행됨으로 인하여 대내적으로는 피고 회사의 분위기가 문란케 되고 생산활동에 막대한 지장이 초래되었으며 대외적으로는 피고 회사의 명예가 손상되었다 하더라도 이는 국가의 형사사법권의 발동으로 인한 반사적인 결과에 지나지 아니한 것으로 보아야 할 뿐 아니라 피고 회사가 원고에 대한 징계사유의 전제로 내세운 위 노동조합간부교육집회관계 또한 수사결과 혐의 없는 것으로 밝혀졌으므로 결국 피고 회사가 원고에 대하여 한 이 사건 징계해고는 징계사유에 해당하지 아니하거나 또는 원고가 책임질 수 없는 사유를 징계사유로 내세운 것이어서 무효라고 판시하였는바 원심판결이 적시한 증거들을 기록과 대조하여 살펴보면 원심의 위와 같은 조치는 수긍이 되고 거기에 소론과 같은 심리미진이나 이유불비 및 징계해고의 정당한 이유에 관한 법리오해의 위법이 있다고 할 수 없으므로 논지는 받아들일 수 없다.

(2) 상고이유 제2점에 대하여,

원심은 원고는 1986.5.2. 피고 회사가 위 징계해고를 한 직후에 변제공탁한 퇴직금과 해고수당을 아무런 이의도 유보함이 없이 수령하고 그로부터 2년이 지난 1988.5.2.에 비로소 이 사건 소를 제기하였는데 첫째 원고는 변제공탁물을 수령할 때 이미 위 징계해고를 유효한 것으로 승인하였다 할 것이고, 둘째 노사분쟁 특히 해고의 효력에 관련된 분쟁은 해고가 근로자의 지위를 박탈하는 처분이라는 점에서 임금을 기초로 생활하는 근로자측에서나 노동력의 수급이 경영의 기초가 되는 사용자측에서나 모두 신속한 해결이 요청되고 또 원고에 대한 징계사유가 집단적 시위행위로 인한 것인데다가 원고는 구속되어 유죄판결을 선고받고 석방된 후 이와 같이 퇴직금등의 공탁물을 수령하고 그로부터 2년이 경과하도록 해고의 효력을 다투지 아니하였으므로 위와 같은 사정을 종합하면 원고는 피고 회사에 대하여 위 징계해고처분을 유효한 것으로 승인하였다는 신뢰의 기반을 제공하였다 할 것이고 따라서 원고가 새삼스럽게 위 징계해고의 효력을 다투는 것은 신의칙 또는 금반언의 원칙상 허용되지 아니한다는 피고의 주장에 대하여, 그 거시증거를 종합하여 원고는 징계위원회개최통보를 받을 때부터 징계에 대하여는 절대 승복할 수 없고 그 징계에 대하여 투쟁할 것임을 명백히 하였고 징계해고된 후에도 피고 회사 노동조합장으로 계속 재직하면서 피고 회사에 출근하여 위 징계해고의 철회를 요구하는 일방 피고 회사 노동조합의 정기총회 및 각종행사에 참석하여 조합활동을 하다가 변호사의 조언에 따라 1986.5.2. 피고 회사가 공탁한 공탁물을 출급, 수령한 사실, 피고 회사 노동조합 조합장직무대리들은 1988.4. 이전까지는 피고 회사와 단체교섭을 함에 있어 원고등 해고자복직문제도 교섭내용에 포함시켜 해결을 시도하다가 1988.4.에 이르러 노동조합측의 단체협약안을 만들면서 해고자 문제는 법원의 판단에 따르기로 한다는 안을 만들었으며 원고는 1988.5.2. 이 사건 소를 제기하였고 그후 위 노동조합측의 단체협약안은 1988.10.25. 그대로 단체협약으로 성립된 사실을 확정한 다음, 원고는 위 징계해고 이후부터 이 사건 소제기시까지 계속하여 위 징계해고의 효력을 다투어 왔고 피고 회사도 이러한 사정을 알고 있었다고 봄이 상당하므로 원고가 위 공탁물을 수령함에 있어 명시적인 이의를 유보하지 아니하였다 하더라도 그 수령 전후의 위와 같은 사정들을 비추어 볼 때 묵시적으로 이의를 유보하였다고 봄이 상당하다 할 것이니 원고가 위 공탁물을 수령한 행위만으로 위 징계해고를 유효한 것으로 승인하였다고는 할 수 없고, 또 원고가 위 공탁물을 수령하고 나아가 2년이 경과한 후에 비로서 이 사건 소를 제기하였다는 사정만으로는 피고 회사에 대하여 위 징계해고를 유효한 것으로 승인하였다는 신뢰의 기반을 제공하였다고 단정할 수도 없다 하여 피고의 위 주장을 배척하였는바, 원심판결이 적시한 증거들을 기록과 대조하여 살펴보면 원심의 위와 같은 조치도 수긍이 되고 거기에 소론과 같은 퇴직금의 성격이나 신의칙에 관한 법리오해의 위법이 없으며 소론이 들고 있는 당원의 판례는 퇴직금을 수령하게 된 경위 및 퇴직금 수령 전후에 있어서의 원고의 행동 등에 관하여 이 사건과 사실관계를 달리하는 것이어서 이 사건에 원용하기에는 적절하지 않다 할 것이므로 논지도 받아 들일 수 없다.

(3) 상고이유 제3점에 대하여,

소론주장은 원심까지에 주장한 바가 없는 당원에서의 새로운 주장이므로 원심판결에 대한 적법한 상고이유가 될 수 없다. 논지도 받아들일 수 없는 것이다.

(4) 그러므로 상고를 기각하고 상고비용은 패소자의 부담으로 하여 관여법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 이재성(재판장) 이회창 배만운 김석수

Related statutes

Similar cases

Cases with high content similarity to this one.

#1
93다28553 · 대법원 1994-03-22
Confirmation of Invalidity of Dismissal, etc.
#2
86나2030 · 서울고법 1987-08-26
해고무효확인청구사건
#3
93다50017 · 대법원 1994-09-13
Confirmation of Invalidity of Dismissal, et al.
#4
93누21521 · 대법원 1994-08-12
Revocation of Reexamination Ruling on Unfair Labor Practice
#5
2003나51257 · 서울고등법원 2004-04-29
Wages, etc.

Cases citing this decision

99두4662 · 대법원 1999-06-25
Revocation of Retrial Decision on Unfair Dismissal Remedy
92다29429 · 대법원 1993-03-09
Confirmation of Invalidity of Disciplinary Action, etc.
92누10654 · 대법원 1993-02-12
Revocation of Retrial Decision on Unfair Dismissal Remedy
92다1728 · 대법원 1992-04-14
Confirmation of Invalidity of Dismissal, etc.

Related tools & guides

AI answers need an account (free accounts: 2 per month) — submit and you'll return to this question after logging in. Search and case reading stay free.

Cross-check the original: 국가법령정보센터 (auxiliary link)