Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 93다968

Confirmation of Invalidity of Dismissal해고무효확인

Decided1994. 01. 14. Court대법원Worker won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

This case addressed a situation where a company received a worker's objection (이의신청) to a disciplinary action but left it unaddressed for 6-7 months, only convening a personnel committee (인사위원회) after the worker had already filed a lawsuit. The Supreme Court ruled that such a delayed process could not be considered a legitimate remedial procedure. The Court emphasized that the collective bargaining agreement's (단체협약) requirement to decide on objections within 7 days was intended to quickly resolve the worker's uncertain employment status.

Key takeaways
  • CaseA company left a worker's objection to disciplinary action unaddressed for 6-7 months, only convening a personnel committee after the worker filed a lawsuit.
  • OutcomeThe court ruled that this delayed process did not qualify as a legitimate remedial procedure, given the purpose of the 7-day decision requirement in the collective bargaining agreement.
  • LessonEmployers must process objections to disciplinary actions promptly within a reasonable timeframe absent special circumstances, as prolonged inaction may render the disciplinary process invalid.
Issues
  • Legitimacy of the objection procedure for disciplinary actions
  • Employer's obligation to comply with the processing deadline for objections under the collective bargaining agreement
  • Legal effect of a remedial procedure conducted after significant delay
Key reasoning

The 7-day decision requirement set forth in the collective bargaining agreement serves two purposes: ensuring careful deliberation of disciplinary actions and promptly resolving the worker's unstable employment status. When a company delays the objection process by 6-7 months without any special justifying circumstances, this delay defeats the very purpose of the procedural safeguard. Therefore, such an unreasonably delayed process cannot be recognized as a legitimate remedial procedure (적법한 구제절차), even if a personnel committee meeting is eventually held. The timing of convening the committee—only after litigation was already filed—further undermined its legitimacy as a genuine remedial process.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

A case holding that a grievance procedure held approximately six or seven months after the objection to a disciplinary action had been raised, and after litigation contesting the validity of the disciplinary action had already been filed, cannot be deemed a lawful procedure constituting a remedial process for the disciplinary action.

Full text (English, AI translation) 9,436 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellee]

[Defendant, Appellant] Korea Tacoma Shipbuilding & Industries Co., Ltd. (in reorganization), Litigation Counsel Attorney Oh Jang-hee

[Lower Court Judgment] Busan High Court Decision 92Na8095 rendered November 25, 1992

[Order]

The appeal is dismissed.
The costs of the appeal shall be borne by the Defendant.

[Reasoning]

We examine the grounds of appeal.

According to the reasoning of the judgment below, the court below found, based on the evidence presented, that although the labor union filed an objection within the lawful period against the disciplinary dismissal disposition against the Plaintiff, Korea Tacoma Shipbuilding & Industries Co., Ltd. (in reorganization) (hereinafter “the Company in Reorganization”) belatedly convened the Personnel Committee to review the said objection at 14:00 on September 6, 1990, approximately six to seven months after the objection was filed and while this lawsuit was already pending, without giving prior notice to the Plaintiff or the labor union, such that the Personnel Committee meeting was held without the attendance of the Plaintiff or the labor union representative; and on this basis the court below rejected the portion of the entries in Defendant’s Exhibit No. 9-2 (Report on Convening of the Personnel Committee) that were inconsistent with this finding (namely, the portion concerning the Plaintiff’s attendance as the person subject to discipline and his final statement).

However, Defendant’s Exhibit No. 9-2 is a document recording the drafting of the plan to convene the Personnel Committee in response to the objections filed by six persons, including the Plaintiff, against the Company in Reorganization’s disciplinary measures, and recording that at the Personnel Committee meeting thus convened, opinions concerning the objections were heard from the objecting parties, including the Plaintiff, and from the labor union’s observer (who appears to have represented the labor union). The Plaintiff has disputed this documentary evidence only by asserting lack of knowledge, and the court below itself has acknowledged its admissibility as evidence. According to the record, the Plaintiff has presented no rebuttal evidence whatsoever regarding the fact, as stated in the said documentary evidence, that the Plaintiff and the union representative attended the Personnel Committee meeting and stated their opinions concerning the objection; therefore, the entries in the said documentary evidence on this point appear to be credible (this is made even clearer by the contents of the minutes of the Personnel Committee meeting attached by the Defendant to its appellate brief).

Nevertheless, the court below rejected part of the entries in the said documentary evidence without any rebuttal evidence or reasonable explanation, which constitutes a violation of the rules of evidence. Accordingly, the argument pointing out this error has merit.

However, Article 42, Paragraph 4 of the collective bargaining agreement concluded between the Company in Reorganization and the Company’s labor union on September 7, 1987 provides that if a union member or the union has an objection to the Company’s personnel decision, the objection may be raised within 20 days from the date of receiving notice of the decision, and that once an objection is raised, the Company shall allow the union member concerned and the union representative to attend and give a full explanation, and shall notify the decision in writing within seven days (the said collective bargaining agreement is stated to be valid for two years from the date of its conclusion, and if negotiations for renewal of the agreement fail to reach agreement after the expiration of the agreement period, the agreement shall continue to be effective for three months, and the normative effect of the agreement shall persist; accordingly, Article 42 and other provisions concerning personnel matters and dismissal of union members must be regarded as having normative effect, and therefore such provisions remain effective even after the expiration of the agreement’s validity period, until a new agreement is concluded). Further, Article 60, Paragraph 4 of the Company in Reorganization’s Rules of Employment provides that a person who considers a disciplinary disposition unjust or excessive may appeal to the Personnel Committee, provided that the person must comply with the determined disposition until a decision on the appeal is rendered, and that an appeal may be filed only once. Since a disciplinary disposition is one form of personnel decision, the objection procedure provisions of the collective bargaining agreement must also apply to the appeal procedure for disciplinary dispositions as provided in the Rules of Employment, and where an objection is filed pursuant to the collective bargaining agreement against a disciplinary disposition, this must be regarded as including the appeal provided for in the Rules of Employment. Where such a lawful objection is filed, the Company in Reorganization must allow the person subject to the disciplinary disposition and the labor union representative to attend and give a full explanation, and, in principle, must notify the decision in writing within the prescribed period from the date the objection is received, or at least within a reasonable period.

This is because the purpose of the provision requiring, under the collective bargaining agreement, that the person subject to discipline be given an opportunity to explain in the above objection procedure concerning a disciplinary disposition, and of setting a short deadline of within seven days for the decision thereon, is not only to enable the Personnel Committee to hear the opinion of the person concerned once again in relation to the disciplinary disposition so as to render a prudent disciplinary decision, but also to promptly finalize the disciplinary procedure concerning the person concerned so as to swiftly resolve the worker’s unstable status (see this Court’s Decision 87Daka1187, rendered September 22, 1987).

Given this, where a lawful objection has been filed against a disciplinary disposition, the Company in Reorganization must, absent special circumstances such as an objective reason making it impossible to convene the Personnel Committee, or a delay in the objection procedure caused for the benefit of the person subject to discipline or attributable to his own fault, convene the Personnel Committee within the prescribed period, or at least within a reasonable period, and render a decision either upholding, revoking, or modifying the original disciplinary decision.

Accordingly, as found by the court below, where a lawful objection was filed against the disciplinary disposition imposed on the Plaintiff, but the Company in Reorganization, in the absence of any such special circumstances, allowed more than three months to pass without convening the Personnel Committee, and only belatedly convened the Personnel Committee to consider the objection approximately six to seven months after the date the objection was filed—after the Plaintiff, as found by the court below, filed the instant lawsuit seeking invalidation of the disciplinary disposition—and rendered a decision upholding the original disciplinary decision as it stood, then even if the Plaintiff and the union representative attended that Personnel Committee meeting and stated their opinions, this cannot be regarded as a lawful objection procedure or appeal procedure serving as a remedy against the original disciplinary disposition. The argument that the Company in Reorganization was unable to promptly convene the review Personnel Committee because the Company’s normal operations were paralyzed due to the labor union’s fierce strikes and other collective actions is not only an assertion that was not raised up through the proceedings below, but also cannot be accepted based on the record, and is therefore without merit.

While the court below erred, as noted above, in holding that the Plaintiff and the union representative were deprived of the opportunity to give an explanation because they did not attend the Personnel Committee meeting convened in response to the objection, insofar as the said objection procedure or appeal procedure regarding the Plaintiff (which the court below and the Defendant’s litigation counsel refer to as a “reconsideration procedure”) cannot be regarded as a lawful procedure serving as a remedy against the original disciplinary disposition, the fact that the Plaintiff and the union representative attended the Personnel Committee meeting and stated their opinions cannot, by itself, cure the decision of the said Personnel Committee so as to render it lawful. Therefore, the court below’s holding, to the same effect, that the disciplinary dismissal of the Plaintiff is invalid due to the above procedural defect, is correct in its conclusion, and there is no error of misapprehension of the law concerning the disciplinary reconsideration procedure and the effect of disciplinary dismissal.

In conclusion, the appeal is without merit and is hereby dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are to be borne by the losing party. It is so decided by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices, as set forth in the Order.

Justice Yoon Young-chul (Presiding Justice), Kim Sang-won, Park Man-ho, Park Jun-seo (Justice in Charge)

【판결요지】

징계처분에 대한 이의신청이 있은 후 6, 7개월 정도가 경과되고 징계처분의 효력을 다투는 소송이 제기된 후에 개최된 이의절차가 징계처분에 대한 구제절차로서의 적법한 절차라고 볼 수 없다고 한 사례.

【참조조문】

근로기준법 제27조 제1항

【참조판례】

대법원 1987.9.22. 선고 87다카1187 판결(공1987,1638)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 3,264자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 피상고인】

【피고, 상고인】 정리회사 코리아타코마조선공업 주식회사 소송대리인 변호사 오장희

【원심판결】 부산고등법원 1992.11.25. 선고 92나8095 판결

【주 문】

상고를 기각한다.

상고비용은 피고의 부담으로 한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 본다.

원심판결 이유에 의하면, 원심은 거시증거에 의하여 원고에 대한 징계해고처분에 대하여 노동조합이 적법한 기간 내에 이의신청을 하였음에도 정리회사 코리아타코마조선공업 주식회사(이하 정리회사라 한다)는 그로부터 약 6, 7개월이 경과하고, 이 사건 소송이 계속중인 1990.9.6. 14:00에 뒤늦게 위 이의신청에 대한 인사위원회를 개최함에 있어 원고나 노동조합측에 사전 통보하지 아니하여 원고 및 노동조합대표가 참석하지 아니한 채 인사위원회를 개최하였다고 인정하고 이에 어긋나는 을 제9호증의 2(인사위원회 개최 품의)의 일부기재부분(징계대상자인 원고의 출석 및 최종진술에 관한 부분)을 배척하고 있다.

그런데 을 제9호증의 2는 정리회사의 징계조치에 이의신청을 한 원고를 포함한 6명에 대한 이의신청에 따른 인사위원회의 개최에 관한 기안과 그에 따라 개최된 인사위원회에서 원고 등의 이의신청자 및 노동조합측 참관인(노동조합을 대표한 것으로 보인다)으로부터 이의신청에 관한 의견을 청취하였다는 내용을 기록한 문서로서 원고는 위 서증에 대하여 부지로만 다투고 있을 뿐이어서 원심도 그 증거능력을 인정하고 있는 터인바 기록에 의하면 위 서증에 기재된 대로 원고와 조합 대표자가 위 인사위원회에 참석하여 이의신청에 따른 의견을 진술하였다는 점에 관하여 원고로부터 아무런 반증이 없는 터이므로 위 부분에 관한 위 서증의 기재는 신빙성이 있는 것으로 보여진다(이 점은 피고가 상고이유서에 첨부한 인사위원회회의록의 기재 내용에 의하여 더욱 명백하다).

그럼에도 원심이 위 서증의 일부 기재 내용을 다른 반증이나 아무런 합리적인 설명이 없이 배척한 것은 채증법칙을 위배하였다 할 것이다. 따라서 이 점을 지적하는 논지는 이유 있다.

그런데 정리회사와 정리회사 노동조합 사이에 1987.9.7. 체결된 단체협약 제42조 제4항에는 회사의 인사결정에 이의가 있을 시는 해당 조합원이나 조합은 결정통보를 받은 날로부터 20일 이내에 이의를 제기할 수 있으며, 이의가 제기되면 회사는 해당조합원과 조합대표가 참석한 가운데 충분히 소명케 하고, 7일 이내에 결정사항을 서면으로 통보하도록 규정하고 있고(위 단체협약의 유효기간은 협약체결일로부터 2년간이고, 협약기간 종료 후 협약갱신교섭이 합의에 이르지 못하였을 경우 3개월 간 계속 그 효력을 유지하며, 협약의 규범적 효력은 지속된다고 위 협약에 규정되어 있어 이에 의하면 조합원에 대한 인사 및 해고에 관한 규정인 위 제42조 등은 규범적 효력을 지니는 부분이라 할 것이므로 위 협약의 유효기간이 만료한 후에도 새로운 협약이 체결될 때까지는 그 효력이 지속된다 할 것이다), 정리회사의 취업규칙 제60조 제4항에는 징계처분이 부당 또는 과중하다고 인정하는 자는 인사위원회에 항고할 수 있다. 다만 항고에 대한 처분이 결정될 때까지는 결정된 처분에 복종하여야 하며 항고는 1회에 한하도록 규정하고 있는바 징계처분이 인사결정의 하나인 이상 위 단체협약상의 이의절차규정은 취업규칙에서 규정하고 있는 징계처분에 대한 항고절차에도 적용하여야 할 것이고, 징계처분에 대하여 단체협약에 기한 이의신청을 하였을 경우 이는 위 취업규칙에 규정한 항고를 포함한 것으로 보아야 할 것이며 이와 같은 적법한 이의신청이 있는 경우에 정리회사는 징계처분대상자와 노동조합의 대표가 참석하여 충분히 소명케 하고, 원칙적으로 이의신청을 받은 날로부터 소정기한 내에 아니면 적어도 상당한 기간 내에 그 결정사항을 서면으로 통보하여야 할 것이다.

왜냐하면 단체협약에 의하여 징계처분에 대한 위와 같은 이의절차에서 징계대상자에게 소명의 기회를 부여하도록 하고 아울러 그에 대한 결정기한을 7일 이내의 단기로 규정한 취지는 인사위원회로 하여금 징계처분에 관련하여 다시 대상자의 의견을 청취하여 신중한 징계처분을 하기 위함뿐만 아니라 대상자에 대한 징계절차를 빨리 확정함으로써 근로자의 불안정한 신분상태를 조속히 해소하려는데 있기 때문이다( 당원 1987.9.22.선고 87다카1187 판결 참조).

그렇다면, 징계처분에 대하여 적법한 이의신청이 있는 경우에 정리회사로서는 인사위원회를 소집할 수 없는 객관적인 사유가 있다거나 징계대상자의 이익을 위하여 또는 그의 귀책사유로 인하여 이의절차가 지연되었다는등의 특별한 사정이 없는 한 소정 기한 내에 아니면 적어도 상당한 기간 내에 인사위원회를 개최하여 원징계결정을 유지하거나 취소, 변경하는 결정을 하여야 할 것이다.

따라서 원심이 인정한 바와 같이 원고에 대한 징계처분에 대하여 적법한 이의신청이 있는데도 정리회사가 위와 같은 특별한 사정이 없음에도 그로부터 3개월이 경과하도록 인사위원회를 개최함이 없이 지내다가 원심이 인정한 바와 같이 원고가 징계처분에 대한 무효소송을 제기하자 이의신청일로부터 약 6, 7개월 정도가 경과한 무렵에 뒤늦게 이의신청에 대한 인사위원회를 개최하여 원징계결정을 그대로 유지하는 결정을 하였다면 비록 원고 및 조합 대표가 그 인사위원회에 출석하여 의견을 진술하였다 하더라도 이는 원징계처분에 대한 구제절차로서의 적법한 이의절차 내지 항고절차라 할 수 없을 것이다. 정리회사가 노동조합의 격렬한 파업 등 집단행위로 회사의 정상업무가 마비되어 재심인사위원회를 조속히 개최할 수 없었다는 논지는 원심에 이르기까지 주장하지 않았던 사유일 뿐더러 기록상으로도 수긍될 수 없으므로 이유 없다.

원심이 위에서 본 바와 같이 이의신청에 따른 인사위원회에 원고와 조합 대표가 참석하지 아니하여 소명기회를 박탈당하였다고 판시한 것은 잘못이라 할 것이나 원고에 대한 위 이의절차 내지 항고절차(원심과 피고 소송대리인은 이를 재심절차라고 표현하고 있다)가 원징계처분에 대한 구제절차로서의 적법한 절차라고 할 수 없는 이상 비록 원고 및 조합 대표가 그 인사위원회에 출석하여 의견을 진술하였다 하더라도 그것만으로 위 인사위원회의 결정이 적법한 것으로 치유된다 할 수 없어 원심이 같은 취지에서 원고에 대한 징계해고는 위와 같은 절차상의 하자로 인하여 무효라고 판시한 것은 결과적으로 옳고 거기에 징계재심절차 및 징계해고의 효력에 관한 법리오해의 위법이 없다.

결국 상고는 이유 없으므로 이를 기각하고 상고비용은 패소자의 부담으로 하기로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 윤영철(재판장) 김상원 박만호 박준서(주심)

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Cross-check the original: 국가법령정보센터 (auxiliary link)