Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 93다7457

Confirmation of Invalidity of Dismissal해고무효확인

Decided1993. 06. 11. Court대법원Employer won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

This case involved a situation where normal business operations became impossible due to the labor union's illegal strike activities (쟁의행위) and conflicts among union members. The court ruled that the employer's closure of the business, carried out through a lawful procedure including a general employee meeting (사원총회), constituted a legitimate exercise of business management freedom rather than a sham closure (위장폐업) designed to undermine the union. The court also recognized that automatic dismissal (당연면직) and disciplinary dismissal (징계해고) were valid where workers, despite being given the opportunity to be rehired, either engaged in unauthorized absence or committed acts constituting grounds for disciplinary action.

Key takeaways
  • CaseDue to the union's illegal strike and internal conflicts among union members, normal business operations became impossible, leading the employer to close the business through a general employee meeting and dismiss all workers.
  • OutcomeThe court ruled that a closure carried out through lawful procedures, without the intent to obstruct the union, falls within the employer's freedom of business management and is therefore valid.
  • LessonEmployers may lawfully close a business for genuine managerial reasons following proper procedures, but must ensure such closures are not perceived as a pretext to undermine union activities.
Issues
  • Whether the business closure was a sham closure (위장폐업) intended to obstruct union activities
  • Whether the closure procedure was valid
  • Whether the automatic dismissal (당연면직) was valid
  • Whether the disciplinary dismissal (징계해고) was valid
Key reasoning

The Supreme Court held that an employer's decision to close a business and dismiss all employees generally falls within the employer's freedom of business management (기업경영의 자유) and is valid, unless it constitutes a sham closure intended to obstruct the union's right to organize or other union rights. In this case, normal operations had been impossible for a prolonged period due to the union's illegal strike and internal conflicts among union members. Because the employer followed proper procedures—including holding a general employee meeting—before closing the business, the court found this to be a legitimate and effective closure measure, not a pretext to bypass labor protections.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

a. Where an employer closes down its business and dismisses all of its employees, such action is, in principle, valid as falling within the freedom of business management, unless it constitutes a disguised closure aimed at obstructing the union's right to organize and other union rights.

b. Held that the closure was valid, since normal operations had been rendered impossible for a prolonged period due to the labor union's unlawful industrial action and conflicts among union members, and the closure was carried out through lawful procedures following a general meeting of employees.

Full text (English, AI translation) 10,485 chars

[Plaintiffs, Appellants]

[Defendant, Appellee] Gyerim Ceramics Co., Ltd., Litigation Representative Attorney Yoon Jeong-bo
[Judgment Below] Daegu High Court Decision 91Na8211 rendered on December 24, 1992

[Order]

All appeals are dismissed.
The costs of appeal shall be borne by the Plaintiffs.

[Reasoning]

We examine the grounds of appeal of Plaintiff 1.

Where an employer closes down the business enterprise it operates and, as a result, dismisses all of its employees, such action is, in principle, valid as falling within the freedom of business management, unless it is a disguised closure intended to obstruct the right to organize of a labor union, etc. (see this Court's Decision 90Nu9421 rendered on May 12, 1992).

Upon examining the judgment below in light of the record, the court below, in rejecting the evidence supporting Plaintiff 1's assertion that the Defendant company's closure on December 30, 1987, followed by its withdrawal and resumption of operations on March 16 of the following year, was invalid as a disguised closure carried out in order to dismantle the company's labor union and to retaliate against workers who had participated in union activities, did not believe such evidence. Rather, based on the evidence it cited, the court below found as follows: the Defendant company, employing approximately 750 workers, is a company that manufactures pottery, sanitary ware, and the like; a company labor union was organized on December 1, 1987; from December 15 of the same month, the union unilaterally refused to work and engaged in collective action such as sit-in protests; as the sit-in protest became prolonged, the company posted a notice of temporary business suspension from December 17 to December 21 of the same month; meanwhile, the labor union and the Defendant company amicably reached an agreement on the disputed matters and attempted to resume operations on December 22, but approximately 150 dissatisfied union members organized a "suicide squad," demanded the resignation of the union officers, and clashed with workers who supported the union, mutually obstructing operations and continuing to occupy the cafeteria and engage in sit-in protests until December 30, making it difficult to expect normal operations; as a result, the company's administrative staff submitted a collective resignation letter together with a proposal for closure on December 28, citing, among other things, the absence of management; the Defendant company held a general meeting of employees and resolved to close the business before the risk of bankruptcy materialized, and on December 30 of the same month filed a report of business closure with the tax office, after which it sent the employees' reserve forces cards to their respective regions and settled and paid the workers' severance pay and other amounts; thereafter, in response to the recommendation of the administrative authorities and the petitions of workers who had worked for the Defendant company (including all of the Plaintiffs), the Defendant company gave all employees, including the former labor union officers, the opportunity to be rehired, and resumed operation of the company from March 16, 1988, but Plaintiff 1, without any particular reason, did not rejoin the company. Based on these findings, the court below determined that normal operations had been impossible for a prolonged period due to the labor union's unlawful industrial action and the resulting conflict among union members, causing enormous damage to the management of the company; that the Defendant company resolved to close the business through a general meeting of employees and processed the retirement in accordance with lawful procedures, including the payment of severance pay; and that no impropriety is apparent even in the subsequent rehiring process, including the selective rehiring of employees; therefore, the Defendant company's above closure measure cannot be concluded to be invalid as a disguised closure. This determination by the court below is justified and may be upheld. Furthermore, the above closure act cannot be deemed a conditional dismissal disposition with resumption of operations as a condition subsequent. Accordingly, there is no illegality, as argued in the grounds of appeal, due to misapprehension of facts in violation of the rules of evidence, or misapprehension of the legal principles concerning unfair labor practices or disguised closure. This ground of appeal is without merit.

We examine together the grounds of appeal of Plaintiff 2 and Plaintiff 3.

(1) According to the reasoning of the judgment below, the court below, comprehensively considering the evidence it cited, found as follows: Plaintiff 2 rejoined the Defendant company on March 16, 1988, and worked there; on March 18 of the same month, while coming to work, he got into an altercation with Non-party ○○○, the deputy manager of the accounting department, and sustained injuries requiring two weeks of treatment; he received outpatient treatment until March 31 of the same month, during which he submitted an absence report for 10 days, left early on one day, and came to work normally for 3 days, but was absent without leave from April 1 to April 18 of the same year; on April 10 of the same month, he came to the company and received his salary, but did not indicate whether he had any intention to continue working. The court below further found that the Defendant company's employment rules, separately from the disciplinary dismissal procedures set forth in Articles 99 through 105, provide in Article 108 as a ground for automatic dismissal that "where an employee is absent without leave for 5 or more days in a month, he/she shall be deemed to have no intention of continuing to work and shall be treated as having voluntarily resigned" (item 11); that the Defendant company regarded Plaintiff 2's above unauthorized absence as falling under this provision and treated Plaintiff 2 as having been automatically dismissed as of April 18, 1988. Based on these findings, the court below determined that Plaintiff 2 was automatically dismissed pursuant to the above provision without any separate disciplinary dismissal disposition, and therefore does not hold the status of an employee of the Defendant company.

Upon examination of the record, the above factual findings and determination of the court below are justified and may be upheld, and there is no illegality therein due to misapprehension of facts in violation of the rules of evidence, as argued in the grounds of appeal. This ground of appeal is without merit.

(2) According to the reasoning of the judgment below, the court below, comprehensively considering the evidence it cited, found as follows: Plaintiff 3 rejoined the Defendant company on March 16, 1988, and worked there; on March 18 of the same month, while engaged in a verbal dispute with Non-party ○○○ at the workplace, when Non-party ○○○, the section chief in charge, intervened to stop it, Plaintiff 3 shouted and used abusive language; on March 21 of the same month, while leaving work, Plaintiff 3 verbally abused and physically assaulted Non-party ○○○ and others, including grabbing them by the collar; on March 22 of the same month, upon arriving at work, Plaintiff 3 threatened to kill Non-party ○○○ in the women's locker room, but was discovered by the said ○○○ and received a warning; and on April 1 of the same year, having received an instruction from the said ○○○ to work in place of Non-party ○○○ starting at 12 o'clock, Plaintiff 3 refused and caused a disturbance, including grabbing the said person by the collar. The court below further found that Article 14, Paragraph 1 of the disciplinary rules under Article 100 of the Defendant company's employment rules provides, as grounds for dismissal, demotion, or suspension for an indefinite period, "a person who disobeys, resists, or commits assault or threats against the instructions and orders of a superior in the course of business" (item 6) and "a person who slanders or defames the company or a superior within the company" (item 10); and that Article 108 of the employment rules provides, as a ground for automatic dismissal, that "where a person who has been suspended for an indefinite period is not reinstated within 6 months, the retirement procedure shall be deemed completed" (item 9). The court below further found that the Defendant company held a disciplinary committee meeting on April 8, 1988, with Plaintiff 3 in attendance, and determined that Plaintiff 3's above conduct fell under the above grounds for discipline, thereby imposing a disposition of suspension for an indefinite period. Based on these findings, the court below determined that, taking into account all the circumstances revealed in the pleadings, including the circumstances of Plaintiff 3's misconduct and his prior misconduct, it was appropriate for the Defendant company to select the lightest among the types of discipline, namely suspension for an indefinite period; and that, since Plaintiff 3, despite receiving the suspension disposition, did not report to work but merely demanded invalidation of the disciplinary disposition and reinstatement, showing no sign of repentance, and since the suspension disposition was not lifted within 6 months, Plaintiff 3 was automatically dismissed.

Upon examination of the record, the above factual findings and determination of the court below are justified and may be upheld, and there is no illegality therein due to misapprehension of facts in violation of the rules of evidence or misapprehension of the legal principles concerning abuse of the right of discipline, as argued in the grounds of appeal. This ground of appeal is without merit.

(3) The argument of Plaintiff 2 and Plaintiff 3 that the Defendant company's employment rules are invalid because they were not adopted through lawful procedures, such as obtaining the consent of the employees, is an argument raised for the first time at the appellate stage before this Court, and thus cannot constitute a legitimate ground of appeal. This ground of appeal is without merit.

Therefore, all appeals are dismissed, and the costs of appeal are to be borne by the losing parties. This judgment is rendered as set forth in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices.

Supreme Court Justice Park Woo-dong (Presiding Justice), Kim Sang-won, Yoon Young-cheol (Justice in Charge), Park Man-ho

【판결요지】

가. 사용자가 사업체를 폐업하고 근로자 전원을 해고하는 것은 노동조합의 단결권 등을 방해하기 위한 위장폐업이 아닌 한 원칙적으로 기업경영의 자유에 속하는 것으로서 유효하다.

나. 노동조합의 위법한 쟁의행위와 조합원 상호간의 갈등으로 정상조업이 장기간 불가능하여 사원총회를 거쳐 적법한 절차에 따라 폐업하였으므로 폐업조치가 유효라고 한 사례.

【참조조문】

근로기준법 제27조, 노동조합법 제39조

【참조판례】

가. 대법원 1992.5.12. 선고 90누9421 판결(공1992,1877)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 3,747자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인】

【피고, 피상고인】 계림요업 유한회사 소송대리인 변호사 윤정보

【원심판결】 대구고등법원 1992.12.24. 선고 91나8211 판결

【주 문】

상고를 모두 기각한다.

상고비용은 원고들의 부담으로 한다.

【이 유】 원고 1의 상고이유를 본다.

사용자가 그 경영의 사업체를 폐업하고, 이에 따라 그 소속 근로자 전원을 해고하는 것은 그것이 노동조합의 단결권 등을 방해하기 위한 위장폐업이 아닌 한 원칙적으로 기업경영의 자유에 속하는 것으로서 유효하다고 할 것이다( 당원 1992.5.12.선고 90누 9421 판결 참조).

원심판결을 기록과 대조하여 살펴본바, 원심이 피고 회사가 1987.12.30. 폐업하였다가 다음 해 3.16. 이를 철회하고 재가동한 것은 회사의 노동조합을 와해시키고 노동조합활동에 참가한 근로자들에 대한 보복조치로 행해진 위장폐업이므로 무효라는 원고 1의 주장사실에 부합하는 증거들을 믿지 않는다고 배척하고, 오히려 그 거시증거에 의하여 피고 회사는 750명 가량의 근로자를 고용한 도자기, 위생도기 등을 제작하는 회사로서, 1987.12.1. 회사노동조합이 결성되었는데, 같은 달 15.부터 일방적으로 작업을 거부하고 농성을 하는 등 단체행동에 들어갔고, 위 농성이 장기화되자 회사는 같은 달 17.부터 같은 달 21.까지 휴업공고를 한 사실, 한편 노동조합과 피고 회사는 분쟁사항에 대하여 원만히 합의를 하여 같은 달 22. 조업을 재개하려고 하였으나, 이에 불만을 가진 150여 명의 조합원들이 결사대를 조직하여 노조임원의 퇴진을 요구하며 노동조합을 지지하는 근로자들과 충돌을 일으켜 서로 조업을 방해하며 같은 달 30.까지 식당 등을 점거, 농성을 계속함으로써 정상적인 조업을 기대하기가 어려웠던 사실, 이에 회사 관리직원들이 같은 달 28. 관리부재 등을 이유로 폐업건의서와 함께 일괄 사직서를 제출하자, 피고 회사는 사원총회를 개최하여 파산위험이 오기전에 폐업하기로 결의하고 같은 달 30. 세무서에 폐업신고를 한 후, 직원들의 예비군 카드를 지역으로 발송하고, 근로자들의 퇴직금 등을 정산 지급한 사실, 그 후 행정당국의 권유와 피고 회사에 근무하던 근로자들(원고들 모두 포함됨)의 건의를 받아들여, 피고 회사는 종전 노동조합의 간부를 비롯한 근로자 전원에게 재입사의 기회를 주어 1988.3.16.부터 회사를 재가동하였으나, 원고 1은 별다른 이유없이 재입사하지 않고 있는 사실을 인정한 다음, 피고 회사는 노동조합의 위법한 쟁의행위와 이에 따른 조합원 상호간의 갈등으로 정상조업이 장기간 불가능하여 회사경영에 막대한 타격이 있었고, 이에 피고 회사가 사원총회를 거쳐 폐업을 결의하고 퇴직금을 지급하는 등 적법한 절차에 따라 퇴직처리를 하였으며, 그 후 재입사 과정에서도 선별하여 입사시키는 등 부당한 점이 엿보이지 아니하므로 피고 회사의 위 폐업조치가 위장폐업으로서 무효라고 단정할 수 없다고 판단한 조치는 정당한 것으로 수긍이 가고, 또한 위 폐업행위가 재가동을 해제조건으로 하는 조건부 해고처분이라고도 할 수 없으므로, 결국 소론과 같은 채증법칙위배로 인한 사실오인 및 부당노동행위나 위장폐업에 관한 법리오해의 위법이 있다고 할 수 없다. 논지는 이유 없다.

원고 2 및 3의 상고이유를 함께 본다.

(1) 원심판결 이유에 의하면, 원심은 그 거시증거를 종합하여, 원고 2는 1988.3.16. 피고 회사에 재입사하여 근무하던 중, 같은 달 18. 회사에 출근하다가 경리부 차장인 소외 ○○○과 시비가 되어 2주일간의 상해를 입고 같은 달 31.까지 통원치료를 받으면서 10일간은 결근계를 내고, 1일은 조퇴하고, 3일간은 정상출근하였으나, 같은 해 4.1.부터 같은 달 18.까지 무단결근하였으며, 같은 달 10. 회사에 나와 급료를 수령해 가면서도 계속 근무할 의사가 있는지 여부를 밝히지 아니한 사실, 피고 회사의 취업규칙은 제99조 내지 제105조의 규정에 의한 징계해고절차와는 별도로 제108조에서 당연면직 사유로서, “근로자가 월간 5일 이상 무단결근시에는 계속 근로할 의사가 없는 것으로 간주하고 자진 퇴사한 것으로 한다”(제11호)고 규정하고 있어서, 피고 회사는 원고 2의 위 무단결근행위가 이에 해당한다고 보아 1988.4.18.자로 원고 2가 당연면직된 것으로 처리한 사실을 인정한 다음, 원고 2는 별도의 징계해고처분 없이도 위 규정에 따라 당연면직되어 피고 회사의 사원의 지위에 있지 아니하다고 판단하였다.

기록에 의하여 살펴본바, 원심의 위와 같은 사실인정과 판단은 정당한 것으로 수긍이 가고, 거기에 소론과 같은 채증법칙위배로 인한 사실오인의 위법이 있다고 할 수 없다. 논지는 이유 없다.

(2) 원심판결 이유에 의하면, 원심은 그 거시증거를 종합하여, 원고 3은 1988.3.16. 피고 회사에 재입사하여 근무하던 중, 같은 달 18. 작업장에서 소외 ○○○와 말다툼하는 것을 담당주임인 소외 ○○○이 제지한다는 이유로 소리를 지르며 폭언을 가하고, 같은 달 21. 퇴근하면서 소외 ○○○ 등에게 욕설을 하고 멱살을 잡는 등 폭행을 가하고, 같은 달 22. 출근시에 여자탈의실에서 소외 ○○○에게 죽이겠다고 협박하다가 위 ○○○에게 발각되어 경고를 받았으며, 같은 해 4.1. 위 ○○○으로부터 12시에 소외 ○○○과 교대하여 작업하라는 지시를 받았으나 이를 거부하고 동인의 멱살을 잡는 등 소란을 피운 사실, 피고 회사의 취업규칙 제100조에 의한 징계처리규정 제14조 제1항은 파면, 강등, 무기정직사유로서, “업무상 상사의 지시명령에 불복종하거나 반항 또는 폭행, 협박한 자”(제6호)를, “회사내에서 회사 또는 상사를 비방 중상하는 행위를 한 자”(제10호)를 각 규정하고 있으며, 한편 취업규칙 제108조는 당연면직 사유로서, “무기정직을 받은 자가 6개월 이내에 해제되지 않았을 경우에는 퇴직수속을 완료한 것으로 간주한다”(제9호)고 규정하고 있는 사실, 피고 회사는 1988.4.8. 원고 3을 참석시키고 징계위원회를 열어 원고 3의 위와 같은 행위는 위 징계사유에 해당한다고 보아 무기정직처분을 한 사실을 인정한 다음, 원고 3의 비행의 경위, 그 이전의 비행 등 변론에 나타난 모든 사정을 참작하여 징계의 종류 중에서 가장 경한 무기정직처분을 선택한 것은 적절하며, 무기정직처분을 받고도 회사에 출근하지 아니한 채 징계처분의 무효 및 복직만을 요구하는 등 개전의 정이 없어서 위 무기정직처분이 6개월 이내에 해제되지 않았으므로 당연면직되었다고 판단하였다.

기록에 의하여 살펴본바, 원심의 위와 같은 사실인정과 판단은 정당한 것으로 수긍이 가고, 거기에 소론과 같은 채증법칙위배로 인한 사실오인이나 징계권의 남용에 관한 법리오해의 위법이 있다고 할 수 없다. 논지는 이유 없다.

(3) 피고 회사의 취업규칙은 근로자의 동의를 얻는 등 적법한 절차를 거치지 않은 것으로서 효력이 없다는 원고 2, 3의 주장은 상고심에 이르러서야 비로소 제기된 주장으로서 적법한 상고이유로 할 수 없는 것이다. 논지는 이유 없다.

그러므로 상고를 모두 기각하고 상고비용은 패소자들의 부담으로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 박우동(재판장) 김상원 윤영철(주심) 박만호

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