Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 90도2961

Obstruction of Business, Violation of the Labor Dispute Mediation Act, Violation of the Trade Union Act업무방해,노동쟁의조정법위반,노동조합법위반

Decided1991. 04. 23. Court대법원Workers won (reversed and remanded in favor of the defendants)
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

The Supreme Court ruled that four individuals, including a labor union chairman, who left work three hours early to attend a labor-related rally, did not commit the crime of obstruction of business by force (업무방해죄) under Korean law. The Court held that only 4 out of 50 total employees leaving early did not constitute a 'force' sufficient to suppress the free will of others, which is required to establish this crime. The lower court's decision was reversed and remanded (파기환송) for further proceedings.

Key takeaways
  • CaseFour union members, including the union chairman, left work three hours early to attend a labor-related rally and were prosecuted for obstruction of business.
  • OutcomeThe Court ruled that only 4 out of 50 total employees leaving early did not amount to 'force' capable of suppressing free will, so the obstruction of business charge could not be sustained.
  • LessonA small number of union members simply leaving work early does not constitute obstruction of business, but the outcome may differ if key personnel are involved or a large-scale walkout occurs.
Issues
  • Whether a collective refusal to work, made without the purpose of engaging in a formal labor dispute, constitutes obstruction of business (업무방해죄)
  • Whether a small number of union members leaving work early qualifies as obstruction of business by 'force' (위력)
Key reasoning

Under Article 314 of the Korean Criminal Act, 'force' (위력) in the context of obstruction of business means a level of power or influence sufficient to override another person's free will. The Court found that only 4 employees out of a total workforce of 50 leaving work three hours early could not reasonably be considered as exerting such overwhelming force. To establish obstruction of business, special circumstances must exist—such as the nature of the work involved or the significance of the departing employees' roles in business operations. Since no such special circumstances were shown in this case, the minor early departure of a small minority of employees did not meet the legal threshold for 'force' under the statute.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] If a large number of workers, acting in mutual communication, collectively and simultaneously leave work early or fail to report to work for purposes other than the purpose of an industrial action such as the maintenance or improvement of working conditions, thereby refusing to provide labor and impeding the normal operation of the business, this constitutes obstruction of business by force of numbers. In such a case, the collective act of the large number of workers constitutes "force" as provided in Article 314 of the Criminal Code (형법), i.e., a force sufficient to suppress a person's free will.

[2] "Force" as provided in Article 314 of the Criminal Code is not limited to violence or intimidation, but refers to a force sufficient to suppress a person's free will. Accordingly, where, out of a total of 50 employees of a company, 29 had joined the labor union, and there were 28-29 production workers, it is difficult to conclude that the mere fact that the chairman of the labor union, together with two other persons, accompanied by one union member, left work about three hours early in order to attend a labor relations rally, constitutes "force," or that this amounts to obstruction of business by force.

Full text (English, AI translation) 4,543 chars

[Defendant]

[Appellant] Defendant
[Judgment Below] Busan District Court Decision 90No2546, decided December 5, 1990

[Order]

The judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Panel Division of the Busan District Court.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal are examined.

1. Upon examination of the record, the court below, citing the judgment of the first instance, found that the Defendant, as the chairman of the labor union of the Samsung Enterprise (삼성기업사) operated by Non-Indicted 1, acting jointly with Non-Indicted 2 and Non-Indicted 3, together with fellow union member Non-Indicted 4, left work early between 13:30 and 16:30 on May 3, 1990, on the pretext of attending a labor-related rally held at Busan National University, thereby obstructing Non-Indicted 1's product manufacturing business by force, and found the Defendant guilty by applying Article 314 of the Criminal Code (형법).

2. If a large number of employees, without any objective related to the maintenance or improvement of working conditions or other purposes of an industrial action, act in concert to leave work early or absent themselves from work collectively and simultaneously, thereby refusing to provide labor and impeding the normal operation of business, this constitutes obstruction of business by the force of a crowd (see this Court's Decision 90Do2852, decided January 23, 1991). This is because, in such a case, the collective act of the large number of employees becomes "force" as provided in Article 314 of the Criminal Code, that is, a force sufficient to suppress a person's free will.

3. The term "force" as provided in Article 314 of the Criminal Code is not limited to violence or intimidation, but refers to a force sufficient to suppress a person's free will. Therefore, in order for the Defendant's act of leaving work early accompanied by the above Jang Il-yeong to constitute the crime of obstruction of business by force, it must amount to force in the above sense or to a degree equivalent thereto, and there must also be criminal intent to obstruct the normal operation of the business of the above Samsung Enterprise as a result thereof.

4. However, it is difficult to conclude that the mere fact that the Defendant, Jo Yong-cheol, and Park Jong-hak, together with fellow union member Jang Il-yeong, left work approximately three hours early in order to attend a labor-related rally, in itself constitutes "force," or that it constitutes a case of obstructing business by force.

Upon examination of the record, the above Samsung Enterprise is a company that manufactures brake devices, which are parts of railway vehicles; its total workforce is 50 employees, including two women, of whom 29 are union members, and the number of production workers is 28 to 29 (see the respective statements of Jang In-ho and Jang Sang-ho prepared by the judicial police officer, the statement of Jang Jong-un prepared by the prosecutor, and the report on the anticipated trends of labor-management disputes at Samsung Enterprise). In light of the size of the workforce of Samsung Enterprise as described above, the same conclusion follows.

If there existed special circumstances—arising from the nature of Samsung Enterprise's business or work, the importance of the duties or work performed by the Defendant, Non-Indicted 2, Non-Indicted 3, or Non-Indicted 4 within the enterprise, or other particular circumstances—such that their act of leaving work early could be regarded as force in the above sense or to the above degree, then the court below, within the scope of the facts charged, could have examined and determined such circumstances and thereby judged whether this part of the Defendant's conduct constitutes the crime of obstruction of business by force. However, the facts charged in this case contain no description of any such special circumstances.

5. Therefore, it must be held that the judgment below erred in the law regarding the crime of obstruction of business, either by failing to conduct a sufficient examination or by violating the rules of evidence in erroneously finding the fact of obstruction of business by force, and the argument is well-founded to this extent.

6. Accordingly, without need to determine the remaining grounds of appeal, the judgment below is reversed and the case is remanded to the court below. This judgment is rendered as stated in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices.

Justice Lee Hoi-chang (Presiding Justice), Lee Jae-seong, Bae Man-woon, Kim Seok-su

【판결요지】

가. 근로조건의 유지 또는 향상 등의 쟁의행위의 목적이 아닌 다른 목적을 위하여 다수 근로자들이 상호의사 연락하에 집단적으로 일시에 조퇴하거나 결근하는 등 노무제공을 거부함으로써 업무의 정상적인 운영을 저해하였다면 이는 다중의 위력에 의한 업무방해 행위에 해당한다고 볼 것인바, 이 경우에는 다수 근로자들의 집단적 행위가 형법 제314조에 규정하는 위력, 즉 사람의 자유의사를 제압할 만한 세력이 되기 때문이다.

나. 형법 제314조에서 규정하는 위력이란 폭행이나 협박에 한정되는 것은 아니지만 사람의 자유의사를 제압할 만한 세력을 말하는 것이므로 전체 근로자 50명 중 29명이 노동조합에 가입하였고, 생산직 근로자는 28-29명인 회사의 노동조합 위원장이 다른 2명과 함께 조합원 1명을 대동하고 노동관계집회에 참석하기 위하여 3시간 정도 조기 퇴근한 것만 가지고 막바로 위력에 해당한다거나 위력으로 업무를 방해한 경우에 해당한다고 하기는 어렵다.

【참조조문】

형법 제314조, 노동쟁의조정법 제3조

【참조판례】

대법원 1991.1.23. 선고 90도2852 판결(공1991,907)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 2,313자 · 펼쳐 보기

【피 고 인】

【상 고 인】 피고인

【원심판결】 부산지방법원 1990.12.5. 선고 90노2546 판결

【주 문】

원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 부산지방법원 합의부에 환송한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 본다.

1. 기록을 살펴보면 원심은 제1심판결을 인용하여, 피고인은 공소외 1이 경영하는 기업사의 노동조합위원장으로서 공소외 2, 3과 공동하여 1990.5.3. 13:30부터 16:30 사이에 같은 노동조합원인 공소외 4를을 대동하고 부산대학교에서 개최된 노동관계집회에 참석한다는 명목으로 조기 퇴근하여 위력으로써 공소외 1의 제품생산 업무를 방해한 것이라고 인정하고, 형법 제314조를 적용 처단하였다.

2. 근로조건의 유지 또는 향상 등의 쟁의행위의 목적이 아닌 다른 목적을 위하여 다수 근로자들이 상호의사 연락하에 집단적으로 일시에 조퇴하거나 결근하는 등 노무제공을 거부함으로써 업무의 정상적인 운영을 저해하였다면 이는 다중의 위력에 의한 업무방해 행위에 해당한다고 볼 것인바( 당원 1991.1.23. 선고 90도2852 판결 참조), 이와 같은 경우에는 위와 같은 다수 근로자들의 집단적 행위가 형법 제314조에 규정하는 위력, 즉 사람의 자유의사를 제압할만한 세력이 되기 때문이다.

3. 형법 제314조에서 규정하는 위력이란 폭행이나 협박에 한정되는 것은 아니지만 이와 같이 사람의 자유의사를 제압할만한 세력을 말하는 것이므로 피고인이 위 장일영을 대동하고 조기 퇴근한 것이 위력에 의한 업무방해죄가 성립하기 위하여는 그것이 위와 같은 의미나 그에 준하는 정도의 세력이 되어야 할 것이고, 이로 인하여 위 삼성기업사의 업무의 정상적인 운영을 저해한다는 범의가 있어야 할 것이다.

4. 그러나 피고인이나 조용철, 박종학이 같은 노동조합원인 장일영을 대동하고 노동관계집회에 참석하기 위하여 3시간 정도 조기 퇴근한 것만 가지고 막바로 위력에 해당한다거나 위력으로 업무를 방해한 경우에 해당한다고 하기는 어려울 것이다.

기록을 살펴보면 위 삼성기업사는 철도차량부속인 제동장치를 생산하는 업체이고, 전체근로자는 여자 2명을 포함하여 50명이며, 그 중 29명이 노동조합에가입하였고, 생산직 근로자는 28-29명이라는 것인바(사법경찰리 작성의 장인호, 장상호에 대한 각 진술조서, 검사 작성의 장종운에 대한 진술조서, 삼성기업사 노사분규 예상동향보고), 삼성기업사의 위와 같은 종업원 규모에 비추어 보아도 그러하다.

만일 삼성기업사의 업무 또는 작업내용이나, 피고인이나 공소외 2, 3 또는 공소외 4가 기업사에서 차지하는 임무나 작업의 비중에 비추어, 또는 그 밖의 다른 특수한 사정으로 인하여 이들의 위와 같은 조기 퇴근이 위와 같은 의미나 정도의 세력이라고 볼만한 특별한 사정이 있다면, 원심으로서는 공소가 제기된 범위 내에서 이와 같은 사정까지를 심리, 확정하여 피고인의 이 부분 행위가 위력에 의한 업무방해죄에 해당하는지 여부를 판단할 수 있을 것이나, 이 사건 공소사실에는 그와 같은 특별한 사정에 관한 기재가 없다.

5. 따라서 원심판결에는 업무방해죄의 법리를 오해하여 심리를 미진하였거나 채증법칙에 위배하여 위력에 의한 업무방해사실을 잘못 인정한 위법이 있다고 보아야 할 것이고, 논지는 이 범위 안에서 이유있다.

6. 그러므로 상고이유의 나머지 부분에 대한 판단을 할 것 없이 원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 원심법원에 환송하기로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 이회창(재판장) 이재성 배만운 김석수

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