Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 87다카3196

Confirmation of Invalidity of Dismissal, etc. (해고무효확인등)해고무효확인등

Decided1989. 03. 14. Court대법원Employer won (case reversed and remanded in favor of the employer's position that dismissal was valid)
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

A worker got hired by lying about his educational background and forging a diploma certificate (졸업증명서), then worked for 8 years before becoming the head of the labor union (노동조합 조합장). After he became union head, the company fired him via disciplinary dismissal (징계해고), citing the original falsification. The Supreme Court (대법원) reversed and remanded the lower court's decision, ruling that lying about education credentials and forging documents were legitimate grounds for dismissal.

Key takeaways
  • CaseA worker lied about his educational credentials and forged a diploma certificate to get hired, worked for 8 years, and was later dismissed for this reason after becoming the labor union's leader.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court ruled that falsifying educational background and forging documents are legitimate grounds for dismissal, and that such misconduct is not excused simply because of long-term employment.
  • LessonNever falsify your educational credentials or forge documents when applying for a job — doing so can serve as valid grounds for dismissal no matter how long you have worked there.
Issues
  • Whether lying about educational background and forging a diploma certificate constitute valid grounds for disciplinary dismissal (징계해고)
  • Whether such defects at the time of hiring can be cured or waived due to a long subsequent period of employment
  • The relationship between anti-union animus and the legality of the dismissal decision
Key reasoning

When companies require certain educational credentials, they are not just assessing job skills, but also making a holistic judgment about the applicant's character, including honesty and integrity. Therefore, falsifying educational background and forging documents constitute serious grounds that, had the company known the truth, it would not have hired the worker in the first place. Such fundamental defects in the hiring process are not cured or forgiven simply because the worker went on to work for a long period (8 years in this case). The Court found that the dismissal was based on legitimate grounds related to the original deception, not merely as retaliation for union activity.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] The reason a company requires a resume or certificates stating educational background or career history when hiring an employee is not merely to evaluate the employee's working ability, that is, labor capacity, but also to determine whether or not to hire through an overall assessment of the employee's whole character, including intelligence, experience, level of education, honesty, and settledness and adaptability to the workplace, which is necessary for building trust between labor and management and for maintaining corporate order; the documents serve as material for such determination.

[2] A case holding that it constitutes grounds for disciplinary dismissal where an employee, upon entering a company that required at least a middle school graduation qualification for the position of regular employee, falsely represented himself as a graduate of middle school and submitted a forged graduation certificate, and then continued to work for eight years while concealing this fact.

[3] Even if it is presumed that there was an intention to exclude the employee from union activities in connection with the disciplinary dismissal of the employee, the dismissal cannot be deemed unlawful so long as the facts constituting the grounds for disciplinary dismissal are clearly established.

Full text (English, AI translation) 10,906 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellee]

[Defendant, Appellant]

[Judgment Below]

Seoul High Court Decision 87Na1199, rendered November 20, 1987

[Order]

The judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.

[Reasoning]

The Court examines the grounds of appeal submitted by the Defendant's litigation representatives.

1. According to the reasoning of the judgment below, the court below found as follows: the Defendant company requires, as a qualification for employees of the packing room of the production department, an educational background of at least middle school graduation, and provides in its regulations that persons who obtained employment through fraudulent means, or who made false statements at the time of hiring, or who deceived the company as to their name or other material career matters, or who submitted a false resume, are to be dismissed for disciplinary cause; that the Plaintiff, who had not attended a regular middle school but had only completed a civic high school (godeung gongminhakgyo), was hired by the Defendant company upon the recommendation of Non-party Kim Nam-yong, the chairman of the Defendant company, and that several days after being hired, when the company demanded submission of a middle school graduation certificate, the Plaintiff forged such a certificate by altering the name, date of birth, and other entries on the Jeungpyeong Middle School graduation certificate belonging to his relative, Non-party 1, so as to make it appear to be his own, and submitted it to the company; that the Plaintiff continued to work for approximately eight years thereafter as an employee of the packing room of the Defendant company's production department, engaged in the work of attaching labels to and packing cosmetics containers manufactured by the Defendant company, during which time there was no indication that his insufficient education caused any impediment to his work; that while employed by the Defendant company, the Plaintiff was subjected to a disciplinary reduction of pay for one month on February 15, 1975, on the ground of unauthorized absence, but received commendations as a perfect-attendance employee in 1977 and 1978; that on July 30, 1982, the Plaintiff was elected chairman of the labor union of the Defendant company at a temporary delegates' assembly; that the Defendant company, alleging that in the process of the Plaintiff's election as union chairman he had disturbed order and work discipline within the company, spread false rumors, and caused harm to the company's internal operations and external reputation, including having received criminal punishment for an assault incident, disciplinarily dismissed the Plaintiff on August 11, 1982; that the Plaintiff, dissatisfied with this, filed a suit seeking confirmation of the invalidity of the disciplinary dismissal, and a judgment confirming the invalidity of the disciplinary dismissal was rendered on the ground that there was no legitimate cause for dismissal, which judgment became final; that the Defendant company, shortly after having thus disciplinarily dismissed the Plaintiff, around August 24, 1982, learned of the fact that the Plaintiff was not a middle school graduate and had forged and submitted a middle school graduation certificate, but did not take separate disciplinary action on this ground at that time; that after the judgment confirming the invalidity of the earlier disciplinary dismissal was rendered and became final on March 7, 1986, the Defendant company, without reinstating the Plaintiff, disciplinarily dismissed the Plaintiff again as of May 26, 1986, pursuant to a resolution of the Defendant company's personnel committee dated May 3, 1986, on the ground of the aforementioned forgery of the graduation certificate and fraudulent misrepresentation of qualifications in obtaining employment. Based on these findings, the court below determined that, in light of the facts that although the Plaintiff, upon being hired on the recommendation of Non-party Kim Nam-yong, then chairman of the Defendant company, had forged and submitted a graduation certificate, he had thereafter worked for approximately eight years as an employee of the packing room of the production department, engaged in the simple work of attaching labels to and packing cosmetics containers, without ever having been noted as causing any impediment to his work due to insufficient education, and had even received two commendations, and moreover had gained such trust among his fellow employees that he was elected chairman of the Defendant company's labor union, it could not be found that the Plaintiff's misrepresentation of his educational background had such an effect on the Defendant company's maintenance of managerial order or the relationship of trust between labor and management that the Defendant company would not have entered into an employment contract with the Plaintiff had it known of this fact beforehand; and that, even if this were not so, given that the Plaintiff, although he had not graduated from a regular middle school, had worked for as long as approximately eight years without any deficiency in the work ability or qualities required by the Defendant company of packing room employees in the production department, the defect existing at the time of hiring should be deemed to have been cured; and further, that even though the Plaintiff's misrepresentation of his educational background was accomplished by the criminal means of forging a public document, to dismiss the Plaintiff on that ground alone now, twelve years later—well beyond the statute of limitations for prosecution under the Criminal Act (형법)—would exceed the legitimate scope of the disciplinary authority; and moreover, that according to the findings above, there was room to view this disciplinary dismissal of the Plaintiff as having been carried out as a means of eliminating the Plaintiff's influence over the Defendant company's labor union, and therefore the Defendant company's disciplinary dismissal of the Plaintiff in this case was, in any respect, unlawful and unjust.

2. However, the reason an enterprise, in hiring a worker, requires a resume stating educational background or career history, or certificates thereof, is not merely to evaluate the worker's working ability, that is, labor capacity, but also because, for the formation of trust between labor and management and the maintenance of enterprise order, it is necessary to make a determination as to whether to hire based on a comprehensive assessment of the worker's whole personality, including intelligence, experience, level of education, honesty, and settledness and adaptability to the workplace; such materials serve as the basis for that determination. (Supreme Court Decision 87Daka2410, decided January 31, 1989)

According to the facts as found by the court below, the Defendant company requires an educational background of at least middle school graduation as a qualification for employees and requires the submission of a middle school graduation certificate as proof thereof; and the Plaintiff, despite not being a middle school graduate, misrepresented himself as a graduate and, in order to prove this, even forged and submitted a graduation certificate. It is evident, according to the empirical rules of common sense, that had the Defendant known of these facts at the time of hiring the Plaintiff, it would not have hired the Plaintiff, taking into account not only the aspect of the Plaintiff's working ability but also personal aspects such as honesty. Even if the Plaintiff had never caused any impediment to his work due to insufficient education or lack of ability, this may support the Plaintiff's working ability, that is, his labor capacity, but it cannot support the employment condition that must be considered from the personal aspect discussed above. Moreover, the fact that the Plaintiff continued to work for eight years after being hired shows, rather, that the misrepresentation of educational background and the forgery of documents and other fraudulent facts remained concealed without being discovered for such a long period, which can be seen as having had a negative effect on the Defendant company's maintenance of enterprise order; it is not appropriate to hold that the defect described above was cured by the mere passage of eight years.

Furthermore, the court below held that it exceeded the scope of the disciplinary authority for the Defendant to dismiss the Plaintiff on the ground of misrepresentation of educational background twelve years later, after even the statute of limitations period for forgery of a public document had passed; however, according to the facts found by the court below, the Defendant did not come to know of the Plaintiff's misrepresentation of his educational background until around August 24, 1982, and prior to that, on August 11, 1982, the Defendant had already disciplinarily dismissed the Plaintiff once on the grounds of obstruction of business and damage to reputation, and the Plaintiff filed a suit for confirmation of invalidity in response, in which a judgment in the Plaintiff's favor became final around March 7, 1986; it is thus evident that, in the meantime, the Defendant could not have dismissed the Plaintiff a second time on the separate ground of misrepresentation of educational background in duplication of the aforementioned disciplinary matter. Accordingly, the determination of the court below on this point is incorrect.

Furthermore, the court below pointed to the possibility that this disciplinary dismissal was carried out as a means of eliminating the Plaintiff's influence over the labor union; however, even granting that an intent to eliminate the Plaintiff's labor union activities may be inferred with respect to this disciplinary dismissal, insofar as the facts constituting the grounds for disciplinary dismissal as set forth above are clearly established and it was determined that the employment relationship could no longer be continued, and the dismissal was carried out on that basis, the dismissal cannot be deemed unlawful merely because an anti-union intent may be inferred.

3. In conclusion, the judgment below contains an error of law in misapprehending the legal principles concerning the requirements for disciplinary dismissal and the employer's power of dismissal, which affected the conclusion of the judgment, and this constitutes a ground for reversal under Article 12(2) of the Act on Special Cases Concerning the Expedition, etc. of Legal Proceedings (소송촉진등에관한특례법). The argument is therefore well-founded.

Accordingly, the judgment below is reversed and the case is remanded, this Court rendering judgment as stated in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices.

Presiding Justice Bae Seok, Justice Lee Hoi-chang, Justice Kim Ju-han

【판결요지】

가. 기업이 근로자를 고용하면서 학력 또는 경력을 기재한 이력서나 그 증명서를 요구하는 이유는 단순히 근로자의 근로능력 즉 노동력을 평가하기 위해서만이 아니라 노사간의 신뢰형성과 기업질서유지를 위해서는 근로자의 지능과 경험, 교육정도, 정직성 및 직장에 대한 정착성과 적응성 등 전인격적 판단을 거쳐 고용여부를 결정할 필요가 있으므로 그 판단자료로 삼기 위한 것이다.

나. 근로자가 사원자격으로 중졸 이상의 학력을 요건으로 하는 회사에 입사하면서 중학교 졸업자인 것처럼 사칭하고 졸업증명서까지 위조하여 제출한 후 8년간 이를 은폐한 채 계속 근무해 온 것이 징계해고 사유에 해당한다고 본 사례

다. 근로자에 대한 징계해고와 근로자의 노동조합 활동을 배제하려는 의사가 추정된다고 하여도 징계해고 요건사실이 명백히 인정되는 이상 그 해고처분이 위법하다고 볼 수 없다.

【참조조문】

근로기준법 제27조

【참조판례】

가. 대법원 1985.4.9. 선고 83다카2202 판결, 1989.1.31. 선고 87다카2410 판결

【주문】·【이유】 전문 3,662자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 피상고인】

【피고 상고인】

【원심판결】 서울고등법원 1987.11.20. 선고 87나1199 판결

【주 문】

원심판결을 파기하고 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.

【이 유】 피고 소송대리인들의 상고이유를 본다.

1. 원심판결이유에 의하면, 원심은 피고 회사는 생산부 포장실 사원의 자격요건으로서 중졸이상의 학력을 요구하고 있고 부정입사자, 또는 채용시 허위의 진술을 하거나 또는 성명 기타 중요한 경력을 속이거나 허위 이력서를 제출하는 등 부정한 방법으로 채용되었을시 이를 징계해고사유로 규정하고 있는 사실, 원고는 정규 중학교를 다니지 못하고 고등공민학교만을 마친채로 있다가 피고 회사의 회장인 소외 김 남용의 추천으로 피고 회사에 입사하게 되었는데, 입사한지 며칠후 회사측으로부터 중학교 졸업증명서의 제출을 요구받자 친척되는 소외 1의 증평중학교 졸업증명서 중 이름, 생년월일등의 기재사항을 원고의 것으로 고쳐써 넣는 방법으로 이를 위조하여 제출한 사실, 원고는 입사이후 약 8년동안 계속 피고 회사 생산부 포장실 사원으로 근무하면서 피고 회사에서 만드는 화장품용기에 상표를 붙이고 포장하는 작업에 종사하였는데 그동안 학력이 모자라 작업에 지장을 초래한다는 지적을 받은 일은 없었으며, 피고 회사에 근무중 1975.2.15. 무단결근을 이유로 감봉 1개월의 징계처분을 받았으나 1977년과 1978년에는 개근사원에게 주는 표창을 받기도 하였던 사실, 원고는 1982.7.30. 피고 회사 노동조합 임시대의원회에서 조합장으로 선출되었는데, 피고 회사는 원고가 조합장으로 선출되는 과정에서 사내의 질서와 근무기강을 문란하게 하였으며 허위사실을 유포하고 폭행사건으로 형사처벌을 받는 등 피고 회사의 내부적인 업무방해 내지는 대외적인 명예손상을 야기시켰다는 등의 이유로 1982.8.11. 원고를 징계해고 하였으나 원고가 이에 불복하여 징계해고무효확인소송을 제기한 결과 정당한 해고사유가 되지 아니한다는 이유로 징계해고무효확인판결이 선고되어 그대로 확정된 사실, 피고 회사는 위와 같이 원고를 징계해고한 직후인 1982.8.24.경 원고가 중학교 졸업자가 아니면서 중학교 졸업증명서를 위조하여 제출한 사실을 알게 되었으나 이를 이유로 별도의 징계처분을 하지 않고 있다가 1986.3.7. 앞서 행한 징계해고처분에 대한 무효확인판결이 선고되어 확정되자 원고를 복직시키지 아니한채 1986.5.3. 피고 회사 인사위원회 결의에 의하여 위와 같은 졸업증명서 위조 및 자격을 조작하여 위장취업하였다는 이유로 원고를 같은달 26자로 징계해고한 사실을 각 인정한 다음, 위에서 인정한 바와 같이 원고가 당시 피고 회사의 회장인 소외 김 남용의 추천을 받고 입사하면서 비록 졸업증명서를 위조하여 제출하였다 하더라도 그후 생산부 포장실 사원으로서 약 8년동안 화장품용기에 상표를 붙이고 이를 포장하는 단순한 작업에 종사하여 오면서 그동안 학력미달로 인한 능력부족으로 작업에 지장을 초래하였다고 지적된 사실이 없었을뿐 아니라, 두차례의 표창까지 받았고 더구나 동료사원들로부터 신망이 두터워 피고 회사 노동조합의 조합장으로 선출되기까지 하였던 점등에 비추어볼때 원고의 학력사칭이 피고 회사의 경영질서유지나 노사간의 신뢰관계에 영향을 주어 피고 회사가 사전에 위 사실을 알았더라면 원고와 고용계약을 맺지 아니하였으리라고는 인정되지 아니하며, 설사 그렇지 않다고 하더라도 원고가 비록 정규중학교를 졸업하지는 못하였지만 피고 회사가 생산부 포장실 사원에게 요구하는 작업능력이나 자질에 부족함 없이 약 8년간이라는 오랜기간 근무하여 왔다면 입사당시에 있었던 위와 같은 하자는 치유되었다고 보아야할 것이고, 또 원고의 학력사칭이 비록 공문서위조라는 범죄적 수단에 의해 이루어진 것이라고 하더라도 형법상의 공소시효기간이 훨씬 지난 12년후인 지금에 와서 그와 같은 사유만으로 원고를 징계해고 하는 것은 징계권의 정당한 범위를 넘은 것이라고 할 것이고, 더구나 위 인정사실에 의하면 원고에 대한 이사건 징계해고는 원고의 피고 회사 노동조합에 대한 영향력행사를 배제하기 위한 수단으로 행하여 졌다고 볼 여지도 있으므로 피고 회사의 원고에 대한 이사건 징계해고는 어느모로 보나 위법부당하다고 판단하였다.

2. 그러나 기 업이 근로자를 고용하면서 학력 또는 경력을 기재한 이력서나 그 증명서를 요구하는 이유는 단순히 근로자의 근로능력 즉 노동력을 평가하기 위해서만이 아니라 노사간의 신뢰형성과 기업질서유지를 위해서는 근로자의 지능과 경험, 교육정도, 정직성 및 직장에 대한 정착성과 적응성등 전 인격적 판단을 거쳐 고용여부를 결정할 필요가 있으므로 그 판단자료로 삼기 위한 것이다.( 1989.1.31. 87 다카2410)

위 원심확정사실에 의하면, 피고 회사는 사원자격으로 중졸이상의 학력을 요건으로 하고 그 증명방법으로 중학교 졸업증명서의 제출을 요구하고 있는데 원고는 중학교졸업자가 아님에도 불구하고 졸업자인 것처럼 사칭하고 이를 증명하기 위하여 졸업증명서까지 위조하여 제출하였다는 것인 바, 피고가 원고를 고용할 때에 위와 같은 내용을 알았다면 원고의 근로능력의 측면외에도 정직성등 인격적 측면을 고려하여 원고를 고용하지 않았을 것이 우리의 경험칙상 명백하고, 원고가 그동안 학력미달로 인한 능력부족으로 작업에 지장을 초래한 일이 없었다고 하여도 이는 원고의 근로능력 즉 노동력을 뒷받침할 사유는 될지언정 앞에서 본 인격적 측면에서 고려해야 할 고용조건까지 뒷받침 해주는 사유는 될 수 없으며, 또 원고가 입사후 8년간 계속 근무하여 왔다는 것은 위와 같은 학력사칭과 문서위조등 부정사실이 그토록 장기간 발각됨이 없이 은폐되었다는 점에서 오히려 피고 회사의 기업질서유지에 부정적인 영향을 미친다고 볼 수 있을지언정 8년의 시일 경과로 위와같은 하자가 치유되었다고 보는 것은 타당하지 않다.

또 원심은 피고가 공문서위조의 공소시효기간도 지난 12년후에 학력사칭을 이유로 징계해고하는 것은 징계권의 범위를 넘은 것이라고 하나, 원심확정사실에 의하면 피고는 원고의 학력사칭을 1982.8.4경에 이르러 비로소 알게 되었는데 그 전인 1982.8.11.에 이미 원고를 업무방해 및 명예손상등을 이유로 1차 징계해고 하였고 이에 대하여 원고가 무효확인소송을 제기하여 1986.3.7.경에 원고승소판결이 확정되었으므로, 그동안 피고로서는 원고에 대하여 위 징계사건과 별도로 학력사칭을 이유로 중복하여 해고처분을 할 수 없었음이 명백하여 위 원심판시는 옳지 않다.

또 원심은 이 사건 징계해고가 원고의 노동조합에 대한 영향력행사를 배제하기 위한 수단으로 행해졌다고 볼 여지가 있다는 점을 들고 있으나, 가사 이 사건 징계해고에 원고의 노동조합활동을 배제하려는 의도가 추정된다고 하여도 위에서 본 바와 같은 징계해고요건사실이 명백히 인정되어 더 이상 고용관계를 계속시킬 수 없다고 보아서 해고한 이상 반 노동조합의 의사가 추정된다는 것만으로 위 해고처분은 위법하다고 볼 수는 없다.

3. 결국 원심판결에는 징계해고의 요건과 사용자의 해고권에 관한 법리를 오해하여 판결에 영향을 미친 위법이 있고 이는 소송촉진등에관한특례법 제12조 제2항 소정의 파기사유에 해당하므로 논지는 이유있다.

그러므로 원심판결을 파기환송하기로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 배석(재판장) 이회창 김주한

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