Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 2004두10852

Revocation of Dismissal (해임처분취소)해임처분취소

Decided2005. 04. 29. Court대법원Employer won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

The Korean Railway Workers' Union staged a strike (쟁의행위) primarily aimed at opposing the privatization of the railway. The Supreme Court (대법원) ruled that this strike lacked legitimacy of purpose, and that the disciplinary dismissal (해임처분) of union members who participated was a lawful exercise of the employer's disciplinary discretion.

Key takeaways
  • CaseThe railway union went on strike mainly to oppose privatization, and some members committed violence and destroyed government property, leading to their dismissal.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court ruled that opposition to privatization is not a bargainable issue, making the strike unlawful, and upheld the dismissal of the violent participants as lawful.
  • LessonUnion strikes must be limited to negotiable matters like wages and working conditions, and members who commit violence during a strike risk severe disciplinary action, including dismissal.
Issues
  • Whether the strike had a legitimate purpose
  • Whether a strike opposing corporate restructuring/privatization is lawful
  • The scope of the employer's discretion in imposing disciplinary action
Key reasoning

Opposition to railway privatization itself is not a matter subject to collective bargaining (단체교섭), since it concerns government policy rather than wages or working conditions. Because the strike's primary purpose was to oppose privatization rather than to negotiate bargainable issues, the entire strike was found to lack legitimate purpose and was therefore unlawful. During the strike, some union members engaged in violence and destroyed state property, and the Court held that dismissing these members was reasonable and consistent with social norms (사회통념), falling within the employer's lawful scope of disciplinary discretion.

Full text (English, AI translation) 10,088 chars

[Order]

All appeals are dismissed. The costs of appeal shall be borne by each appellant.

[Reasoning]

1. Judgment on the appeals filed by Plaintiff 6, Plaintiff 7, Plaintiff 8, Plaintiff 9, and Plaintiff 10

A. As to Ground of Appeal No. 1

In order for a labor dispute action (쟁의행위) by workers to be lawful, all of the following requirements must be satisfied: first, the subject thereof must be capable of being a party to collective bargaining; second, its purpose must be to promote autonomous bargaining between labor and management for the improvement of working conditions; third, it must commence only when the employer has refused collective bargaining regarding specific demands for improvement of workers' working conditions, and, absent special circumstances, must go through procedures prescribed by statute, such as a resolution of approval by union members; and fourth, its means and methods must be in harmony with the employer's property rights and must not amount to the exercise of violence (see Supreme Court Decision 97Do588 delivered on January 20, 1998; Supreme Court en banc Decision 99Do4837 delivered on October 25, 2001, etc.). Whether to implement corporate restructuring, such as layoffs for managerial reasons, consolidation of business organizations, or privatization of public enterprises, is a matter belonging to the high-level managerial decision of the management, and in principle cannot be the subject of collective bargaining. Absent special circumstances such as its being pursued with impure intent without urgent managerial necessity or reasonable grounds, if a labor union in substance engages in a labor dispute action to oppose the implementation itself, such labor dispute action cannot be recognized as having a legitimate purpose, even if the implementation inevitably entails changes in the workers' status or working conditions (see Supreme Court Decision 99Do5380 delivered on February 26, 2002). Where the purposes pursued in a labor dispute action are multiple and some of them are improper, the propriety of the purpose of the dispute action must be judged by reference to the propriety of the main or true purpose, and where it is found that the labor dispute action would not have been carried out but for the inclusion of the improper demand, the entire dispute action must be deemed to lack legitimacy (see Supreme Court Decision 2000Do2871 delivered on June 26, 2001).

The court below, upon comprehensive consideration of the adopted evidence, found the facts as stated in its holding, and determined that, although the improvement of working conditions of workers belonging to the Korea National Railroad (철도청) was one of the major causes leading the Railroad Workers' Union (철도노조) to carry out the general strike as a labor dispute action on February 25, 2002, the main purpose thereof was found to be a struggle against the government to oppose the railroad privatization policy and to demand its withdrawal, and it is reasonable to find that, had the issue of withdrawal of railroad privatization, one of the main demands, been excluded, the Railroad Workers' Union would not have carried out the said dispute action; therefore, the said dispute action lost legitimacy in its purpose, and the entire dispute action must be deemed to lack legitimacy. Accordingly, the court below determined that the above plaintiffs' arguments, which presuppose the lawfulness of the Railroad Workers' Union's dispute action, were all without merit. Examining the record in light of the above legal principles, the court below's selection and rejection of evidence, fact-finding, and determination as above are acceptable, and there is no error of misapprehension of the rules of evidence or misapprehension of legal principles as alleged in the grounds of appeal.

B. As to Ground of Appeal No. 2

Where there exist grounds for disciplinary action against a person subject to discipline and a disciplinary measure is imposed, the determination of what kind of measure to take is left to the discretion of the disciplinary authority; only where it is recognized that the disciplinary measure taken by the disciplinary authority in the exercise of such discretion has markedly lost reasonableness in light of social norms, thereby constituting an abuse of the discretion entrusted to the disciplinary authority, can the measure be held unlawful. In order for a disciplinary measure to be held unlawful as markedly lacking reasonableness in light of social norms and exceeding the scope of discretion, it must be the case that, upon comprehensive consideration of various factors according to the specific case, such as the content and nature of the misconduct that gave rise to the discipline, the purpose sought to be achieved by the discipline, and the standards for determining the disciplinary measure, the content of the discipline can be objectively and clearly recognized as unjust (see Supreme Court Decision 2000Da60890, 60906 delivered on August 23, 2002).

The court below considered the following: the grounds for discipline against the above plaintiffs were violations of the duty of good faith under Article 56 of the State Public Officials Act (국가공무원법), the duty of obedience under Article 57, the duty not to leave one's post under Article 58, and the duty to maintain dignity under Article 63, and the degree of misconduct was not slight; moreover, Plaintiff 7 had a prior record of having received a three-month suspension from duty from the Commissioner of the Korea National Railroad, Plaintiff 9 had received a reprimand from the Commissioner of the Seoul Regional Railroad Administration, and Plaintiff 10 had received a two-month salary reduction from the Commissioner of the Seoul Regional Railroad Administration; Plaintiff 7, Plaintiff 8, Plaintiff 9, and Plaintiff 10 were each either the head of their respective Railroad Workers' Union branch or a member of the Central Labor Dispute Countermeasures Committee, and in substance led the dispute action; moreover, in the course of the dispute, Plaintiff 7 exercised violence against a superior and occupied the station master's office, Plaintiff 8 committed verbal abuse and threats against a superior, Plaintiff 9 not only obstructed inspection work by force but also incited the destruction of state property, and Plaintiff 10, as a member of the Central Labor Dispute Countermeasures Committee, in substance led the Railroad Workers' Union's dispute action; meanwhile, Plaintiff 6, despite the strike having ended by agreement between the Railroad Workers' Union and the Defendant, exercised violence and destroyed state property in the course of returning to his post. Considering all of the above comprehensively, the court below determined that, even taking into account the circumstances alleged by the above plaintiffs, the disciplinary measures of dismissal against Plaintiff 7, Plaintiff 8, Plaintiff 9, and Plaintiff 10, and the three-month suspension from duty against Plaintiff 6, cannot be said to constitute a deviation from or abuse of the disciplinary authority's discretion. Examining the record in light of the above legal principles, the court below's determination as above is also acceptable, and there is no error of misapprehension of legal principles concerning deviation from or abuse of disciplinary discretion as alleged in the grounds of appeal.

2. Judgment on the Defendant's appeal concerning Plaintiff 1, Plaintiff 2, Plaintiff 3, Plaintiff 4, and Plaintiff 5

The court below determined that, although the acts of Plaintiff 1, Plaintiff 2, Plaintiff 3, Plaintiff 4, and Plaintiff 5 as stated in its holding constituted violations of the duty of good faith under Article 56 of the State Public Officials Act, the duty of obedience under Article 57, the duty not to leave one's post under Article 58, and the duty to maintain dignity under Article 63, considering that the above plaintiffs had no prior record of disciplinary action before receiving the disciplinary measure in this case; that Plaintiff 1 and Plaintiff 2 had a record of having received a commendation from the Commissioner of the Korea National Railroad or the Commissioner of the Seoul Regional Railroad Administration; that the above plaintiffs did not directly assault superiors or destroy state property during the strike at issue in this case; and that the Railroad Workers' Union resolved the strike issue through agreement with the Defendant and is making efforts toward a reasonable railroad business, and comprehensively considering these circumstances, imposing dismissal—a severe disciplinary measure depriving one of public official status—on the above plaintiffs constitutes a deviation from or abuse of the disciplinary discretion, and therefore the disciplinary measures of dismissal against the above plaintiffs are unlawful. Examining the record, the court below's selection of evidence and determination as above are also acceptable, and there is no error of misapprehension of legal principles concerning deviation from or abuse of disciplinary discretion as alleged in the grounds of appeal.

3. Conclusion

Accordingly, all appeals are dismissed, and the costs of appeal shall be borne by each appellant. Meanwhile, pursuant to Article 3, etc. of the Addenda to the Korea Railroad Corporation Act (한국철도공사법), enacted as Act No. 7052 on December 31, 2003 and effective as of January 1, 2005, the authority of the Commissioner of the Korea National Railroad to impose disciplinary measures on public officials belonging to the Korea National Railroad was succeeded to by the Minister of Construction and Transportation (건설교통부장관); therefore, pursuant to Article 14(6) and the proviso of Article 13(1) of the Administrative Litigation Act (행정소송법), the Defendant is corrected to be the Minister of Construction and Transportation. This judgment is rendered as stated in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices.

Presiding Justice Yoo Ji-dam, Justice Bae Ki-won, Justice Lee Kang-kook (Justice in charge), Justice Kim Yong-dam

【참조조문】

[1] 노동조합및노동관계조정법 제4조 , 제37조

[2] 노동조합및노동관계조정법 제4조 , 제37조

[3] 노동조합및노동관계조정법 제4조 , 제37조

[4] 근로기준법 제30조 제1항

【참조판례】

[1] 대법원 1998. 1. 20. 선고 97도588 판결(공1998상, 636), 대법원 2001. 10. 25. 선고 99도4837 전원합의체 판결(공2001하, 2624) /[2] 대법원 2002. 2. 26. 선고 99도5380 판결(공2002상, 1290) /[3] 대법원 1992. 1. 21. 선고 91누5204 판결(공1992, 927), 대법원 2001. 6. 26. 선고 2000도2871 판결(공2001하, 1785) /[4] 대법원 1997. 11. 25. 선고 97누14637 판결(공1998상, 123), 대법원 1998. 11. 10. 선고 98두12017 판결(공1998하, 2880), 대법원 1999. 4. 27. 선고 99두1458 판결(공1999상, 1072), 대법원 1999. 10. 8. 선고 99두6101 판결(공1999하, 2339), 대법원 2002. 8. 23. 선고 2000다60890, 60906 판결(공2002하, 2177)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 4,199자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고,피상고인】

【원고,상고인】

【피고,피상고인겸상고인】 건설교통부장관 (경정 전, 철도청장) (소송대리인 한밭 법무법인 담당변호사 박주봉 외 3인)

【원심판결】 대전고법 2004. 8. 27. 선고 2003누2074 판결

【주문】

상고를 모두 기각한다. 상고비용은 상고인 각자가 부담한다.

【이유】 1. 원고 6, 원고 7, 원고 8, 원고 9, 원고 10의 상고에 관한 판단

가. 상고이유 제1점에 대하여

근로자의 쟁의행위가 적법하기 위하여는, 첫째 그 주체가 단체교섭의 주체로 될 수 있는 자이어야 하고, 둘째 그 목적이 근로조건의 향상을 위한 노사간의 자치적 교섭을 조성하는 데에 있어야 하며, 셋째 사용자가 근로자의 근로조건 개선에 관한 구체적인 요구에 대하여 단체교섭을 거부하였을 때 개시하되 특별한 사정이 없는 한 조합원의 찬성결정 등 법령이 규정한 절차를 거쳐야 하고, 넷째 그 수단과 방법이 사용자의 재산권과 조화를 이루어야 함은 물론 폭력의 행사에 해당되지 아니하여야 한다는 여러 조건을 모두 구비하여야 할 것인바( 대법원 1998. 1. 20. 선고 97도588 판결, 2001. 10. 25. 선고 99도4837 전원합의체 판결 등 참조), 정리해고나 사업조직의 통폐합, 공기업의 민영화 등 기업의 구조조정의 실시 여부는 경영주체에 의한 고도의 경영상 결단에 속하는 사항으로서 이는 원칙적으로 단체교섭의 대상이 될 수 없고, 그것이 긴박한 경영상의 필요나 합리적인 이유 없이 불순한 의도로 추진되는 등의 특별한 사정이 없는 한, 노동조합이 실질적으로 그 실시 자체를 반대하기 위하여 쟁의행위에 나아간다면, 비록 그 실시로 인하여 근로자들의 지위나 근로조건의 변경이 필연적으로 수반된다 하더라도 그 쟁의행위는 목적의 정당성을 인정할 수 없는 것이며( 대법원 2002. 2. 26. 선고 99도5380 판결 참조), 쟁의행위에서 추구되는 목적이 여러 가지이고 그 중 일부가 정당하지 못한 경우에는 주된 목적 내지 진정한 목적의 당부에 의하여 그 쟁의목적의 당부를 판단하여야 할 것이고, 부당한 요구사항을 제외하였다면 쟁의행위를 하지 않았을 것이라고 인정되는 경우에는 그 쟁의행위 전체가 정당성을 갖지 못한다고 보아야 한다( 대법원 2001. 6. 26. 선고 2000도2871 판결 참조).

원심은, 그 채용 증거들을 종합하여 판시와 같은 사실을 인정한 다음 비록 철도청 소속 근로자의 근로조건개선도 철도노조가 2002. 2. 25. 총파업이라는 쟁의행위에 이르게 된 주요한 원인의 하나가 되었다고 하더라도 그 주된 목적은 철도 민영화정책을 반대하고 그 정책의 철회를 요구하기 위한 대정부 투쟁에 있다고 보여지고, 철도노조가 주요 요구사항 중 하나인 철도민영화의 철회문제를 제외하였다면 위 쟁의행위를 하지 않았을 것이라고 인정된다고 봄이 상당하므로 결국 위 쟁의행위는 그 목적에 있어 정당성을 상실하여 쟁의행위 전체가 정당성을 갖지 못한다고 할 것이어서, 철도노조의 쟁의행위가 적법함을 전제로 하는 위 원고들의 주장은 모두 이유 없다고 판단하였는바, 위 법리를 기록에 비추어 살펴보면, 원심의 위와 같은 증거의 취사선택과 사실인정 및 판단은 수긍이 가고, 거기에 상고이유로 주장하는 바와 같은 채증법칙 위배로 인한 사실오인이나 법리오해의 위법이 없다.

나. 상고이유 제2점에 대하여

피징계자에게 징계사유가 있어서 징계처분을 하는 경우, 어떠한 처분을 할 것인가 하는 것은 징계권자의 재량에 맡겨진 것이고, 다만 징계권자가 재량권의 행사로서 한 징계처분이 사회통념상 현저하게 타당성을 잃어 징계권자에게 맡겨진 재량권을 남용한 것이라고 인정되는 경우에 한하여 그 처분을 위법하다고 할 수 있고, 그 징계처분이 사회통념상 현저하게 타당성을 잃어 재량권의 범위를 벗어난 위법한 처분이라고 할 수 있으려면 구체적인 사례에 따라 징계의 원인이 된 비위사실의 내용과 성질, 징계에 의하여 달성하려고 하는 목적, 징계양정의 기준 등 여러 요소를 종합하여 판단할 때에 그 징계 내용이 객관적으로 명백히 부당하다고 인정할 수 있는 경우라야 한다( 대법원 2002. 8. 23. 선고 2000다60890, 60906 판결 참조).

원심은, 위 원고들에 대한 징계사유는 국가공무원법 제56조 성실의무, 제57조 복종의무, 제58조 직장이탈금지의무, 제63조 품위유지의무를 위반한 것으로 그 비위의 정도가 가볍지 아니할 뿐만 아니라, 원고 7은 철도청장으로부터 3월의 정직처분을, 원고 9는 서울지방철도청장으로부터 견책처분을, 원고 10은 서울지방철도청장으로부터 2월의 감봉처분을 각 받은 전력이 있는 점, 원고 7, 원고 8, 원고 9, 원고 10은 각 소속 철도노조 지부의 지부장이거나, 중앙쟁위대책위원회 위원으로 실질적으로 쟁의행위를 이끌었을 뿐만 아니라, 그 쟁의과정에서 원고 7은 상급자에게 폭력을 행사하고 소장실을 점거하였으며, 원고 8은 상급자에게 폭언 및 협박행위 등을 감행하였고, 원고 9은 검수업무를 실력으로 저지하였을 뿐만 아니라, 국가 기물을 파손하도록 선동하였으며, 원고 10는 중앙쟁의대책위원회 위원으로서 철도노조의 쟁의행위를 실질적으로 주도하였고, 한편 원고 6은 철도노조와 피고 사이의 합의에 의하여 파업이 종료되었음에도 소속 근무지로 복귀하는 과정에서 폭력을 행사하고 국가 기물을 파손하였던 점 등을 종합하여 보면, 위 원고들 주장과 같은 정황을 고려한다 하더라도 원고 7, 원고 8, 원고 9, 원고 10에 대한 해임 및 원고 6에 대한 정직 3개월의 징계처분이 징계권의 재량을 일탈하거나 남용하였다고 할 수 없다고 판단하였는바, 위 법리와 기록에 비추어 살펴보면, 원심의 위와 같은 판단도 수긍이 가고, 거기에 상고이유로 주장하는 바와 같은 징계재량권의 일탈·남용에 관한 법리오해의 위법이 없다.

2. 피고의 원고 1, 원고 2, 원고 3, 원고 4, 원고 5에 대한 상고에 관한 판단

원심은, 원고 1, 원고 2, 원고 3, 원고 4, 원고 5의 그 판시와 같은 행위가 국가공무원법 제56조 성실의무, 제57조 복종의무, 제58조 직장이탈금지의무, 제63조 품위유지의무를 위반한 것이기는 하지만 위 원고들이 이 사건 징계처분을 받기 전에는 징계처분을 받은 사실이 없을 뿐만 아니라, 원고 1, 원고 2는 철도청장 또는 서울지방철도청장으로부터 표창장을 받은 경력이 있는 점, 위 원고들이 이 사건 파업과정에서 상급자에 대한 직접적인 폭행이나 국가 기물에 대한 파손행위는 하지 않았던 점, 철도노조가 피고와의 합의를 통하여 파업문제를 해결하였고, 합리적인 철도사업을 위하여 노력하고 있는 점 등을 종합하여 보면, 공무원신분을 박탈하는 중징계인 해임으로 위 원고들을 처분하는 것은 그 징계재량권을 일탈하거나 남용한 것으로서 위 원고들에 대한 해임의 징계처분은 위법하다고 판단하였는바, 기록에 비추어 살펴보면, 원심의 위와 같은 증거취사와 판단도 수긍이 가고, 거기에 상고이유로 주장하는 바와 같은 징계재량권의 일탈·남용에 관한 법리오해의 위법이 없다.

3. 결 론

그러므로 상고를 모두 기각하고, 상고비용은 상고인 각자가 부담하기로 하되, 2003. 12. 31. 법률 제7052호로 제정되어 2005. 1. 1. 시행된 한국철도공사법 부칙 제3조 등의 규정에 의하여 철도청 소속 공무원에 대한 철도청장의 징계처분권한은 건설교통부장관에게 승계되었으므로 행정소송법 제14조 제6항, 제13조 제1항 단서의 규정을 각 적용하여 피고를 건설교통부장관으로 경정하기로 하여, 관여 대법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 유지담(재판장) 배기원 이강국(주심) 김용담

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