Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 2000두9373

Revocation of Reexamination Decision on Unfair Dismissal Remedy (부당해고구제재심판정취소)부당해고구제재심판정취소

Decided2002. 07. 09. Court대법원Employer won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

This case concerns whether a layoff (정리해고, workforce reduction for managerial reasons) carried out by the Seoul Arts Center Foundation, following a government directive to cut personnel, was lawful. The Korean Supreme Court held that all four legal requirements for a valid layoff—urgent managerial necessity, efforts to avoid dismissal, reasonable selection criteria, and a duty to consult with workers—were satisfied. The Court further clarified that 'urgent managerial necessity' is not limited to avoiding bankruptcy but also includes reasonable workforce reductions made to prepare for future business risks.

Key takeaways
  • CaseThe Seoul Arts Center Foundation carried out a layoff (정리해고) in response to a government directive to reduce staff, and the dismissed employees challenged it as unfair dismissal (부당해고).
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court ruled the layoff lawful, holding that urgent managerial necessity is not limited to avoiding bankruptcy and that all four requirements for a valid layoff were satisfied.
  • LessonA layoff can be justified even without imminent insolvency, as long as it is a reasonable response to a future business crisis and all four legal requirements are fully met.
Issues
  • How broadly should 'urgent managerial necessity' be interpreted for purposes of a lawful layoff (정리해고)?
  • Were the criteria and methods used to select employees for layoff reasonable?
  • How should the four requirements for a lawful layoff be evaluated together as a whole?
Key reasoning

The Supreme Court explained that the 'urgent managerial necessity' required for a lawful layoff (정리해고) does not require the company to be on the verge of insolvency; it is sufficient if the reduction is a reasonable measure to address anticipated future managerial crises. The Court also noted that the four requirements for a valid layoff are interrelated, meaning that the specific standard for each requirement may vary depending on how strongly the other requirements are met. Therefore, courts must comprehensively evaluate all the surrounding circumstances of each case rather than applying rigid, fixed standards. Applying this flexible, holistic approach, the Court concluded that the Arts Center's layoff met all four requirements and was therefore legitimate.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

Pursuant to Article 31, Paragraphs 1 through 3 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), where an employer intends to dismiss a worker for managerial reasons, there must be an urgent managerial necessity, the employer must make every effort to avoid the dismissal, the persons subject to dismissal must be selected according to reasonable and fair standards, and the employer must notify the labor union organized by a majority of the workers or the workers' representative of the methods for avoiding dismissal and the criteria for dismissal, etc., no later than 60 days prior to the date of implementing the dismissal, and must consult in good faith. Here, "urgent managerial necessity" is not limited to cases where it is necessary to avoid the bankruptcy of the enterprise, but should be construed to also include cases where a reduction in personnel is objectively recognized as reasonable in order to preemptively respond to a crisis that may arise in the future. The specific content of each of the aforementioned requirements is not fixed or static, but is determined flexibly in a given case in relation to the degree to which the other requirements are satisfied. Therefore, whether a particular dismissal for managerial reasons in a specific case is justified by satisfying all of the aforementioned requirements must be determined by comprehensively considering the individual circumstances constituting each of these requirements.

Full text (English, AI translation) 16,820 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellee] The successor to the litigation of the Seoul Arts Center Foundation, Seoul Arts Center (Attorney Ko Seung-deok, Counsel for the Plaintiff)
[Defendant, Appellant] Chairman of the National Labor Relations Commission
[Defendant's Intervenor] Defendant's Intervenor 1 (Attorney Lee Kyung-woo and 1 other, Counsel for the Intervenor)
[Defendant's Intervenor, Appellant] Defendant's Intervenor 2 (Attorney Kim Byung-heon, Counsel for the Intervenor)
[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Decision 2000Nu5601 dated November 8, 2000

[Order]

All appeals are dismissed. Of the costs of appeal, the portion arising from the intervention shall be borne by Defendant's Intervenor 2, and the remainder shall be borne by the Defendant.

[Reasoning]

1. Summary of the Judgment Below

According to the reasoning of the judgment below, the court below found, based on the evidence adopted, as follows: the Seoul Arts Center Foundation (재단법인 예술의전당), whose main sources of revenue, apart from performance business, were public interest funds and government subsidies {on September 9, 2000, the Seoul Arts Center succeeded to all rights, obligations, and property of the Seoul Arts Center Foundation, as well as the employment relationships with its employees, pursuant to Articles 4 and 5 of the Addenda to the Culture and Arts Promotion Act (문화예술진흥법, as amended by Act No. 6132 on January 12, 2000); hereinafter referred to as "Plaintiff Foundation"}, after receiving a request from the Minister of Culture and Tourism for budget cuts and personnel expense reductions for 1998, was instructed on or around July 23, 1998 to reduce personnel by approximately 20% in 1998 and 30% in 1999; that the Plaintiff Foundation held eight labor-management council meetings from August 7, 1998 to September 23, 1998, and on September 23, 1998, agreed with the labor union to reduce the authorized headcount of 168 to 135 by the end of September 1998, but that in practice, 20 of the then-current 155 employees (1 executive, 9 at Grade 3 or above, 5 at Grade 4 or below, 4 contract employees, and 1 person expected to retire due to age) would be reduced; that as a method of selecting the 5 employees at Grade 4 or below to be reduced, one member each would be selected from among Grade 1-3 employees and two members each from among Grade 4-6 employees to serve as organizational restructuring committee members, forming a nine-member Organizational Restructuring Committee which would select the persons subject to layoff; that each committee member would select, by secret ballot, 10 employees whom they judged to meet the selection criteria set forth below, and the persons to be laid off would be determined in order of the highest number of votes received; and that the selection criteria were agreed to be as follows: (1) cases where a position has been eliminated due to organizational restructuring; (2) unproductive personnel whom all employees would agree are such; (3) personnel lacking professional expertise and corresponding competence and qualifications for their work; (4) personnel lacking creativity, drive to accomplish tasks, and initiative in their work; (5) personnel who have joined factional cliques and lack a sense of community as members of the organization; (6) personnel without principles who cannot adapt to the organization; and (7) personnel who show no professional effort or intention to develop themselves for their future. Thereafter, as the selection of restructuring committee members was delayed because the committee members selected by the labor union side declined the position, the Plaintiff Foundation, on October 7, 1998, selected, with the agreement of the labor union, the remaining 6 restructuring committee members other than the 3 already-selected Grade 1-3 members; on October 8, 1998, the Organizational Restructuring Committee held a meeting and conducted a secret ballot vote, the results of which were: Nonparty 1 (Grade 5, technical position) and Defendant's Intervenor (hereinafter "Intervenor") 2 (Grade 6, administrative position) each received 9 votes; Nonparty 2 (Grade 5, administrative position) and Intervenor 1 (Grade 5, administrative position) each received 7 votes; Nonparty 3 received 6 votes; and Nonparty 4, Nonparty 5, and Nonparty 6 each received 5 votes. The Organizational Restructuring Committee then resolved to delegate to the Chairman of the Board, who held the authority over personnel matters, the selection of the persons to be laid off from among those who received 5 or more votes, and reported the above results to the Chairman of the Board of the Plaintiff Foundation. As one employee at Grade 4 or below took voluntary retirement, the Plaintiff Foundation decided to dismiss 4 of the above vote recipients; among the 5 persons who received 6 or more votes, the above Nonparty 2 was excluded on the ground that she majored in English and was specialized personnel in charge of exhibition guidance, telephone duties, and telemarketing work, and Nonparty 1, the Intervenors, and Nonparty 3 were selected as the persons to be dismissed and were placed on standby assignment on October 10, 1998 with respect to these persons. Thereafter, as Nonparty 1 and one additional employee at Grade 4 or below took voluntary retirement, the Plaintiff Foundation proposed to the Intervenors and Nonparty 3 that if the three of them would agree among themselves and select one person, the selected person would be exempted from the layoff, but as the three failed to reach agreement, the Plaintiff Foundation dismissed all of them by way of layoff on December 19, 1998. The court below also found that the Plaintiff Foundation had not, as a general practice, prepared personnel performance evaluation data or attendance records for its employees, and that matters of reward and punishment were also not considered as factors in selecting the persons to be dismissed, due to the labor union's opposition on the ground that such matters were unreasonable as criteria for evaluating employees' performance.

Having found the foregoing facts, the court below held that, in order for a so-called layoff carried out by an enterprise due to managerial necessity to be found justified, it must be recognized, upon overall and comprehensive consideration of various circumstances—including whether there was an urgent managerial necessity, whether the employer made reasonable efforts to avoid the dismissal, whether the persons to be dismissed were selected according to objective and reasonable criteria, and whether there was sincere consultation with the labor union or the workers' side, among other matters—that the dismissal in question possesses objective reasonableness and social propriety. On this premise, the court below held: that the Plaintiff Foundation, due to a deficit from its 1997 performance business and other activities and the reduction of government subsidies resulting from the 1998 foreign exchange crisis, had no choice but to reduce its expenditure budget, including personnel expenses; that as the government demanded personnel reductions, the Plaintiff Foundation had objective reasonableness in taking the necessary measures to respond to such demands, and thus an urgent managerial necessity for the layoff is recognized; that the fact that the Plaintiff Foundation, prior to carrying out the layoff at issue in this case, reduced its own operating expenses, discontinued renewal of contracts with contract employees, and implemented voluntary retirements, should, in light of the Plaintiff's establishment purpose and character and its sources of financial revenue, be deemed to constitute taking all appropriate measures to avoid the layoff; that, with respect to the criteria and method for selecting the persons subject to layoff, it is not necessary that the criteria be based solely on employees' work ability, and it is also permissible to use criteria such as the employees' living circumstances and fairness among employees, so that the employer has considerable discretion, and in particular, selection criteria and methods determined with the consent of the labor union cannot be denied reasonableness unless they are excessively arbitrary or unreasonable; that since the Plaintiff Foundation, due to the labor union's opposition, had no personnel performance evaluation data or attendance records, and could not use matters of reward and punishment as selection criteria for the persons to be dismissed, it cannot be concluded that relying on the subjective judgment of the restructuring committee members was an arbitrary or unreasonable method; that the Organizational Restructuring Committee was composed by grade, and the selection of its members was made with the consent of the labor union; that as the Plaintiff Foundation had only about 150 employees who rotated positions at intervals of 1-2 years, it appears that the employees were well acquainted with one another's work ability and personal circumstances, and thus it was reasonable to select a certain number of employees by grade to form the Organizational Restructuring Committee; that since the restructuring committee members selected the persons to be dismissed based on their subjective judgment drawing on information they had previously acquired, it cannot be concluded that there was insufficient time to carry out their task merely because they were selected one day before the meeting was held; and that although the content of the selection criteria for the persons to be dismissed in this case was somewhat abstract, it contained nothing unreasonable or arbitrary, and thus the method and criteria for selecting the persons subject to the layoff in this case possessed reasonableness and validity. Accordingly, the court below determined that the layoff in this case, possessing objective reasonableness and social propriety, was justified, and that the Defendant's decision on reexamination, which dismissed the Plaintiff Foundation's application for reexamination on the ground that the layoff in this case was unjust, was itself unjust.

2. Judgment of the Supreme Court

Under Article 31, paragraphs 1 through 3 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), where an employer intends to dismiss an employee for managerial reasons, there must be an urgent managerial necessity, the employer must make every effort to avoid the dismissal, the persons subject to dismissal must be selected according to reasonable and fair criteria, and the employer must notify the methods for avoiding dismissal and the criteria for dismissal, among other matters, to the labor union organized by a majority of the employees or to the employees' representative no later than 60 days before the date of implementing the dismissal, and must engage in sincere consultation. Here, "urgent managerial necessity" is not limited to cases necessary to avoid the enterprise's bankruptcy, but should be construed to include cases where personnel reduction is objectively recognized as reasonable as a means of preemptively responding to a crisis that may arise in the future; and since the specific content of each of the above requirements is not fixed or static but is determined flexibly in relation to the degree of fulfillment of the other requirements in a given case, whether a particular dismissal for managerial reasons in a specific case satisfies all of the above requirements and is thus justified must be determined by comprehensively considering the individual circumstances constituting each of the above requirements.

A. As to the Grounds of Appeal Regarding Urgent Managerial Necessity

The Plaintiff Foundation is a non-profit public interest corporation whose revenue sources, apart from performance business proceeds, include government subsidies including public interest funds, and thus there are circumstances under which the concept of profit and loss cannot be viewed the same as for a general enterprise; furthermore, since contract employees are hired depending on whether salary payment is possible within the personnel expense budget, whether the current headcount falls short of the authorized headcount should be calculated including the number of contract employees. Therefore, the mere fact that the Plaintiff Foundation's 1998 income statement showed a net profit of approximately KRW 515,170,000, or that the number of regular employees at the time fell short of the authorized headcount, cannot be said to mean there was no necessity for personnel reduction. As the layoff in this case was carried out in accordance with the reduction of government subsidies and the demand for personnel reduction by the Minister of Culture and Tourism under the IMF bailout regime, this constitutes a case where the personnel reduction is objectively recognized as reasonable, and thus there was an urgent managerial necessity for the layoff in this case. Accordingly, the judgment of the court below on this point is justified in light of the legal principles set forth above, and there is no error of misapprehending the legal principles as argued in the grounds of appeal. This argument in the grounds of appeal by Intervenor 1 on this point cannot be accepted.

B. As to the Grounds of Appeal Regarding Efforts to Avoid Dismissal

Measures such as wage reductions or unpaid leave require the consent of the employees; the record shows that the reason the Plaintiff Foundation could not implement measures such as wage reductions or unpaid leave was that the labor union opposed such measures, having proposed, around May 1998, a wage increase proposal amounting to a 5.6% increase in the total wage bill. Also, it can be seen that although the Plaintiff Foundation, after carrying out the layoff in this case, newly hired 2 house managers and 3 parking management personnel as contract employees, and renewed the contracts of 15 out of 23 contract employees whose contract terms had expired, the duties of these employees were not duties that could be replaced by administrative staff. Therefore, the mere facts that the Plaintiff Foundation was unable to take measures such as wage reductions or unpaid leave, or that it newly hired contract employees, cannot be deemed to show that the Plaintiff Foundation failed to make every effort to avoid the dismissal. Accordingly, the judgment of the court below on this point is justified, and there is no error such as misapprehension of the legal principles regarding efforts to avoid dismissal or violation of the rules of evidence that affected the outcome of the judgment, as argued in the grounds of appeal. This argument in the grounds of appeal by Intervenor 1 on this point also cannot be accepted.

C. As to the Grounds of Appeal Regarding the Reasonable and Fair Selection of Persons to Be Dismissed

Although the criteria for selecting persons to be dismissed, agreed upon between the Plaintiff Foundation and the labor union, are somewhat ambiguous, they cannot be regarded as arbitrary. Since the Plaintiff Foundation had no personnel performance evaluation data prepared as a matter of course, and could not use reward and punishment matters as criteria for selecting persons to be dismissed due to the labor union's opposition, it had no choice but to use the method agreed upon with the labor union—namely, selecting Organizational Restructuring Committee members by grade from among the employees to select the persons to be dismissed—and there was no other reasonable and fair method available for selecting the persons to be dismissed. Given that the Plaintiff Foundation's employees were well acquainted with one another's work ability and interpersonal relationships, and given that the restructuring committee members were selected with the consent of the labor union, the mere fact that such selection took place one day before the committee meeting was held cannot render the selection of persons to be dismissed by such method unreasonable. Accordingly, the judgment of the court below on this point is also justified, and there is no error such as misapprehension of the legal principles regarding the reasonable and fair selection of persons to be dismissed, insufficient deliberation, or violation of the rules of evidence that affected the outcome of the judgment. The arguments in the grounds of appeal by the Defendant and the Intervenors on this point also cannot be accepted.

3. Accordingly, all appeals are dismissed, and of the costs of appeal, the portion arising from the intervention shall be borne by Intervenor 2, and the remainder shall be borne by the Plaintiff. This judgment is rendered as stated in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices.

Justices Seo Seong (Presiding Justice), Lee Yong-woo, Bae Ki-won (Justice in charge), Park Jae-yoon

【판결요지】

근로기준법 제31조 제1항 내지 제3항에 의하면, 사용자가 경영상의 이유에 의하여 근로자를 해고하고자 하는 경우에는 긴박한 경영상의 필요가 있어야 하고, 해고를 피하기 위한 노력을 다하여야 하며, 합리적이고 공정한 기준에 따라 그 대상자를 선정하여야 하고, 해고를 피하기 위한 방법과 해고의 기준 등을 근로자의 과반수로 조직된 노동조합 또는 근로자대표에게 해고실시일 60일 전까지 통보하고 성실하게 협의하여야 하는바, 여기서 긴박한 경영상의 필요라 함은 반드시 기업의 도산을 회피하기 위한 경우에 한정되지 아니하고, 장래에 올 수도 있는 위기에 미리 대처하기 위하여 인원삭감이 객관적으로 보아 합리성이 있다고 인정되는 경우도 포함되는 것으로 보아야 하고, 위 각 요건의 구체적 내용은 확정적·고정적인 것이 아니라 구체적 사건에서 다른 요건의 충족정도와 관련하여 유동적으로 정해지는 것이므로 구체적 사건에서 경영상 이유에 의한 당해 해고가 위 각 요건을 모두 갖추어 정당한지 여부는 위 각 요건을 구성하는 개별사정들을 종합적으로 고려하여 판단하여야 한다.

【참조조문】

근로기준법 제31조

【참조판례】

대법원 1990. 3. 13. 선고 89다카24445 판결(공1990, 881), 대법원 1992. 12. 22. 선고 92다14779 판결(공1993상, 556), 대법원 1995. 12. 22. 선고 94다52119 판결(공1996상, 480), 대법원 1997. 9. 5. 선고 96누8031 판결(공1997하, 3116), 대법원 1999. 4. 27. 선고 99두202 판결(공1999상, 1074)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 5,898자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 피상고인】 재단법인 예술의전당의 소송수계인 예술의전당 (소송대리인 변호사 고승덕)

【피고, 상고인】 중앙노동위원회위원장

【피고보조참가인】 피고보조참가인 1 (소송대리인 변호사 이경우 외 1인)

【피고보조참가인, 상고인】 피고보조참가인 2 (소송대리인 변호사 김병헌)

【원심판결】 서울고법 2000. 11. 8. 선고 2000누5601 판결

【주 문】

상고를 모두 기각한다. 상고비용 중 보조참가로 인한 부분은 피고보조참가인 2의 부담으로 하고, 그 나머지 부분은 피고의 부담으로 한다.

【이 유】1. 원심판결의 요지

원심판결 이유에 의하면 원심은, 그 채용 증거에 의하여 공연사업 이외에 공익자금 및 정부보조금을 주된 수입원으로 하는 재단법인 예술의 전당{예술의 전당이 2000. 9. 9. 문화예술진흥법(2000. 1. 12. 법률 제6132호로 개정된 법률) 부칙 제4조 및 제5조에 의하여 재단법인 예술의 전당의 모든 권리의무 및 재산과 직원들과의 근로관계를 승계하였다. 이하 ‘원고 법인’이라 한다}이 문화관광부장관으로부터 1998년 예산 삭감 및 인건비 삭감 요청을 받은 데 이어 1998. 7. 23.경 인원을 1998년에 20%, 1999년에 30% 가량 삭감하라는 지시를 받고, 1998. 8. 7.부터 같은 해 9. 23.까지 8회에 걸쳐 노사협의회를 개최하여 1998. 9. 23. 노동조합과 사이에 1998. 9.말까지 정원 168명을 135명으로 감축하되 실제로는 당시 현원 155명 중 20명(임원 1명, 3급 이상 9명, 4급 이하 5명, 계약직 4명, 정년퇴직예상자 1명)을 감축하기로 하고, 감축할 4급 이하 직원 5명을 선정하는 방법으로는 1 - 3급 직원 중에서 각 1명, 4 - 6급 직원 중에서 각 2명씩 직제개편위원을 선발하여 9명의 위원으로 구성된 직제개편위원회에서 정리해고 대상자를 선정하며, 직제개편위원들은 각자 아래와 같은 선정기준에 해당한다고 판단되는 직원 10명을 무기명투표의 방법으로 뽑아 그 중 최다득표를 한 순서대로 해고대상자를 정하고, 그 선정기준은 ① 기구개편에 따른 보직이 없어진 경우, ② 직원 누구나 공감하는 비생산적인 인력, ③ 업무의 전문성과 그에 상응하는 능력과 자질이 부족한 인력, ④ 창의력, 업무추진력, 업무의 적극성이 결여된 인력, ⑤ 분파의식에 합류하여 조직원으로서의 공동체의식이 결여된 인력, ⑥ 조직에 적응치 못하는 무소신 인력, ⑦ 자신의 미래에 대하여 전문적인 개발노력 의지가 없는 인력으로 합의하였는데, 그 후 노동조합측에서 선정한 직제개편위원들이 그 직책을 고사하는 등으로 직제개편위원 선발이 지연되자 원고 법인이 1998. 10. 7. 이미 선정된 1 - 3급 3명을 제외한 나머지 6명의 직제개편위원을 노동조합과의 합의하에 선발하고, 1998. 10. 8. 직제개편위원회를 개최하여 무기명투표를 한 결과, 소외 1(5급 기술직), 피고 보조참가인(이하 ‘참가인’이라고 한다) 2(6급 사무직)가 각 9표, 소외 2(5급 사무직), 참가인 1(5급 사무직)이 각 7표, 소외 3이 6표, 소외 4, 소외 5, 소외 6이 각 5표를 득표하자, 직제개편위원회는 5표 이상을 얻은 자들 중 해고대상자를 인사권자인 이사장이 선정하도록 위임하는 결의를 한 뒤 원고 법인 이사장에게 위 결과를 보고하였고, 원고 법인은 4급 이하 직원 중 1명이 희망퇴직을 함으로써 위 득표자 중 4명을 해고하기로 하되 6표 이상 득표자 5명 중 위 소외 2는 영어를 전공한 자로서 전시안내, 전화업무 및 텔레마케팅 업무를 담당하는 전문인력이라는 이유로 제외하고 소외 1과 참가인들 및 소외 3을 해고대상자로 선정하여 1998. 10. 10. 이들에 대하여 대기발령하였고, 그 후 소외 1과 4급 이하 직원 1명이 추가로 희망퇴직을 하자, 원고 법인은 참가인들과 소외 3에게 3인이 합의하여 1인을 선출하면 선출된 사람은 정리해고 대상에서 구제하여 주겠다고 제의하였으나 3인이 합의에 이르지 못하자 1998. 12. 19. 이들을 모두 정리해고하였고, 원고 법인은 평소 직원들의 인사고과자료나 출근상황부를 작성해 오지 아니하였고, 상벌 및 포상관계도 직원의 업적을 가리는 요소로서는 불합리하다는 노동조합의 반대로 인하여 해고대상자 선정시 고려하지 아니한 사실을 인정한 다음, 기업이 경영상의 필요에 의하여 근로자를 해고하는 이른바 정리해고가 정당하다고 하려면 그것이 긴박한 경영상의 필요에 의한 것인지 여부, 사용자가 해고회피를 위하여 상당한 노력을 하였는지 여부, 객관적이고 합리적인 기준에 의하여 해고대상자를 선정하였는지 여부, 그 밖에 노동조합이나 근로자 측과의 성실한 협의 등을 거쳤는지 여부 등 여러 사정을 전체적, 종합적으로 고려하여 당해 해고가 객관적 합리성과 사회적 상당성을 지닌 것으로 인정될 수 있어야 한다고 전제하고, 원고 법인이 1997년도 공연사업 등에서 적자와 1998년의 외환위기상황으로 정부보조금이 삭감됨으로써 인건비 등 세출예산을 감액할 수밖에 없었는데, 정부가 인원 감축을 요구함에 따라 원고 법인으로서는 정부의 그러한 요구에 대처하기 위한 필요한 조치를 할 객관적 합리성이 있었다고 보여지므로 그에 대한 긴급한 경영상의 필요성이 인정되고, 원고 법인이 이 사건 정리해고를 하기에 앞서 자체경비를 줄이고 계약직 근로자와 재계약을 중단하여 희망퇴직을 실시한 점 등은 원고의 설립목적 및 성격, 그 재정수입원 등에 비추어 보아 정리해고를 회피하기 위하여 적절한 모든 조치를 취하였다고 봄이 상당하다고 하고, 정리해고 대상자의 선정기준 및 방법에 대하여는 근로자의 업무능력만을 기준으로 하여야 하는 것은 아니고 근로자의 생활사정, 근로자 사이의 공평성 등을 기준으로 하는 것도 가능하여 사용자에게 상당한 재량이 있고, 특히 노동조합의 동의를 얻어 결정된 선정기준 및 방법은 지나치게 자의적이거나 불합리한 것이 아닌 한 합리성을 부인할 수 없다고 하고, 원고 법인에는 노동조합의 반대로 인하여 인사고과자료나 출근상황부가 존재하지 않았고, 상벌 및 포상관계도 정리해고 대상자 선정기준으로 할 수 없었으므로 직제개편위원들의 주관적인 판단에 따르는 것이 자의적이고 불합리한 방법이라고 단정할 수 없고, 직제개편위원회는 직급별로 구성되었고 그 위원 선발에 있어서 노동조합의 동의를 받았으며, 원고 법인의 직원은 150여 명에 불과하고 1-2년 간격으로 보직을 순환하여 직원들 상호간에 다른 직원의 업무능력 내지 개인사정을 잘 알 수 있는 것으로 보이므로 직급별로 일정한 수의 직원을 선발하여 직제개편위원회를 구성한 것은 합리적이고, 직제개편위원들이 평소 획득한 정보를 토대로 하여 주관적인 판단에 따라 정리해고 대상자를 선정한 것이므로 회의 개최 하루 전에 선발되었다고 하여 그 업무를 수행하는 데 충분한 시간적 여유가 없었다고 단정할 수 없으며, 이 사건 해고대상자 선정기준은 비록 그 내용이 추상적이기는 하나 불합리하거나 자의적인 내용은 없으므로 이 사건 정리해고의 해고대상자 선정방법 및 기준은 합리성과 타당성을 갖추었다고 할 것이어서, 이 사건 정리해고는 객관적 합리성과 사회적 상당성을 지닌 것으로서 정당하다고 할 것인데 이 사건 정리해고가 부당하다는 이유로 원고 법인의 재심신청을 기각한 피고의 재심판정은 부당하다고 판단하였다.

2. 대법원의 판단

근로기준법 제31조 제1항 내지 제3항에 의하면, 사용자가 경영상의 이유에 의하여 근로자를 해고하고자 하는 경우에는 긴박한 경영상의 필요가 있어야 하고, 해고를 피하기 위한 노력을 다하여야 하며, 합리적이고 공정한 기준에 따라 그 대상자를 선정하여야 하고, 해고를 피하기 위한 방법과 해고의 기준 등을 근로자의 과반수로 조직된 노동조합 또는 근로자대표에게 해고실시일 60일 전까지 통보하고 성실하게 협의하여야 한다. 여기서 긴박한 경영상의 필요라 함은 반드시 기업의 도산을 회피하기 위한 경우에 한정되지 아니하고, 장래에 올 수도 있는 위기에 미리 대처하기 위하여 인원삭감이 객관적으로 보아 합리성이 있다고 인정되는 경우도 포함되는 것으로 보아야 하고, 위 각 요건의 구체적 내용은 확정적·고정적인 것이 아니라 구체적 사건에서 다른 요건의 충족정도와 관련하여 유동적으로 정해지는 것이므로 구체적 사건에서 경영상 이유에 의한 당해 해고가 위 각 요건을 모두 갖추어 정당한지 여부는 위 각 요건을 구성하는 개별사정들을 종합적으로 고려하여 판단하여야 한다.

가. 긴박한 경영상의 필요성에 관한 상고이유에 대하여

원고 법인은 공연사업수익금 이외에 공익자금을 포함한 정부보조금을 수입원으로 하는 비영리공익법인으로서 손익의 개념을 일반기업과 동일하게 볼 수 없는 사정이 있고 또 계약직 직원은 인건비 예산범위 내에서 급여의 지급가능 여부에 따라 채용되는 것으로 현원이 정원에 미달하는지 여부는 계약직 직원의 수를 포함하여 산정하여야 할 것이므로 원고 법인이 1998년 손익계산서상으로 5억 1,517만 원 정도의 당기순이익이 발생하였다거나 당시 정규직 직원의 수가 정원에 미달된다는 사유만으로는 인원감축의 필요성이 없었다고 할 수 없고, 이 사건 정리해고는 IMF 관리체제하에서 문화관광부장관의 정부보조금 삭감조치와 인원감축요구에 따른 것으로서 인원감축이 객관적으로 보아 합리성이 있는 때에 해당되어 이 사건 정리해고에 대한 긴박한 경영상의 필요성은 있었다고 할 것이므로 이에 대한 원심의 판단은 앞서 본 법리에 비추어 정당하고 거기에 상고이유의 주장과 같은 법리오해의 위법은 없다. 이 부분 참가인 1의 상고이유의 주장은 받아들일 수 없다.

나. 해고회피의 노력에 관한 상고이유에 대하여

임금삭감이나 무급휴직조치는 근로자들의 동의가 있어야 할 것인데 기록에 의하면 원고 법인이 임금삭감이나 무급휴직 등의 조치를 하지 못한 것은 원고 조합 노동조합이 1998. 5.경 총액대비 5.6% 인상된 임금인상안을 제시하는 등으로 이에 반대하였기 때문임을 알 수 있고, 또 원고 법인이 이 사건 정리해고 후 하우스매니저 2명, 주차관리요원 3명을 계약직으로 신규채용하고, 계약기간이 만료되는 계약직 23명 중 15명에 대하여 재계약을 체결하였으나 이들의 업무는 사무직 직원들에 의하여 대체가능한 업무가 아니었던 사실을 알 수 있으므로, 원고 법인이 임금삭감이나 무급휴직 등의 조치를 취하지 못하였거나 계약직 직원을 신규채용한 사유만으로는 원고 법인이 해고회피의 노력을 다하지 않은 것으로 볼 수는 없다 할 것이어서 이에 대한 원심의 판단은 정당하고 거기에 상고이유의 주장과 같은 해고회피노력에 관한 법리오해 및 채증법칙 위배로 인하여 판결의 결과에 영향을 미친 위법 등은 없다. 이 부분 참가인 1의 상고이유의 주장도 받아들일 수 없다.

다. 합리적이고 공정한 해고자 선정에 관한 상고이유에 대하여

원고 법인이 노동조합과 합의하여 정한 해고대상자 선정기준이 다소 애매모호한 점은 있으나 자의적이라고 볼 수 없고, 평소 작성된 인사고과자료 등이 없고 상벌관계도 노동조합의 반대로 인하여 해고대상자 선정기준으로 할 수 없었던 원고 법인으로서는 노동조합과 합의한 방법, 즉 직원들 중에서 직급에 따라 직제개편위원을 선발하여 해고대상자를 선정할 수밖에 없었고 달리 해고대상자를 선정할 합리적이고 공정한 방법이 없었다 할 것인데, 원고 법인의 직원들이 상호간 업무능력과 대인관계 등을 잘 알고 있는 상황하에서는 직제개편위원들이 노동조합의 동의 아래 선발된 이상 그 선발이 위원회의 개최 하루 전일에 이루어졌다는 사정만으로는 그와 같은 방법에 의한 해고대상자 선정이 불합리하다고 볼 수 없으므로 이에 대한 원심의 판단 또한, 정당하고 거기에 합리적이고 공정한 해고자 선정에 관한 법리오해 및 심리미진 또는 채증법칙 위배로 인하여 판결의 결과에 영향을 미친 위법 등은 없다. 이에 관한 피고 및 참가인들의 상고이유의 주장 또한 받아들일 수 없다.

3. 그러므로 상고를 모두 기각하고, 상고비용 중 보조참가로 인한 부분은 참가인 2의 부담으로 하고, 그 나머지 부분은 원고의 부담으로 하기로 하여 관여 대법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 서성(재판장) 이용우 배기원(주심) 박재윤

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