Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 2001도1012

Defamation via Publication, Violation of the Public Official Election Act, and Defamation (Supreme Court Case No. 2001Do1012)출판물에의한명예훼손·공직선거및선거부정방지법위반·명예훼손

Decided2001. 06. 12. Court대법원Employer (Company/Shareholder) Won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

This case involved a labor union (노동조합) that held a rally targeting a major shareholder of the company who also served as a member of the National Assembly, making statements that damaged his reputation. The Supreme Court set out the requirements for lawful collective action (단체행동의 정당성) by workers and ruled that the union's conduct did not meet these requirements. The Court also found that the defamatory statements were not protected by any grounds for excluding illegality (위법성조각사유).

Key takeaways
  • CaseA labor union held a public rally criticizing a major shareholder of the company, who was also a sitting National Assembly member, in statements that damaged his reputation.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court ruled that the union's actions were not legitimate collective action because they targeted a shareholder uninvolved in daily management, aiming merely to gain negotiating leverage, and used excessive means.
  • LessonLabor unions must ensure that collective actions are genuinely connected to labor disputes with management and use proportionate methods, or risk losing legal protection and facing liability for defamation.
Issues
  • What requirements must be met for a worker's collective action to qualify as lawful conduct (정당행위)?
  • What is the standard for determining grounds that exclude illegality (위법성조각사유) in defamation cases?
  • Who qualifies as a 'person intending to become a candidate' under the Public Official Election Act (공직선거법)?
Key reasoning

The Court held that the union's rally was directed at a major shareholder who was not directly involved in the company's management, with the underlying purpose being to gain leverage in labor-management negotiations (단체협상) rather than to address a genuine labor dispute with the company's management. Because the target and purpose of the protest lacked legitimate connection to labor relations, the action failed to satisfy the legitimacy requirement for protected collective action. Additionally, the means and methods used were found to be excessive and lacking in reasonableness (상당성). As a result, the conduct could not be classified as lawful collective action, and the defamatory statements made during the rally were not shielded by any defense excluding criminal liability for defamation.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] For a collective action by workers to constitute a justifiable act under the Criminal Act (형법), first, its subject must be one who can become a party to collective bargaining; second, its purpose must be to promote autonomous negotiation between labor and management for the improvement of working conditions; third, it must be commenced only after the employer has refused to engage in collective bargaining over specific demands concerning the improvement of workers' working conditions, and, absent special circumstances, necessary procedures such as a resolution of approval by the union members must have been followed; and fourth, its means and methods must be in harmony with the employer's property rights and must not involve the exercise of violence or the infringement of the rights and interests of third parties.

[2] For an act of damaging a person's reputation by publicly alleging facts to be exempted from illegality under Article 310 of the Criminal Act (형법), the facts alleged must objectively concern the public interest, and the actor must also have alleged the facts for the purpose of the public interest. Whether the alleged facts concern the public interest must be determined by taking into account all circumstances relating to the expression itself, such as its specific content, the scope of the persons to whom it was disclosed, and the manner of expression, and by comparing and considering the degree of damage, or potential damage, to the person's reputation caused thereby.

[3] The term "a person who intends to become a candidate" under Article 251 of the Act on the Election of Public Officials and the Prevention of Election Malpractices (공직선거및선거부정방지법) includes not only a person who is scheduled to run in an election and whose intention to run has been definitively manifested to the outside world, such as by applying for a party's nomination or engaging in activities to be recommended as a candidate by ordinary voters, but also a person who, in light of his or her status, the persons with whom he or she has had contact, and his or her words and conduct, has reached a point where it can be objectively recognized that he or she has an intention to run as a candidate in the election.

Full text (English, AI translation) 7,219 chars

[Defendant] Defendant 1 and 5 others
[Defendant] Defendants
[Defense Counsel] Attorney Kim Ki-deok and 2 others
[Lower Court Judgment] Gwangju High Court Decision 2000No301 delivered on February 8, 2001

[Order]

All appeals are dismissed.

[Reasoning]

1. In order for collective action by workers to constitute a justifiable act under the Criminal Act (형법), first, the subject thereof must be a person who may become a party to collective bargaining; second, its purpose must be to promote autonomous negotiation between labor and management for the improvement of working conditions; third, it must be commenced when the employer refuses collective bargaining regarding specific demands for the improvement of workers' working conditions, and, absent special circumstances, it must go through necessary procedures such as a resolution of approval by the union members; and fourth, its means and methods must be in harmony with the employer's property rights and must not involve the exercise of violence or the infringement of the rights and interests of third parties (see Supreme Court Decision 98Do3299 delivered on May 12, 2000).

The lower court found that, when collective bargaining between the labor union of the Non-Indicted Company and the employer did not proceed smoothly, the union delegated its bargaining authority on October 31, 1998 to the Gwangju-Jeonnam Regional Headquarters of the Korean Metal Workers' Federation affiliated with the Korean Confederation of Trade Unions (KCTU); and that the Defendants, who were the chairman of the labor union of the Non-Indicted Company or executives of the Gwangju-Jeonnam Regional Headquarters of the Metal Workers' Federation, believing that holding rallies denouncing the victim—who, although the 15th National Assembly member affiliated with the National Congress for New Politics and a major shareholder of the Non-Indicted Company, was not directly involved in its management—would place them in an advantageous position in the labor-management negotiations, held, as set forth in the judgment, rallies denouncing the Non-Indicted Company's unfair labor practices at Damyang-eup, Gwangyang-si, Suncheon-si, and in front of the central party headquarters of the National Congress for New Politics located in Yeouido, Seoul, between February 4, 1998 and February 15, 1999, delivering speeches to the effect that the victim was suppressing the labor union and, taking advantage of his status as a National Assembly member, was disregarding the law, and distributing leaflets containing such content to citizens, thereby insulting the victim or damaging his reputation. The lower court then determined that the Defendants' motive or purpose for such conduct lacked legitimacy, and that the means and methods thereof also lacked reasonableness, and accordingly held that the Defendants' conduct did not constitute a justifiable act as collective action by workers. This determination is correct, and there is no error such as a misapprehension of the law as alleged in the grounds of appeal. Therefore, this ground of appeal cannot be accepted.

2. In order for an act of publicly asserting facts and thereby damaging a person's reputation to be exempted from illegality pursuant to Article 310 of the Criminal Act (형법), the facts asserted must objectively concern the public interest, and the actor must also have asserted the facts for the sake of the public interest. Whether the asserted facts concern the public interest must be determined by comprehensively considering all circumstances relating to the expression itself, such as its specific content, the scope of the persons to whom it was disclosed, and the manner of expression, and by weighing and comparing these against the degree of infringement of the person's reputation that has been or may be caused thereby (see Supreme Court Decision 99Do5734 delivered on May 12, 2000).

In this case, although the victim was a major shareholder of the Non-Indicted Company, he resigned from the position of representative director of the company on January 22, 1994 and also resigned from the position of director on March 22, 1996, and thereafter, while serving as a National Assembly member, was not directly involved in the management of the Non-Indicted Company. Nevertheless, it is recognized that the Defendants, as one method of exerting pressure on the employer side of the Non-Indicted Company in order to obtain concessions in collective bargaining, held rallies in front of the victim's electoral district or the central headquarters of his affiliated political party, denouncing him as a malicious business owner suppressing the labor union, and made remarks insulting the victim or damaging his reputation. In light of the motive and purpose of the Defendants' conduct in this case as described above, the assertion of the facts as set forth in the lower court's judgment cannot be deemed to have been made for the public interest. The lower court's determination, in the same vein, that the Defendants' conduct as set forth in the judgment cannot be deemed an assertion of facts for the public interest, is correct, and there is no error such as a misapprehension of the law concerning the grounds for exemption from illegality under Article 310 of the Criminal Act (형법) as alleged in the grounds of appeal. Therefore, this ground of appeal also cannot be accepted.

3. The term "a person who intends to become a candidate" under Article 251 of the Act on the Election of Public Officials and the Prevention of Election Malpractices (공직선거및선거부정방지법) includes not only a person whose intention to run in an election has been definitively expressed to the outside world, such as by filing an application for nomination with a political party or engaging in activities to secure a recommendation as a candidate from ordinary voters entitled to vote, in anticipation of running in an election, but also a person who, in light of his or her status, the persons with whom he or she has contact, and his or her words and conduct, has reached a point where it can be objectively recognized that he or she has an intention to become a candidate in an election (see Supreme Court Decision 98Do1992 delivered on September 22, 1998).

The lower court found that the victim, while serving as a member of the 15th National Assembly, was making advance preparations to run in the election for the 16th National Assembly, and that he actually filed an application for nomination with the National Congress for New Politics in order to run in that election but failed to receive the nomination, and, based on such findings, determined that the victim fell under "a person who intends to become a candidate" under Article 251 of the Act on the Election of Public Officials and the Prevention of Election Malpractices (공직선거및선거부정방지법). This determination is correct, and there is no error such as a misapprehension of the law as alleged in the grounds of appeal. Therefore, this ground of appeal likewise cannot be accepted.

4. Therefore, all appeals are dismissed, and it is so decided as set forth in the Order.

Justice Bae Ki-won (Presiding Justice), Seo Seong, Yoo Ji-dam, Park Jae-yoon (Justice in charge)

【판결요지】

[1] 근로자의 단체행동이 형법상 정당행위가 되기 위하여는 첫째 그 주체가 단체교섭의 주체로 될 수 있는 자이어야 하고, 둘째 그 목적이 근로조건의 향상을 위한 노사간의 자치적 교섭을 조성하는 데에 있어야 하며, 셋째 사용자가 근로자의 근로조건 개선에 관한 구체적인 요구에 대하여 단체교섭을 거부하였을 때 개시하되 특별한 사정이 없는 한 조합원의 찬성결정 등 필요한 절차를 거쳐야 하고, 넷째 그 수단과 방법이 사용자의 재산권과 조화를 이루어야 하며 폭력의 행사나 제3자의 권익을 침해하는 것이 아니어야 한다.

[2] 공연히 사실을 적시하여 사람의 명예를 훼손한 행위가 형법 제310조에 따라서 위법성이 조각되기 위하여는 적시된 사실이 객관적으로 공공의 이익에 관한 것으로서 행위자도 공공의 이익을 위하여 그 사실을 적시한 것이어야 하고, 적시된 사실이 공공의 이익에 관한 것인지 여부는 그 구체적 내용, 공표가 이루어진 상대방의 범위, 표현의 방법 등 그 표현 자체에 관한 모든 사정을 감안하고 그에 의하여 훼손되거나 훼손될 수 있는 사람의 명예의 침해의 정도를 비교·고려하여 결정하여야 한다.

[3] 공직선거및선거부정방지법 제251조의 '후보자가 되고자 하는 자'에는 선거에 출마할 예정인 사람으로서 정당에 공천신청을 하거나 일반 선거권자로부터 후보자추천을 받기 위한 활동을 벌이는 등 입후보의사가 확정적으로 외부에 표출된 사람뿐만 아니라 그 신분·접촉대상·언행 등에 비추어 선거에 입후보할 의사를 가진 것을 객관적으로 인식할 수 있을 정도에 이른 사람도 포함된다.

【참조조문】

[1] 노동조합및노동관계조정법 제4조, 형법 제20조

[2] 형법 제307조 제1항, 제310조

[3] 공직선거및선거부정방지법 제251조

【참조판례】

[1] 대법원 1991. 5. 24. 선고 91도324 판결(공1991, 1817), 대법원 1998. 1. 20. 선고 97도588 판결(공1998상, 636), 대법원 1999. 6. 25. 선고 99다8377 판결(공1999하, 1503), 대법원 2000. 5. 12. 선고 98도3299 판결(공2000하, 1454) / [2] 대법원 1995. 11. 10. 선고 94도1942 판결(공1995하, 3961), 대법원 1996. 10. 25. 선고 95도1473 판결(공1996하, 3491), 대법원 1997. 4. 11. 선고 97도88 판결(공1997상, 1516), 대법원 1998. 7. 14. 선고 96다17257 판결(공1998하, 2108), 대법원 1999. 6. 8. 선고 99도1543 판결(공1999하, 1437), 대법원 2000. 2. 11. 선고 99도3048 판결(공2000상, 740), 대법원 2000. 2. 25. 선고 98도2188 판결(공2000상, 885), 대법원 2000. 5. 12. 선고 99도5734 판결(공2000하, 1458) / [3] 대법원 1975. 7. 22. 선고 75도1659 판결(공1975, 8635), 대법원 1996. 9. 10. 선고 96도976 판결(공1996하, 3087), 대법원 1998. 9. 22. 선고 98도1992 판결(공1998하, 2637)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 2,498자 · 펼쳐 보기

【피 고 인】 피고인 1 외 5인

【피 고 인】 피고인들

【변 호 인】 변호사 김기덕 외 2인

【원심판결】 광주고법 2001. 2. 8. 선고 2000노301 판결

【주 문】

상고를 모두 기각한다.

【이 유】1. 근로자의 단체행동이 형법상 정당행위가 되기 위하여는, 첫째 그 주체가 단체교섭의 주체로 될 수 있는 자이어야 하고, 둘째 그 목적이 근로조건의 향상을 위한 노사간의 자치적 교섭을 조성하는 데에 있어야 하며, 셋째 사용자가 근로자의 근로조건 개선에 관한 구체적인 요구에 대하여 단체교섭을 거부하였을 때 개시하되 특별한 사정이 없는 한 조합원의 찬성결정 등 필요한 절차를 거쳐야 하고, 넷째 그 수단과 방법이 사용자의 재산권과 조화를 이루어야 하며 폭력의 행사나 제3자의 권익을 침해하는 것이 아니어야 한다(대법원 2000. 5. 12. 선고 98도3299 판결 참조).

원심이, 공소외 주식회사의 노동조합이 사용자와의 단체협상이 원만히 진행되지 아니하자 1998. 10. 31. 그 교섭권한을 민주노총 금속산업연맹 광주전남지역본부에 위임하였고, 공소외 주식회사 노동조합의 조합장 또는 금속산업연맹 광주전남지역본부의 간부들인 피고인들은 새정치국민회의 소속 제15대 국회의원으로서 공소외 주식회사의 대주주이지만 경영에는 직접 관여하지 아니하고 있는 피해자를 비방하는 집회를 개최하면 노사협상에서 유리한 위치를 차지할 수 있을 것으로 생각하고, 1998. 2. 4.부터 1999. 2. 15.까지 사이에 그 판시 기재와 같이 담양읍, 광양시, 순천시, 서울 여의도 소재 새정치국민회의 중앙당사 앞 등지에서 공소외 주식회사 부당노동행위 규탄대회 등을 개최하여 피해자가 노동조합을 탄압하고 국회의원임을 이용하여 법도 지키지 아니한다는 등의 연설을 하고 그러한 내용이 기재된 유인물을 시민들에게 나누어주는 등 피해자를 모욕하거나 그의 명예를 훼손하였다고 인정한 다음, 피고인들의 이와 같은 행위의 동기나 목적에 정당성이 없고 또한 그 수단과 방법에 상당성도 없으므로 피고인들의 행위가 근로자들의 단체행동으로서 정당행위에 해당하지 아니한다고 판단한 것은 옳고, 거기에 상고이유의 주장과 같은 법리오해 등의 잘못이 없다. 따라서 이 부분 상고이유는 받아들일 수 없다.

2. 공연히 사실을 적시하여 사람의 명예를 훼손한 행위가 형법 제310조에 따라서 위법성이 조각되기 위하여는 적시된 사실이 객관적으로 공공의 이익에 관한 것으로서 행위자도 공공의 이익을 위하여 그 사실을 적시한 것이어야 하고, 적시된 사실이 공공의 이익에 관한 것인지 여부는 그 구체적 내용, 공표가 이루어진 상대방의 범위, 표현의 방법 등 그 표현 자체에 관한 모든 사정을 감안하고 그에 의하여 훼손되거나 훼손될 수 있는 사람의 명예의 침해의 정도를 비교·고려하여 결정하여야 한다(대법원 2000. 5. 12. 선고 99도5734 판결 참조).

이 사건에서 보면, 피해자는 공소외 주식회사의 대주주이기는 하나 1994. 1. 22. 회사 대표이사직을 사임하고 1996. 3. 22. 이사직도 사임한 후 국회의원으로 활동하며 공소외 주식회사의 경영에는 직접 관여하지 아니하였음에도 불구하고, 피고인들이 공소외 주식회사 사용자측에 압력을 가하여 단체협상에서 양보를 얻어내기 위한 방법의 하나로 피해자의 지역구나 소속 정당의 중앙당사 앞에서 그가 노동조합을 탄압하는 악덕 기업주라고 비방하는 집회를 개최하고 피해자를 모욕하거나 명예를 훼손하는 발언 등을 하였음이 인정되는바, 이와 같은 피고인들의 이 사건 행위의 동기 및 목적 등에 비추어 볼 때 원심 판시 내용과 같은 사실의 적시가 공공의 이익을 위한 것이라고 볼 수 없다. 원심이 같은 취지에서 피고인들의 판시 행위가 공공의 이익을 위하여 사실을 적시한 것으로 볼 수 없다고 판단한 것은 옳고, 거기에 상고이유의 주장과 같은 형법 제310조의 위법성조각사유에 관한 법리오해 등의 잘못이 없다. 따라서 이 부분 상고이유도 받아들일 수 없다.

3. 공직선거및선거부정방지법 제251조의 '후보자가 되고자 하는 자'에는 선거에 출마할 예정인 사람으로서 정당에 공천신청을 하거나 일반 선거권자로부터 후보자추천을 받기 위한 활동을 벌이는 등 입후보의사가 확정적으로 외부에 표출된 사람뿐만 아니라 그 신분·접촉대상·언행 등에 비추어 선거에 입후보할 의사를 가진 것을 객관적으로 인식할 수 있을 정도에 이른 사람도 포함된다(대법원 1998. 9. 22. 선고 98도1992 판결 참조).

원심이, 피해자는 제15대 국회의원으로 활동하면서 제16대 국회의원선거에 출마하기 위한 사전 준비를 하고 있었고, 실제로 그 선거에 출마하기 위하여 새정치국민회의에 공천신청을 하였으나 공천을 받지 못한 사실 등을 인정한 다음, 피해자가 공직선거및선거부정방지법 제51조의 '후보자가 되고자 하는 자'에 해당한다고 판단한 것은 옳고, 거기에 상고이유의 주장과 같은 법리오해 등의 잘못이 없다. 따라서 이 부분 상고이유 역시 받아들일 수 없다.

4. 그러므로 상고를 모두 기각하기로 하여 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 배기원(재판장) 서성(주심) 유지담 박재윤

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