Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 99두202

Revocation of Retrial Ruling on Unfair Dismissal (부당해고구제재심판정취소)부당해고구제재심판정취소

Decided1999. 04. 27. Court대법원Worker won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

This case involved an apartment complex management service company that dismissed a manager-level employee as part of a workforce reduction requested by the residents' representative council (입주자대표회의). The Supreme Court ruled that a mere personnel reduction request from a client organization does not, by itself, satisfy the legal requirements for a valid layoff (정리해고). The Court held that the company must comprehensively review its own overall business and financial situation and make genuine efforts—such as considering employee transfers—to avoid dismissal before resorting to layoffs.

Key takeaways
  • CaseAn apartment management service company dismissed a manager-level employee as a layoff, citing a staff reduction request from the residents' representative council.
  • OutcomeThe court held that a mere third-party request for staff reduction does not satisfy the requirements for a valid layoff, and found that the company had failed to review its overall business situation or make sufficient efforts—such as employee transfer—to avoid the dismissal.
  • LessonWhen implementing a layoff, employers must independently demonstrate the company's own genuine business crisis and exhaust all reasonable alternatives, such as reassignment or transfer, before resorting to dismissal.
Issues
  • The standard for determining 'urgent business necessity' (긴박한 경영상 필요성) required to justify a layoff
  • The meaning and scope of an employer's obligation to make efforts to avoid dismissal (해고회피 노력), including reassignment or transfer
  • The burden of proof in a lawsuit seeking revocation of a retrial ruling on unfair dismissal remedies
Key reasoning

Under Korean labor law, a layoff for managerial reasons requires 'urgent business necessity' (긴박한 경영상 필요성), which must be assessed based on the overall financial and operational condition of the entire company, not just a single client's request or a specific project's circumstances. The employer is also required to make genuine efforts to avoid dismissal (해고회피 노력), which includes measures such as reassigning or transferring the affected employee to another position within the company. Simply following an outside party's request to reduce staff—without independently verifying the company's own economic necessity or exploring alternatives to dismissal—fails to meet these legal requirements. Therefore, the dismissal in this case could not be justified as a lawful layoff.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] In a lawsuit contesting a reexamination ruling on remedy for unfair dismissal under Article 33 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), the burden of proving the legitimacy of the dismissal is borne by the party asserting it.

[2] The urgent managerial necessity required as a requirement for the legitimacy of so-called restructuring dismissal, in which an enterprise dismisses employees due to managerial necessity, must be determined by comprehensively examining the overall business circumstances of the enterprise as a whole, rather than based solely on the profitability of a particular business division or branch office of the enterprise. Furthermore, the requirement that the employer must exhaust efforts to avoid dismissal means that the employer takes all possible measures to minimize the scope of dismissal, such as rationalization of management policy or work methods, prohibition of new hiring, utilization of temporary leave and voluntary retirement, and reassignment.

[3] A case holding that the mere fact that an apartment residents' representative council requested a reduction in personnel cannot be recognized as demonstrating that urgent managerial necessity existed and that efforts to avoid dismissal were exhausted, with respect to the restructuring dismissal of an employee of an apartment management service company that had entered into a management delegation contract with said council.

Full text (English, AI translation) 6,913 chars

[Order]

The appeal is dismissed.
The costs of the appeal shall be borne by the Plaintiff.

[Reasoning]

The grounds for appeal are examined.

1. According to the reasoning of the judgment below, it is clear that the court below found that the Council of Representatives of Residents of ○○ Jugong Apartment Complex 1 (hereinafter "the Council") resolved to reduce the number of employees, including the Intervenor supporting the Defendant (hereinafter "the Intervenor"), for the purpose of cost reduction. Therefore, the argument in the grounds for appeal to the effect that there was an error of misapprehension of facts in this respect is without merit, and there is no need to examine it further.

2. The court below found as follows: The Plaintiff, a company whose purpose is the management of multi-family housing complexes, entered into a management delegation contract with the Council concerning ○○ Jugong Apartment Complex 1 on July 8, 1993, and thereafter, around the time when that contract was about to expire, entered into another management delegation contract with a term of two years on June 12, 1995, and had been managing the said apartment complex under delegation. On December 16, 1996, the Council decided to reduce, for reasons of cost saving, one manager (chief) and one female clerical staff member among the employees of the management office, and notified the content of this decision to the Plaintiff on December 18 of the same year. On the same day, the Plaintiff gave advance notice of dismissal to the Intervenor, who held the position of manager (chief), and dismissed the Intervenor on December 31 of the same year. Regarding this, the Plaintiff argued that, since the Plaintiff had no choice but to comply with the Council's decision to reduce personnel, the dismissal was an unavoidable measure necessitated by the management of the company. The court below rejected this argument on the following grounds: although, under the management contract concluded by the Plaintiff, personnel matters concerning employees at the manager and assistant manager level of the management office were to be carried out after prior consultation with the Council, and personnel expenses for management office employees were to be determined through consultation following a resolution of the Council, included in the general management expenses to be collected, and then paid by the management office, such prior consultation with the Council was merely an internal procedure or a factor to be considered in the Plaintiff's exercise of its right to dismiss; therefore, the mere fact that the Council requested a reduction in personnel cannot be deemed sufficient to establish that there existed an urgent managerial necessity compelling the Plaintiff to dismiss the Intervenor. Moreover, there was no trace of any effort made to avoid the dismissal of the Intervenor after being notified of the personnel reduction decision, and the remaining requirements for a redundancy dismissal (layoff) were not satisfied.

Under Article 33 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), in a lawsuit contesting a reexamination ruling on remedy for unfair dismissal, the burden of proving the justifiability of a dismissal lies with the party asserting it (see Supreme Court Decision 94Nu5069 delivered on February 14, 1995). Furthermore, the "urgent managerial necessity" required as a condition for the justifiability of a so-called redundancy dismissal, whereby an enterprise dismisses employees due to managerial necessity, must be determined by comprehensively examining the overall managerial circumstances of the enterprise as a whole, rather than by reference solely to the profitability of a particular business division or branch of the enterprise (see Supreme Court Decision 89Daka24445 delivered on March 13, 1990). In addition, the requirement that the employer must make efforts to avoid dismissal means that the employer must take all possible measures to minimize the scope of dismissal, such as rationalizing management policies or work methods, prohibiting new hiring, utilizing temporary leave and voluntary retirement, and reassignment (see Supreme Court Decision 92Da14779 delivered on December 22, 1992).

According to the record, it can be seen that the head of the said management office, the non-party, had once applied for a transfer to another apartment complex, and that Article 12 of the Plaintiff's Personnel and Service Regulations contains provisions concerning transfers between complexes; in light of this, it can be inferred that the Plaintiff was managing, under delegation, apartment complexes other than the one in question. Since the Plaintiff has not submitted materials that would allow an assessment of the Plaintiff's overall managerial situation as a company, such as the number of apartment management offices operated by the Plaintiff, the total number of employees, business revenue, the scale of the company, and the company's assets and liabilities, it cannot be recognized that the Plaintiff was in such urgent managerial circumstances as to necessarily require personnel reduction merely because of the decrease in operating profit, or the loss, at a single management office resulting from the Plaintiff having to bear the wages of the personnel whose reduction was requested and whose wage payment the Council refused to make. If that is the case, it cannot be said that it was impossible to reassign the personnel who could no longer continue to work at the ○○ Jugong Apartment Complex 1 management office to management offices at other apartment complexes or to the head office, thereby redeploying employees in accordance with the circumstances of the company's business sites as a whole. Therefore, the dismissal of the Intervenor cannot be regarded as an unavoidable measure that could not have been avoided.

Accordingly, the determination of the court below that the Plaintiff failed to make sufficient efforts to avoid the dismissal of the Intervenor is justified, and there is no error in the judgment below, such as a misapprehension of the legal principles concerning the effort to avoid dismissal required as a condition for redundancy dismissal. This part of the grounds for appeal is also without merit.

3. The argument that the Intervenor committed wrongful acts, as asserted in the grounds for appeal, is a new argument that was not raised in the court below; therefore, the argument in the grounds for appeal to the effect that there was an illegality of omission of judgment on this point is likewise without merit.

4. Therefore, the appeal is dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are to be borne by the losing party. This judgment is rendered as stated in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the Justices participating in the adjudication.

Justices Seo Seong (Presiding Justice), Park Jun-seo, Shin Seong-taek (Justice in charge), Lee Im-su

【판결요지】

[1] 근로기준법 제33조에 의한 부당해고구제재심판정을 다투는 소송에 있어서는 해고의 정당성에 관한 입증책임은 이를 주장하는 자가 부담한다.

[2] 기업이 경영상의 필요에 의하여 근로자를 해고하는 이른바 정리해고의 정당성의 요건으로 요구되는, 긴박한 경영상의 필요성이란 기업의 일부 영업부문 내지 영업소의 수지만을 기준으로 할 것이 아니라 기업 전체의 경영사정을 종합적으로 검토하여 결정되어야 하며, 또 해고회피의 노력을 다하여야 한다는 것은 경영방침이나 작업방식의 합리화, 신규채용의 금지, 일시휴직 및 희망퇴직의 활용 및 전근 등 사용자가 해고범위를 최소화하기 위하여 가능한 모든 조치를 취하는 것을 의미한다.

[3] 아파트 입주자대표회의의 감원요청이 있었다는 사정만으로는 그와 위탁관리계약을 체결한 아파트 관리용역 회사의 근로자에 대한 정리해고가 긴박한 경영상의 필요성과 해고회피의 노력을 다하였다고 인정할 수 없다고 한 사례.

【참조조문】

[1] 구 근로기준법(1997. 3. 31. 법률 제5309호로 제정되기 전의 것) 제27조 제1항(현행 제30조 제1항 참조), 제27조의3(현행 제33조 참조)

[2] 구 근로기준법(1997. 3. 31. 법률 제5309호로 제정되기 전의 것) 제27조 제1항(현행 제30조 제1항 참조)

[3] 구 근로기준법(1997. 3. 31. 법률 제5309호로 제정되기 전의 것) 제27조 제1항(현행 제30조 제1항 참조), 제27조의3(현행 제33조 참조)

【참조판례】

[1] 대법원 1992. 8. 14. 선고 91다29811 판결(공1992, 2651), 대법원 1995. 2. 14. 선고 94누5069 판결(공1995상, 1345) / [2] 대법원 1990. 3. 13. 선고 89다카24445 판결(공1990, 881), 대법원 1992. 12. 22. 선고 92다14779 판결(공1993상, 556), 대법원 1995. 12. 22. 선고 94다52119 판결(공1996상, 480), 대법원 1997. 9. 5. 선고 96누8031 판결(공1997하, 3116)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 2,424자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인】 무림산업 주식회사

【피고, 피상고인】 중앙노동위원회 위원장

【피고보조참가인】 피고보조참가인

【원심판결】 서울고법 1998. 12. 11. 선고 97구47691 판결

【주 문】

상고를 기각한다.

상고비용은 원고의 부담으로 한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 본다.

1. 원심판결 이유에 의하면, 원심은, ○○주공1단지아파트 입주자대표회의(이하 '대표회의'라고 한다)가 경비절약을 위하여 피고보조참가인(이하 '참가인'이라고 한다)을 감원할 것을 의결하였다고 인정하고 있음이 명백하므로, 이 부분에 사실오인의 위법이 있다는 취지의 상고이유의 주장은 나아가 볼 필요 없이 이유 없다.

2. 원심은, 공동주택의 관리 등을 목적으로 하는 회사인 원고가 1993. 7. 8. 대표회의와 ○○주공1단지아파트에 대한 위탁관리계약을 체결한 데 이어 그 계약기간이 만료될 무렵인 1995. 6. 12. 다시 계약기간을 2년으로 하는 위탁관리계약을 체결하고 위 아파트를 위탁관리하여 오던 중 대표회의가 1996. 12. 16. 경비절감을 이유로 위 관리소의 직원 중 과장 1명과 여사무원 1명을 감원하기로 결정한 후 같은 달 18. 그 결정내용을 원고에게 통보하자, 같은 날 과장직급을 가진 참가인에게 해고예고를 하고 같은 해 12. 31. 참가인을 해고한 사실을 두고, 원고가 대표회의의 감원결정에 따를 수밖에 없는 실정에 있었기 때문에 위 해고는 회사의 경영상 불가피한 조치였다고 주장함에 대하여, 원고가 체결한 위 관리계약에 의하면 비록 관리소의 과장과 주임급의 인사는 대표회의와 사전협의를 거쳐 시행하고, 관리소 직원에 대한 인건비는 대표회의의 의결을 거쳐 협의하에 책정하고 이를 일반관리비에 포함시켜 징수한 다음 관리소에서 지급하도록 되어 있지만 대표회의와의 이러한 사전협의는 원고의 해고권 행사의 내부적인 절차 또는 참작사유에 불과하므로, 대표회의로부터 감원요청이 있었다는 사정만으로는 원고가 반드시 참가인을 해고할 수밖에 없는 경영상의 긴박한 사정이 있다고 단정할 수 없고, 또 감원결정을 통보받은 뒤 참가인의 해고를 회피하기 위한 노력을 한 흔적이 없는 등 나머지 정리해고의 요건을 갖추지 아니하였다는 이유로 위 주장을 배척하였다.

근로기준법 제33조에 의한 부당해고구제재심판정을 다투는 소송에 있어서는 해고의 정당성에 관한 입증책임은 이를 주장하는 자가 부담하는 것이고(대법원 1995. 2. 14. 선고 94누5069 판결 참조), 기업이 경영상의 필요에 의하여 근로자를 해고하는 이른바 정리해고의 정당성의 요건으로 요구되는, 긴박한 경영상의 필요성이란 기업의 일부 영업부문 내지 영업소의 수지만을 기준으로 할 것이 아니라 기업 전체의 경영사정을 종합적으로 검토하여 결정되어야 하며(대법원 1990. 3. 13. 선고 89다카24445 판결 참조), 또 해고회피의 노력을 다하여야 한다는 것은 경영방침이나 작업방식의 합리화, 신규채용의 금지, 일시휴직 및 희망퇴직의 활용 및 전근 등 사용자가 해고범위를 최소화하기 위하여 가능한 모든 조치를 취하는 것을 의미한다(대법원 1992. 12. 22. 선고 92다14779판결 참조).

기록에 의하면, 위 관리소의 소장인 소외인이 다른 아파트단지로 전근신청을 한 적이 있고, 원고의 인사 및 복무규정 제12조는 단지간의 전보에 관한 규정을 두고 있음에 비추어 위 아파트 외에 원고가 위탁관리를 맡고 있는 아파트단지가 더 있음을 알 수 있는바, 원고가 그가 운영하고 있는 모든 아파트 관리소의 수효, 총직원수, 영업수입, 회사의 규모, 회사의 자산 및 부채 등 회사 전체의 경영실태를 가늠할 수 있는 자료를 제출하고 있지 않은 이상, 대표회의가 인건비 지급을 거절한 감축대상인원에 대한 급여를 원고가 부담하게 됨으로써 발생하게 된 일개 관리소에서의 영업이익의 감소 내지 손실 때문에 반드시 인원삭감을 하여야 할 정도로 원고에게 경영상 긴박한 사정이 있다고 인정할 수 없고, 그렇다면 ○○주공1단지아파트 관리소에서 계속 근무시킬 수 없게 된 인원을 다른 아파트단지의 관리소나 본사로 전근시키는 등 회사의 전체 사업장의 실정에 맞추어 직원을 재배치하는 것이 불가능한 것이 아니라고 할 것이므로 참가인의 해고가 회피할 수 없는 부득이한 조치라고 할 수 없다.

따라서 원심이 참가인의 해고를 회피하기 위한 노력을 다하지 아니하였다고 본 것은 정당하고, 거기에 정리해고의 요건으로 필요한 해고회피를 위한 노력에 관한 법리오해 등의 위법이 있다고 할 수 없다. 이 부분 상고이유의 주장도 받아들일 수 없다.

3. 참가인이 상고이유의 주장과 같이 부정행위를 저질렀다는 점은 원심에서는 하지 아니한 새로운 주장이므로, 이 점에 대한 판단유탈의 위법이 있다는 취지의 상고이유의 주장 역시 이유 없다.

4. 그러므로 상고를 기각하고, 상고비용은 패소자의 부담으로 하기로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 서성(재판장) 박준서 신성택(주심) 이임수

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