Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 91다34523

Confirmation of Invalidity of Dismissal (파면처분무효확인등)파면처분무효확인등

Decided1992. 05. 12. Court대법원Employer won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

Employees at a research institute engaged in a labor dispute (쟁의행위) demanding the withdrawal of a colleague's unfair dismissal (파면처분), but resorted to excessive tactics such as trespassing into the director's office, defamation, and obstruction of business. The Supreme Court held that while the purpose of the dispute action was legitimate, the methods used exceeded socially acceptable limits, making the overall action improper, and thus upheld the disciplinary dismissal (징계해고) of the employees. As a result, the employees' claim to invalidate the dismissal was dismissed.

Key takeaways
  • CaseResearch institute employees staged a labor dispute demanding reinstatement of a dismissed colleague but used excessive tactics like office invasion and defamation.
  • OutcomeThe court ruled the dispute's purpose was legitimate but its methods were not, upholding the employees' disciplinary dismissal.
  • LessonEven a legitimate labor dispute can lose legal protection if the methods used violate social norms of appropriateness.
Issues
  • Criteria for determining the legitimacy of the purpose of a labor dispute action (쟁의행위)
  • Limits of social acceptability regarding the methods used in a labor dispute action
  • Criteria for assessing legitimacy when a dispute action has multiple purposes
  • Validity of disciplinary dismissal (징계해고) based on improper conduct during a dispute action
Key reasoning

The Court found that the goal of the dispute action—seeking withdrawal of a colleague's unjust dismissal—was legitimate because it related to demands for improved working conditions. However, the means employed, including invading the director's office, defaming individuals, and disrupting business operations, went beyond what is socially acceptable for legitimate labor disputes. Because the methods were improper, the dispute action as a whole was deemed unjustified, even though its underlying purpose was valid. Consequently, the disciplinary dismissal imposed on the employees for their conduct during the dispute was found to be justified and valid.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

a. In order for a labor dispute act (쟁의행위) to be legitimate, its purpose must be to promote autonomous bargaining between labor and management, and with respect to its method, the exercise of violence is contrary to the fundamental principles of the legal order and is thus not permitted under any circumstances. In order for the purpose to be deemed appropriate for promoting autonomous bargaining between labor and management,

the claims of the parties to the labor relationship as referred to in Article 3 of the Labor Dispute Mediation Act (노동쟁의조정법)

refer to all claims concerning working conditions such as wages, working hours, welfare, dismissal, and other treatment as set forth in Article 2 of the same Act, and are not necessarily limited to the maintenance and improvement of workers' economic status, such as wages.

b. Where a single labor dispute act pursues multiple purposes and some of them are not legitimate, the legitimacy of the labor dispute act must be determined based on the propriety of its main or true purpose.

c. In a case where, although the workers demanded the resignation of the research institute director in carrying out the labor dispute act, this was a secondary matter, and the main purpose was to seek the withdrawal of the dismissal disposition against some workers on the ground that it was a retaliatory measure taken because they had led the movement to protect research autonomy, which was a core matter of concern to the labor union, and where the intent thereof can also be seen as a demand for the improvement of the working conditions of union members, this can constitute a matter for collective bargaining; accordingly, the court held that the said labor dispute act was legitimate in its purpose.

d. In a case where the workers broke into the office of the research institute director; wrote content defaming the honor of the director in paint on the road leading into the research institute, on the wall at the entrance to the director's office, and in the corridor; posted bills containing the same content; delayed the publication of a magazine by 10 days by taking the printing plates home; distributed leaflets defaming the director to approximately 4,300 business contacts nationwide and to various universities; invited a third party and jointly engaged in politically confrontational speech and conduct; engaged in collective action outside the workplace; and posted and distributed bills and leaflets defaming the director's honor near his home—the court held that the methods and manner in which the labor dispute act was carried out could by no means be deemed to have met the standard of social reasonableness, and accordingly held that the said labor dispute act was unjustified.

Full text (English, AI translation) 7,512 chars

[Plaintiffs, Appellants]

[Defendant, Appellee] Foundation Hyundai Social Research Institute (재단법인 현대사회연구소), Attorneys Lee Guk-heon and 1 other, Counsel for the Defendant

[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Decision 91Na11768 rendered on August 22, 1991

[Order]

All appeals are dismissed.
The costs of the appeal shall be borne by the Plaintiffs.

[Reasoning]

We examine the grounds of appeal.

The court below, citing the reasoning of the first instance judgment, found the following facts: Non-parties 1 and 2, who were senior researchers of the Defendant Institute and members of the labor union which the Plaintiffs had joined, refused the instruction of the director of the Defendant Institute to obtain approval by attaching the relevant plaintiff when receiving approval for the printing and production of a research report; as a result, they were subjected to disciplinary action including reprimand by the Defendant Institute in August 1988, and thereafter, having failed to submit a written statement of explanation (시말서) pursuant to the disciplinary action, they were subjected to disciplinary dismissal on the 30th of the same month on that ground. The court below further found that the Plaintiffs, regarding the Defendant Institute's disposition against the aforementioned non-parties as retaliatory measures against their active leadership of the movement to protect research autonomy, which was a core concern of the labor union, engaged in industrial action of the manner set forth in the judgment from September 12 of the same year until around the end of December of the same year, for the purpose of securing the withdrawal of the above dismissal disposition and the resignation of the director of the Defendant Institute. The court below also found that on March 17, 1989, the Defendant Institute determined that the Plaintiffs' conduct fell under Article 38, Items 1, 2, 3, and 4 of the Personnel Management Regulations, which prescribe grounds for disciplinary action, and accordingly dismissed the Plaintiffs by way of disciplinary action.

Having found the above facts, the court below determined that, for industrial action to be legitimate, it must be aimed at the maintenance or improvement of workers' working conditions or the enhancement of their economic status; however, since the industrial action in this case sought the withdrawal of the dismissal of the aforementioned non-parties and, in connection therewith, demanded the resignation of the director of the Defendant Institute, it lacked legitimacy of purpose, and further lacked legitimacy in its means and methods, and therefore could not be deemed legitimate in any respect. The court below further determined that the Defendant Institute's disciplinary dismissal of the Plaintiffs for such conduct, having chosen dismissal among the types of disciplinary action, was a legitimate disposition and not an abuse of the right to discipline.

For industrial action to be legitimate, its purpose must be to promote autonomous bargaining between labor and management, and as for its means, the exercise of violence is contrary to the fundamental principles of the legal order and is therefore impermissible under any circumstances. In order for industrial action to conform to the purpose of promoting autonomous bargaining between labor and management, the "claims of the parties to a labor relationship" referred to in Article 3 of the Labor Dispute Mediation Act (노동쟁의조정법) mean all claims concerning working conditions such as wages, working hours, welfare, dismissal, and other treatment as set forth in Article 2 of the same Act, and are not necessarily limited to the maintenance or improvement of workers' economic status such as wages (see this Court's Decision 90Do2852 rendered on January 29, 1991). Moreover, where a single industrial action pursues multiple purposes and some of them are not legitimate, the legitimacy of the industrial action must be determined based on the legitimacy of the main or true purpose (see this Court's Decision 91Nu5204 rendered on January 21, 1992).

Even though the Plaintiffs demanded the resignation of the director of the Defendant Institute in carrying out this industrial action, this was merely a secondary matter, and the main purpose, as found by the court below, was to seek the withdrawal of the disciplinary dismissal of the aforementioned non-parties on the ground that it constituted a retaliatory measure against their leadership of the movement to protect research autonomy, which was a core concern of the labor union. According to the record, this purpose may also be seen as relating to a demand for the improvement of union members' working conditions, and as such, it may constitute a matter subject to collective bargaining. Therefore, the industrial action in this case should be deemed legitimate in its purpose. Accordingly, the court below's determination that the purpose of the industrial action in this case was not legitimate constitutes an error of law based on a misunderstanding of the legal principles concerning the legitimacy of the purpose of industrial action.

However, as set forth in the first instance judgment cited by the court below, the methods and manner by which the Plaintiffs carried out this industrial action included the following: they broke into the office of the director of the Defendant Institute; they wrote content defaming the honor of the director of the Defendant Institute using spray paint on the access road in front of the entrance of the Defendant Institute, on the wall at the entrance of the director's office, and in the corridor, and posted wall posters containing the same content; they took the printing plates home, thereby delaying the publication of the magazine by ten days; they sent leaflets defaming the director of the Defendant Institute to approximately 4,300 business contacts nationwide and to various universities; they invited third parties and jointly engaged in politically contentious speech and conduct; they engaged in collective action outside the workplace; and they posted and distributed wall posters and leaflets defaming the honor of the director of the Defendant Institute near the director's residence. Given all these circumstances, such methods cannot be regarded as having social reasonableness (사회적 상당성), and consequently, the industrial action in this case must be deemed unjustified. Furthermore, in light of the methods of industrial action carried out by the Plaintiffs, it must be said that there existed grounds attributable to the Plaintiffs, under generally accepted social norms, to such a degree that the employer, the Defendant Institute, could not be expected to continue the employment relationship with the Plaintiffs. Accordingly, the Defendant Institute's disciplinary dismissal of the Plaintiffs cannot be deemed an abuse of the right to discipline.

Therefore, although the judgment below contains an error of law based on a misunderstanding of the legal principles concerning the legitimacy of the purpose of industrial action, this error does not affect the conclusion of the judgment below, and the grounds of appeal are ultimately without merit.

Accordingly, all appeals are dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are to be borne by the Plaintiffs, who lost the appeal. This judgment is rendered as set forth in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices.

Presiding Justice Lee Hoi-chang, Justice Bae Man-woon, Justice Kim Seok-su

【판결요지】

가. 쟁의행위가 정당하기 위하여는 그 목적이 노사의 자치적 교섭을 조성하기 위하여 하는 것이어야 하고 그 방법에 있어서 폭력의 행사는 법질서의 기본원칙에 반하므로 이는 어떠한 경우에도 허용되지 않는다 할 것인데, 이 중 노사의 자치적 교섭을 조성하기 위한 목적에 적합하다고 하기 위하여는 노동쟁의조정법 제3조에서 말하는 노동관계 당사자의 주장이 같은 법 제2조 소정의 임금, 근로시간, 후생, 해고 기타 대우 등 근로조건에 관한 주장 모두를 가리키고 반드시 임금 등 근로자의 경제적 지위의 유지, 향상에 국한되는 것은 아니다.

나. 하나의 쟁의행위에서 추구하는 목적이 여러 가지이고 그중 일부가 정당하지 못한 경우에는 주된 목적 내지 진정한 목적의 당부에 의하여 그 쟁의행위의 당부를 판단하여야 할 것이다.

다. 근로자들이 쟁의행위를 함에 있어 연구소장의 퇴진을 요구하였다 하더라도 이는 부차적인 것이고 주된 목적은 일부 근로자들에 대한 파면처분이 노동조합의 핵심적 관심사항인 연구자율수호운동을 주동한 것에 대한 보복조치라고 하여 이의 철회를 구하는 것이고 그 뜻은 조합원의 근로조건의 개선요구에 있다고도 볼 수 있다면 이는 단체교섭사항이 될 수 있는 것이므로 위 쟁의행위는 그 목적에 있어 정당하다고 한 사례.

라. 근로자들이 연구소장실에 침입하고, 페인트로 연구소 진입도로와 소장실 입구 벽면 및 복도에 연구소장의 명예를 훼손하는 내용을 쓰고, 같은 내용의 벽보를 부착하였으며, 인쇄용 대지를 집에 갖고 감으로써 잡지 발행을 10일 간 지연시켰고, 연구소장을 비방하는 내용의 유인물을 전국 4,300여 개의 거래선 및 각 대학교에 발송하였으며, 제3자를 초청하여 함께 정치투쟁적인 언동을 하였고, 사업장 외에서 집단행동을 하였으며, 연구소장의 집 부근에그의 명예를 훼손하는 내용의 벽보 및 유인물을 부착, 배포하는 등 그 쟁의행위를 한 방법 내지 태양이 사회적 상당성을 갖추었다고는 도저히 볼 수 없는 것이어서 그 쟁의행위가 부당하다고 한 사례.

【참조조문】

가.나.다.라. 노동쟁의조정법 제3조 / 가. 같은 법 제2조, 제13조 / 나.다.라. 노동조합법 제2조 / 라. 근로기준법 제27조, 제12조 제3항

【참조판례】

가. 대법원 1990.10.12. 선고 90도1431 판결(공1990,2334), 1991.1.29. 선고 90도2852 판결(공1991,907), 1991.5.24. 선고 91도324 판결(공1991,1817) / 나. 대법원 1992.1.21. 선고 91누5204 판결(공1992,927) / 라. 대법원 1990.5.15. 선고 90도357 판결(공1990,1306)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 2,724자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인】

【피고, 피상고인】 재단법인 현대사회연구소 소송대리인 변호사 이국헌 외 1인

【원심판결】 서울고등법원 1991.8.22. 선고 91나11768 판결

【주 문】

상고를 모두 기각한다.

상고비용은 원고들의 부담으로 한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 본다.

원심은 제1심 판결 이유를 인용하여 피고연구소의 선임연구원이며 원고들이 가입한 노동조합의 조합원인 소외 1, 2가 연구보고서의 인쇄제작에 관한 결재를 받을 때에 해당 원고를 첨부하여 결재를 받으라는 피고 연구소 소장의 지시를 거부한 사유로 인하여 피고연구소로부터 1988.8. 견책 등의 징계처분을 받은 다음 징계처분에 따른 시말서를 제출하지 아니하여 이를 사유로 같은달 30. 징계파면처분을 받은 사실, 이에 원고들은 피고 연구소의 위 소외인들에 대한 처분은 노동조합의 핵심적 관심사항인 연구자율수호운동을 적극적으로 주동한 것에 대한 보복조치라고 여기고 위 파면처분의 철회와 피고 연구소 소장의 퇴진을 목적으로 하여 같은 해 9.12. 부터 같은 해 12. 하순경까지 판시와 같은 태양의 쟁의행위를 한 사실, 피고 연구소는 1989.3.17. 원고들의 이러한 행위가 징계사유를 규정한 인사관리규정 제38조 제1, 2, 3, 4호에 해당된다 하여 원고들을 징계파면한 사실을 인정한 다음, 쟁의행위가 정당하기 위하여는 근로자의 근로조건의 유지, 개선이나 경제적 지위의 향상을 목적으로 하여야 하는데 이 건 쟁의행위는 위 소외인들에 대한 파면의 철회와 이와 관련하여 피고 연구소 소장의 퇴진을 요구한 것이므로 목적에 있어 정당성이 없고 또한 그 수단과 방법에 있어서도 정당성이 없으므로 결국 정당하다고 할 수 없으며, 원고들의 이러한 행위에 대하여 피고 연구소가 징계의 종류 중 파면을 택하여 한 이 건 징계파면처분은 징계권을 남용한 것이 아닌 정당한 처분이라고 판단하였다.

쟁의행위가 정당하기 위하여는 그 목적이 노사의 자치적 교섭을 조성하기 위하여 하는 것이어야 하고 그 방법에 있어서 폭력의 행사는 법질서의 기본원칙에 반하므로 이는 어떠한 경우에도 허용되지 않는다고 할 것인데, 이중 노사의 자치적 교섭을 조성하기 위한 목적에 적합하다고 하기 위하여는 노동쟁의조정법 제3조에서 말하는 노동관계 당사자의 주장이 같은 법 제2조 소정의 임금, 근로시간, 후생, 해고 기타 대우 등 근로조건에 관한 주장 모두를 가리키고 반드시 임금 등 근로자의 경제적지위의 유지, 향상에 국한되는 것은 아니며 ( 당원 1991.1.29. 선고 90도2852 판결 참조), 또한 하나의 쟁의행위에서 추구하는 목적이 여러 가지이고 그중 일부가 정당하지 못하는 경우에는 주된 목적 내지 진정한 목적의 당부에 의하여 그 쟁의행위의 당부를 판단하여야 할 것이다( 당원 1992.1.21. 선고 91누5204 판결 참조).

비록 원고들이 이 건 쟁의행위를 함에 있어 피고 연구소장의 퇴진을 요구하였다 하더라도 이는 부차적인 것이고 주된 목적은 원심이 인정한 바와 같이 위소외인들에 대한 파면처분이 노동조합의 핵심적 관심사항인 연구자율수호운동을 주동한 것에 대한 보복조치라고 하여 이의 철회를 구하는 것이고 기록에 의하면 그 뜻은 조합원의 근로조건의 개선요구에 있다고도 볼 수 있어 이는 단체교섭사항이 될 수 있는 것이라 할 것이므로 이 건 쟁의행위는 그 목적에있어 정당하다고 보아야 할 것임에도 불구하고 원심이 이 건 쟁의행위의 목적이 정당하지 못하다고 한 판단은 쟁의행위 목적의 정당성에 관한 법리를 오해한 위법이 있다 할 것이다.

그러나 원고들이 이 건 쟁의행위를 한 방법 내지 태양이 원심이 인용한 제1심판결이 설시한 바와 같이 피고 연구소장실에 침입하였고, 분사페인트로 피고 연구소 현관 앞 진입도로와 소장실 입구 벽면 및 복도에 피고 연구소장의 명예를 훼손하는 내용을 썼고, 같은 내용의 벽보를 부착하였으며, 인쇄용 대지를 집에 갖고 감으로써 잡지 발행을 10일간 지연시켰고, 피고 연구소장을 비방하는 내용의 유인물을 전국 4,300여 개의 거래선 및 각 대학교에 발송하였으며, 제3자를 초청하여 함께 정치투쟁적인 언동을 하였고, 사업장 외에서 집단행동을 하였으며, 피고 연구소 소장의 집 부근에서 피고 연구소장의 명예를 훼손하는 내용의 벽보 및 유인물을 부착, 배포한 이상, 이러한 방법은 사회적 상당성을 갖추었다고는 도저히 볼 수 없는 것이어서 결국 이건 쟁의행위는 부당하다고 할 것이다. 그리고 원고들이 한 위 쟁의행위의 방법에 비추어 볼 때 사회통념상 사용자인 피고 연구소로 하여금 원고들과의 근로관계를 계속시킬 수 없을 정도로 원고들에게 귀책사유가 있다고 할 것이므로 피고 연구소의 원고들에 대한 이 건 징계해고처분을 가리켜 징계권을 남용하였다고도 할 수 없다.

따라서 원심판결에는 비록 쟁의행위 목적의 정당성에 관한 법리를 오해한 위법이 있지만 이는 원심판결의 결론에 영향이 없고 결국 상고논지는 모두 그 이유가 없게 되었다.

그러므로 상고를 모두 기각하고 상고비용은 패소자인 원고들의 부담으로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 이회창(재판장) 배만운 김석수

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