Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 2007두8881

Revocation of Reexamination Decision on Remedy for Unfair Labor Practice (부당노동행위구제재심판정취소)부당노동행위구제재심판정취소

Decided2010. 03. 25. Court대법원Labor union won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

This case involved Hyundai Heavy Industries, which substantially controlled the working conditions of employees at its in-house subcontractors and induced the shutdown of a subcontractor's business in order to obstruct union activities. The Korean Supreme Court held that a principal contractor qualifies as an 'employer' (사용자) subject to unfair labor practice (부당노동행위) liability if it is in a position to substantially determine the basic working conditions of subcontracted workers. Since Hyundai Heavy Industries' unfair labor practice was established, the labor union prevailed in this case.

Key takeaways
  • CaseIncident: Hyundai Heavy Industries substantially controlled the working conditions of subcontracted workers and induced the subcontractor's business shutdown to disrupt union activities.
  • OutcomeResult: The Supreme Court ruled that a principal contractor qualifies as the 'employer' liable for unfair labor practices if it substantially determines the subcontracted workers' basic working conditions.
  • LessonLesson: A principal contractor that substantially controls subcontracted workers' work conditions must not interfere with or obstruct their union activities.
Issues
  • Whether a principal contractor (원청회사) qualifies as the 'employer' subject to unfair labor practice liability with respect to employees of its in-house subcontractor
  • Whether the principal contractor's act of inducing the subcontractor to shut down its business constitutes unlawful domination or interference with union activities
Key reasoning

Under Korean labor law, a party who is in a position to substantially and specifically control and determine a worker's basic working conditions can be held liable as the 'employer' (사용자) for remedial orders concerning unfair labor practices (부당노동행위구제명령), even if there is no direct employment contract with that worker. In this case, Hyundai Heavy Industries effectively decided the subcontracted workers' working hours, work location, and job content, meaning it exercised real control over their employment conditions. When the company induced the subcontractor to shut down its business, this had the effect of suppressing union activity among the subcontracted workers. Because the company held this substantial controlling position, it bore employer responsibility for the resulting interference with union activities.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] A person who is in a position to actually and specifically dominate or determine the basic working conditions, etc., of an employee to such an extent that the person can be considered to be assuming, in part, the authority and responsibility of the business owner who employs that employee, and who has engaged in conduct falling under Article 81, Subparagraph 4 of the Trade Union and Labor Relations Adjustment Act (노동조합 및 노동관계조정법), such as dominating or interfering with the organization or operation of a trade union, falls under the category of an employer who must comply with a remedial order directing the correction of such conduct.

[2] A case holding that where an original contractor (원청회사) is in a position to actually and specifically dominate or determine, through individual subcontract agreements, the basic working conditions, etc., of the employees of an in-house subcontractor (사내 하청업체) to such an extent that it can be considered to be assuming, in part, the authority and responsibility of the in-house subcontractor as the employing business owner, and has engaged in conduct inducing the in-house subcontractor to cease its business operations, thereby engaging in dominating or interfering conduct that suppresses or infringes upon the activities of the in-house subcontractor's trade union, the original contractor falls under the category of an employer who is the subject obligated to comply with a remedial order directing the correction of unfair labor practices as defined in Article 81, Subparagraph 4 of the Trade Union and Labor Relations Adjustment Act.

Full text (English, AI translation) 14,817 chars

[Parties, Original Court]

【Plaintiff, Appellant】 Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., Ltd. (Attorneys Son Ji-yeol and 6 others, counsel for the plaintiff)
【Defendant, Appellee】 Chairman of the National Labor Relations Commission
【Intervenors for the Defendant】 Intervenor 1 and 4 others (Attorney Kim Jin, counsel for the intervenors)
【Judgment Below】 Seoul High Court Decision 2006Nu13970, rendered April 11, 2007

【Order】
The appeal is dismissed. The costs of the appeal, including those arising from the intervention, shall be borne by the Plaintiff.

【Reasoning】 The grounds of appeal are examined as follows.

1. On whether the Plaintiff qualifies as an "employer" under Article 81, Item 4 of the Trade Union and Labor Relations Adjustment Act (노동조합 및 노동관계조정법; hereinafter "the Act")

A. Article 1 of the Act provides: "The purpose of this Act is to guarantee the right to organize, the right to collective bargaining, and the right to collective action of workers under the Constitution, thereby promoting the maintenance and improvement of working conditions and the enhancement of the economic and social status of workers, and to fairly adjust labor relations and prevent and resolve labor disputes, thereby contributing to the maintenance of industrial peace and the development of the national economy." Article 81 of the Act provides that "an employer shall not commit any of the unfair labor practices set forth in the following items." Article 82, Paragraph 1 provides: "A worker or trade union whose rights have been infringed by an employer's unfair labor practice may file an application for remedy with the Labor Relations Commission." Article 84, Paragraph 1 provides: "Where the Labor Relations Commission determines that an unfair labor practice has been established, it shall issue a remedial order to the employer, and where it determines that no unfair labor practice has been established, it shall issue a decision dismissing the application for remedy." Thus, Articles 81 through 86 of the Act establish a remedial system for unfair labor practices in order to concretely secure the three labor rights guaranteed under the Constitution and to prevent and eliminate employer conduct that undermines the order of collective labor relations, thereby securing workers' right to organize, right to collective bargaining, and right to collective action, and promptly normalizing the order of labor relations (see Supreme Court Decision 93Da11463, delivered December 21, 1993; Supreme Court Decision 97Nu7448, delivered May 8, 1998, etc.). Accordingly, since the prevention and elimination of unfair labor practices is achieved through remedial orders of the Labor Relations Commission, a person who is in a position holding legal or factual authority or capacity to comply with a remedial order may, to that extent, be regarded as an employer subject to a remedial order as the entity responsible for the unfair labor practice.

Furthermore, Article 81, Item 4 of the Act defines as an unfair labor practice "an act of dominating or interfering with workers' organizing or operating a trade union," among others, and this provision aims to exclude and remedy acts that infringe the right to organize as unfair labor practices, thereby restoring normal labor relations. Accordingly, whether a person qualifies as the employer who is the subject of such domination or interference must be determined by comprehensively considering the content of the relevant application for remedy, the specific form in which that employer is involved in the employment relationship, and the existence and degree of exercise of substantial influence or control over the employment relationship. Therefore, if a person who is in a position to substantially and specifically dominate and determine matters concerning the basic working conditions, etc. of workers, to the extent that such person may be regarded as bearing part of the authority and responsibility of the business owner who employs those workers, commits an act falling under Article 81, Item 4 of the Act, such as dominating or interfering with the organizing or operation of a trade union, that person qualifies as the employer who must comply with a remedial order directing correction of such act.

B. The court below found as follows: (1) the Plaintiff company directly managed the overall content of the work to be performed by workers, including Intervenors 1, 2, 3, and 4 (hereinafter "the Intervenors"), who belonged to in-house subcontractors, for the purpose of the smooth performance of processes and quality control, and, through individual subcontracting agreements, substantially and specifically determined the work dates, working hours, work locations, and work content, thereby managing and controlling the working hours and work schedules; as a result, the Plaintiff company was in a position to exercise substantial decision-making authority over matters such as guaranteeing time for union activities necessary for holding general meetings or delegate assemblies of the trade union, and guaranteeing paid time for union officers' union activities; (2) since the work dates, locations, and content were fixed by the individual subcontracting agreements as described above, the in-house subcontractors merely decided which worker to assign to tasks that had already, in effect, been fixed; (3) workers belonging to the in-house subcontractors performed work within the Plaintiff company's place of business using tools and materials provided by the Plaintiff company, thereby being incorporated into the work order planned by the Plaintiff company, and engaged in shipbuilding work together with the Plaintiff company's directly employed workers; and (4) with respect to the method of carrying out the work, working hours and extensions thereof, rest periods, night work, etc., the workers were, in substance, under the direction and supervision of the Plaintiff company's process managers (foremen or team leaders who were directly employed). Based on a comprehensive consideration of the foregoing, the court below found that the Plaintiff company was in a position to substantially and specifically dominate and determine the basic working conditions, etc. of workers belonging to the in-house subcontractors, including the Intervenors, to the extent that it could be regarded as bearing part of the authority and responsibility of the in-house subcontractors as their employing business owners, and determined that the Plaintiff company, having induced the closure of business of the in-house subcontractors and thereby committed acts of domination or interference that suppressed or infringed the trade union's activities, qualifies as the employer who must comply with the remedial order directing correction of the unfair labor practice under Article 81, Item 4 of the Act.

This determination by the court below is justified in light of the foregoing legal principles, and there is no error of law, as alleged in the grounds of appeal, in misapprehending the legal principles concerning the concept of "employer" under Article 81, Item 4 of the Act. The Supreme Court decisions cited in the grounds of appeal concern different factual circumstances and are not applicable to the instant case.

2. On whether an unfair labor practice under Article 81, Item 4 of the Act was established

The court below found as follows: (1) some workers belonging to the Plaintiff company's in-house subcontractors secretly formed a trade union preparatory committee from around March 2003 and maintained a system of secret union membership; when the identities of some union members were exposed, they held the founding general meeting of Intervenor Hyundai Heavy Industries In-House Subcontract Workers' Trade Union (hereinafter "the Intervenor Union") on August 24 of the same year, and received a certificate of trade union establishment report on August 30 of the same year; on August 26, 2003, the Plaintiff company requested Non-party 1, the representative of the in-house subcontractor "○○ Enterprise," to prevent Intervenor 4, who had been identified as a member of the Intervenor Union, from working at the place of business, causing him to be placed on standby, and on August 29 of the same year, informed Non-party 1 that Intervenor 4 was an officer of the Intervenor Union; (2) most of the Plaintiff company's in-house subcontractors performed work only for the Plaintiff company, and the Plaintiff company was in a position of superiority over the in-house subcontractors, since it could take the initiative in adjusting whether to conclude individual subcontracting agreements with, and the volume of work to be given to, the in-house subcontractors according to its own plans, and additionally held the authority to terminate subcontracting agreements and to cancel the registration of in-house subcontractors; (3) the Plaintiff company warned in-house subcontractors of contract termination, etc., on the ground that workers belonging to them were obstructing the operation of the company by distributing leaflets, etc., at the Plaintiff company; (4) △△△△ Electric, to which Non-party 2, the auditor of the Intervenor Union, belonged, closed its business on August 30, 2003, and Yeongjin Enterprise Co., Ltd. (hereinafter "Yeongjin Enterprise"), to which Intervenor 1, the president of the Intervenor Union, belonged, closed its business on October 8, 2003; in the interim, in-house subcontractors such as Dong-A Industry Co., Ltd. (hereinafter "Dong-A Industry"), to which Intervenor 2 belonged, and ○○ Enterprise (only the outfitting division of which was closed), to which Intervenor 4, the secretary-general of the Intervenor Union, belonged, decided to close their businesses immediately after it was revealed that the Intervenors were officers of the Intervenor Union and immediately after receiving demands for negotiation over working conditions, notwithstanding the absence of any particular managerial circumstances requiring closure; in light of this, it appears that there was no reason for the closures of the above in-house subcontractors other than the establishment of the Intervenor Union; (5) the above in-house subcontractors had been established around 1997 and had operated without any problems until their closures, had never previously experienced labor-management disputes, employed dozens of workers, and closed their businesses before full-fledged collective bargaining had even taken place; in light of these circumstances, the decisions to close business do not appear to have been the independent decisions of the in-house subcontractors; and (6) in the case of Yeongjin Enterprise, immediately after the decision to close business, □□ Industry was established to take over that portion of the business, and in fact a significant number of workers who had belonged to the closed Yeongjin Enterprise transferred their affiliation to □□ Industry and were performing the work of the Plaintiff company's Paint Department No. 5 that Yeongjin Enterprise had previously performed; in the case of Dong-A Industry, immediately after the announcement of closure, Silla Co., Ltd. recruited workers to work in panel assembly and took over the panel assembly work that Dong-A Industry had been performing as is; and although the Plaintiff company had anticipated terminating its contract with ◇◇ Enterprise, the outfitting division of ○○ Enterprise, to which an officer of the Intervenor Union belonged, was suddenly closed, and workers belonging to the outfitting division of ○○ Enterprise joined ◇◇ Enterprise; it does not appear that the small-scale, information-poor in-house subcontractors could have, through their own independent capabilities alone, so swiftly carried out the complex tasks of closing business, recruiting employees, and establishing companies, without causing any disruption to the Plaintiff company's operations. Based on a comprehensive consideration of the foregoing, the court below determined that the Plaintiff company committed acts of inducing the closure of business and thereby committed acts of domination or interference that suppressed or infringed the activities of the Intervenor Union.

This determination by the court below is justified and may be upheld, and there is no error of law, such as misapprehension of the legal principles concerning the establishment of the unfair labor practice of domination or interference under Article 81, Item 4 of the Act. The remaining arguments, which amount to disputing the fact-finding of the court below, do not constitute legitimate grounds of appeal.

3. On the content of the remedial order

The types of unfair labor practices that actually occur are diverse, and their effects vary in multiple ways depending on changes in labor relations; accordingly, the methods and content of remedies for unfair labor practices corresponding thereto must also be flexible and adaptable. Where an employer's act of domination or interference is carried out as a factual act, it is difficult to remove or rescind the act itself so as to restore the original state, and since there is a strong likelihood that the employer's conduct will continue to be repeated into the future, an order prohibiting acts constituting the employer's domination or interference (a cease-and-desist order) may be an appropriate remedial method. Article 8 of the Act also merely provides that the Labor Relations Commission shall issue a remedial order to the employer when it determines that the employer's unfair labor practice has been established, in order to enable the Labor Relations Commission, exercising specialized and purposive judgment, to take appropriate remedial measures suited to each individual case, and does not otherwise specifically prescribe the type or content of the remedial order.

In light of the foregoing purpose, the remedial order issued by the National Labor Relations Commission to the Plaintiff company, after finding the domination or interference at issue in this case to constitute an unfair labor practice, stating that "the Plaintiff shall not commit acts of inducing the closure of business by exercising substantial influence and control, nor acts that suppress or infringe the activities of the trade union as a result thereof," cannot be deemed unlawful. Accordingly, the argument in the grounds of appeal disputing this point is without merit.

4. Conclusion

Therefore, the appeal is dismissed, and the costs of the appeal, including those arising from the intervention, are borne by the losing party. This judgment is rendered as set forth in the Order, by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices.

Justice Yang Sung-tae (Presiding Justice), Kim Ji-hyung, Jeon Su-an (Justice in charge), Yang Chang-su

【판결요지】

[1] 근로자의 기본적인 노동조건 등에 관하여 그 근로자를 고용한 사업주로서의 권한과 책임을 일정 부분 담당하고 있다고 볼 정도로 실질적이고 구체적으로 지배·결정할 수 있는 지위에 있는 자가, 노동조합을 조직 또는 운영하는 것을 지배하거나 이에 개입하는 등으로 노동조합 및 노동관계조정법 제81조 제4호에서 정한 행위를 하였다면, 그 시정을 명하는 구제명령을 이행하여야 할 사용자에 해당한다.

[2] 원청회사가 개별도급계약을 통하여 사내 하청업체 근로자들의 기본적인 노동조건 등에 관하여 고용사업주인 사내 하청업체의 권한과 책임을 일정 부분 담당하고 있다고 볼 정도로 실질적이면서 구체적으로 지배·결정할 수 있는 지위에 있고 사내 하청업체의 사업폐지를 유도하는 행위와 그로 인하여 사내 하청업체 노동조합의 활동을 위축시키거나 침해하는 지배·개입 행위를 하였다면, 원청회사는 노동조합 및 노동관계조정법 제81조 제4호에서 정한 부당노동행위의 시정을 명하는 구제명령을 이행할 주체로서의 사용자에 해당한다고 한 사례.

【참조조문】

[1] 노동조합 및 노동관계조정법 제81조 제4호

[2] 노동조합 및 노동관계조정법 제81조 제4호

【주문】·【이유】 전문 5,311자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인】 현대중공업 주식회사 (소송대리인 변호사 손지열 외 6인)

【피고, 피상고인】 중앙노동위원회위원장

【피고보조참가인】 참가인 1 외 4인 (소송대리인 변호사 김진)

【원심판결】 서울고법 2007. 4. 11. 선고 2006누13970 판결

【주 문】

상고를 기각한다. 상고비용은 보조참가로 인한 부분을 포함하여 원고가 부담한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 판단한다.

1. 노동조합 및 노동관계조정법(이하, ‘법’이라 한다) 제81조 제4호 소정의 사용자인지에 관하여

가. 법 제1조는 "헌법에 의한 근로자의 단결권·단체교섭권 및 단체행동권을 보장하여 근로조건의 유지·개선과 근로자의 경제적·사회적 지위의 향상을 도모하고, 노동관계를 공정하게 조정하여 노동쟁의를 예방·해결함으로써 산업평화의 유지와 국민경제의 발전에 이바지함을 목적으로 한다"고 규정하고 있다. 그리고 법 제81조는 ‘사용자는 그 각 호에서 정하는 부당노동행위를 할 수 없다’고 하고, 제82조 제1항은 "사용자의 부당노동행위로 인하여 그 권리를 침해당한 근로자 또는 노동조합은 노동위원회에 그 구제를 신청할 수 있다"고 하며, 제84조 제1항은 "노동위원회는 부당노동행위가 성립한다고 판정한 때에는 사용자에게 구제명령을 발하여야 하며, 부당노동행위가 성립하지 아니한다고 판정한 때에는 그 구제신청을 기각하는 결정을 하여야 한다"고 규정하는 등, 법 제81조 내지 제86조는 헌법이 규정하는 근로3권을 구체적으로 확보하고 집단적 노사관계의 질서를 파괴하는 사용자의 행위를 예방·제거함으로써 근로자의 단결권·단체교섭권 및 단체행동권을 확보하여 노사관계의 질서를 신속하게 정상화하기 위하여 부당노동행위에 대한 구제제도에 관하여 규정하고 있다(대법원 1993. 12. 21. 선고 93다11463 판결, 대법원 1998. 5. 8. 선고 97누7448 판결 등 참조). 이에 의하면 부당노동행위의 예방·제거는 노동위원회의 구제명령을 통해서 이루어지는 것이므로, 구제명령을 이행할 수 있는 법률적 또는 사실적인 권한이나 능력을 가지는 지위에 있는 한 그 한도 내에서는 부당노동행위의 주체로서 구제명령의 대상자인 사용자에 해당한다고 볼 수 있을 것이다.

나아가 법 제81조 제4호는 ‘근로자가 노동조합을 조직 또는 운영하는 것을 지배하거나 이에 개입하는 행위’ 등을 부당노동행위로 규정하고 있고, 이는 단결권을 침해하는 행위를 부당노동행위로서 배제·시정하여 정상적인 노사관계를 회복하는 것을 목적으로 하고 있으므로, 그 지배·개입 주체로서의 사용자인지 여부도 당해 구제신청의 내용, 그 사용자가 근로관계에 관여하고 있는 구체적 형태, 근로관계에 미치는 실질적인 영향력 내지 지배력의 유무 및 행사의 정도 등을 종합하여 결정하여야 할 것이다. 따라서 근로자의 기본적인 노동조건 등에 관하여 그 근로자를 고용한 사업주로서의 권한과 책임을 일정 부분 담당하고 있다고 볼 정도로 실질적이고 구체적으로 지배·결정할 수 있는 지위에 있는 자가, 노동조합을 조직 또는 운영하는 것을 지배하거나 이에 개입하는 등으로 법 제81조 제4호 소정의 행위를 하였다면, 그 시정을 명하는 구제명령을 이행하여야 할 사용자에 해당한다.

나. 원심은, ① 원고 회사가 공정의 원활한 수행 및 품질관리 등을 위해서 사내 하청업체 소속 피고보조참가인 참가인 1, 참가인 2, 참가인 3, 참가인 4(이하, ‘참가인들’이라 한다)를 포함한 근로자들이 해야 할 작업 내용 전반에 관하여 직접 관리하고 있었고, 또 개별도급계약을 통하여 작업 일시, 작업 시간, 작업 장소, 작업 내용 등에 관하여 실질적·구체적으로 결정하는 등 원고 회사가 작업시간과 작업 일정을 관리·통제하고 있기 때문에 근로자들이 노동조합의 총회나 대의원대회 등 회의를 개최하기 위하여 필요한 노조활동 시간 보장, 노조간부의 유급 노조활동시간 보장 등에 대하여 실질적인 결정권을 행사하게 되는 지위에 있는 점, ② 사내 하청업체는 위와 같은 작업 일시, 장소, 내용 등이 개별도급계약에 의해 확정되기 때문에 사실상 이미 확정되어 있는 업무에 어느 근로자를 종사시킬지 여부에 관해서만 결정하고 있던 것에 지나지 않았던 점, ③ 사내 하청업체 소속 근로자는 원고 회사가 제공한 도구 및 자재를 사용하여 원고 회사의 사업장 내에서 작업함으로써 원고 회사가 계획한 작업 질서에 편입되고 원고 회사 직영근로자와 함께 선박건조업무에 종사하고 있었던 점, ④ 작업의 진행방법, 작업시간 및 연장, 휴식, 야간근로 등에 관하여서도 위 근로자들이 실질적으로 원고 회사 공정관리자(직영반장이나 팀장)의 지휘·감독하에 놓여 있었던 점 등을 종합하여, 원고 회사가 참가인들을 포함한 사내 하청업체 소속 근로자들의 기본적인 노동조건 등에 관하여 고용사업주인 사내 하청업체의 권한과 책임을 일정 부분 담당하고 있다고 볼 정도로 실질적이면서 구체적으로 지배·결정할 수 있는 지위에 있다고 보고, 사내 하청업체의 사업폐지를 유도하는 행위 및 그로 인하여 노동조합의 활동을 위축시키거나 침해하는 지배·개입 행위를 한 원고 회사를 법 제81조 제4호 소정의 부당노동행위의 시정을 명하는 구제명령을 이행할 주체로서의 사용자에 해당한다고 판단하였다.

원심의 이러한 판단은 위 법리에 비추어 정당하고, 거기에 상고이유로 지적하는 바와 같은 법 제81조 제4호가 정하는 사용자 개념 등에 관한 법리오해의 위법은 없으며, 상고이유에서 내세우는 대법원판결들은 사안을 달리 하는 것이어서 이 사건에 원용될 것은 아니다.

2. 법 제81조 제4호 소정의 부당노동행위 성립 여부에 관하여

원심은, ① 원고 회사 사내 하청업체 소속 일부 근로자들은 2003. 3.경부터 비밀리에 노동조합준비위원회를 결성하고 비밀조합원제도를 유지하여 오다가 일부 조합원의 신분이 노출되자 같은 해 8. 24. 참가인 현대중공업사내하청노동조합(이하 ‘참가인 조합’이라고 한다) 창립총회를 거쳐 같은 달 30. 노동조합설립신고증을 교부받게 되었는데, 원고 회사는 2003. 8. 26. 사내 하청업체 ○○기업 대표 소외 1로 하여금 참가인 조합의 조합원으로 드러난 참가인 4를 사업장에서 근무하지 못하도록 요청하여 근무대기를 하도록 하였고, 같은 달 29. 소외 1에게 참가인 4가 참가인 조합 임원인 사실을 알려준 점, ② 원고 회사의 사내 하청업체는 대부분 원고 회사의 업무만 수행하고 있고, 원고 회사는 사내 하청업체에 대한 개별도급계약의 체결 여부 및 물량을 그 계획에 따라 주도적으로 조절할 수 있는데다가 그 외에도 도급계약의 해지, 사내 하청업체 등록해지 권한을 가지고 있는 등 사내 하청업체에 대하여 우월적 지위에 있었던 점, ③ 원고 회사가 사내 하청업체에게 소속 근로자가 원고 회사에서 유인물을 배포하는 등 회사 운영을 방해하고 있다면서 계약해지 등의 경고를 한 점, ④ 참가인 조합 회계감사인 소외 2가 소속된 △△△△전기는 2003. 8. 30. 폐업하고, 참가인 조합 위원장인 참가인 1이 소속된 주식회사 영진기업(이하, ‘영진기업’이라 한다)은 2003. 10. 8. 폐업하였으며, 그 사이에도 참가인 2가 소속된 동아산업 주식회사(이하, ‘동아산업’이라 한다), 참가인 조합 사무국장인 참가인 4가 소속된 ○○기업(의장부분만 폐지) 등의 사내 하청업체들이 경영상 폐업할 별다른 사정이 없음에도 참가인 조합 설립 직후에 참가인 근로자들이 참가인 조합 간부임이 드러나고 근로조건에 대한 협상요구를 받은 즉시 폐업을 결정한 것을 볼 때, 위 사내 하청업체들의 폐업이유는 참가인 조합의 설립 이외에 다른 이유가 없다고 보이는 점, ⑤ 위 사내 하청업체들은 1997년경부터 설립되어 그 폐업시까지 아무런 문제없이 운영되어 온 회사들로서 전에 노사분규를 경험하여 본 적이 없고, 수십 명의 소속 근로자를 두고 있으며, 위 폐업시기가 본격적인 단체협상을 하기도 전이라는 점에서 위 폐업결정은 사내 하청업체의 독자적인 결정이라고 보이지 않는 점, ⑥ 위 영진기업의 경우 폐업결정 직후에 그 부분 사업을 인수할 □□산업이 설립되었고, 실제로 폐업한 위 영진기업 소속 근로자 상당수가 □□산업으로 적을 옮겨 영진기업이 하던 원고 회사 도장5부의 작업을 하고 있으며, 동아산업의 경우 폐업공고 직후 신라 주식회사에서 패널 조립업무에 근무할 근로자를 모집하여 동아산업이 하던 패널 조립작업을 그대로 이어받았고, 원고 회사가 ◇◇기업에 대하여 계약해지를 예상하고 있었음에도 참가인 조합의 임원이 소속된 ○○기업 의장부분이 갑자기 폐지되고 ○○기업 의장부분 소속 근로자가 ◇◇기업에 입사하였는데, 영세하고 정보력이 부족한 사내 하청업체들의 독자적인 능력만으로 폐업 및 직원모집, 회사설립 등의 복잡한 업무를 원고 회사의 운영에 아무런 차질이 없도록 위와 같이 신속하게 진행할 수 있었다고는 보이지 않는 점 등을 종합하여 볼 때, 원고 회사가 사업폐지를 유도하는 행위와 이로 인하여 참가인 조합의 활동을 위축시키거나 침해하는 지배·개입 행위를 하였다고 판단하였다.

이와 같은 원심의 판단은 정당한 것으로 수긍할 수 있고, 거기에 법 제81조 제4호가 정하는 지배·개입의 부당노동행위 성립에 대한 법리오해 등의 위법이 없으며, 그 밖에 원심의 사실인정을 다투는 것에 귀착하는 주장은 적법한 상고이유가 되지 못한다.

3. 구제명령의 내용에 관하여

현실적으로 발생하는 부당노동행위의 유형은 다양하고, 노사관계의 변화에 따라 그 영향도 다각적이어서 그에 대응하는 부당노동행위 구제의 방법과 내용도 유연하고 탄력적일 필요가 있는바, 사용자의 지배·개입 행위가 사실행위로 이루어진 경우 그 행위 자체를 제거 내지 취소하여 원상회복하는 것이 곤란하며 또한 사용자의 행위가 장래에 걸쳐 계속 반복하여 행하여질 가능성이 많기 때문에 사용자의 지배·개입에 해당하는 행위를 금지하는 부작위명령은 적절한 구제방법이 될 수 있다. 법 제8조의 규정 또한 노동위원회가 전문적·합목적적 판단에 따라 개개 사건에 적절한 구제조치를 할 수 있도록 하기 위해서 사용자의 부당노동행위가 성립한다고 판정한 때에 사용자에게 구제명령을 발하여야 한다고 규정하고 있을 뿐, 구제명령의 유형 및 내용에 관하여는 특별히 정하고 있지 아니하다.

위와 같은 취지에서 보면, 중앙노동위원회가 이 사건 지배·개입을 부당노동행위로 인정한 후 원고 회사에 대하여 발한, "실질적인 영향력과 지배력을 행사하여 사업폐지를 유도하는 행위와 이로 인하여 노동조합의 활동을 위축시키거나 침해하는 행위를 하여서는 아니 된다"는 구제명령이 위법하다고 볼 것은 아니므로, 이를 다투는 상고이유의 주장은 이유 없다.

4. 결론

그러므로 상고를 기각하고 상고비용은 보조참가로 인한 부분을 포함하여 패소자의 부담으로 하여, 관여 대법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 양승태(재판장) 김지형 전수안(주심) 양창수

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