[Plaintiff, Appellant] Dongjin Co., Ltd., Counsel: Attorney Jeon Sang-seok and one other
[Defendant, Appellee] Chairman of the National Labor Relations Commission (중앙노동위원회위원장)
[Defendant's Assistant Intervenor]
[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Decision 89Gu11734, rendered November 1, 1990
[Order]
The judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.
[Reasoning]
The grounds for appeal are examined (the supplementary brief on grounds of appeal submitted after the expiration of the period for submitting the grounds of appeal is considered only to the extent that it supplements the grounds of appeal).
1. As to Ground No. 1
Where an employer closes down the entirety of the business it operates and, accordingly, dismisses all of its employees, this is in principle a matter falling within the freedom of business management, and cannot be deemed an unfair labor practice unless there are special circumstances such as a sham closure aimed at obstructing the union's right to organize, etc. However, even if a company, while operating the same type of business at a single place of business under a single business license, has, for reasons concerning its management, divided that business into two or more units, making their personnel and material facilities independent of each other and separating their accounting, if the management entity remains a single legal personality, the mere fact of such internally separated management within the company cannot be regarded as constituting separate business entities. In such a case, even if it is decided to abolish one of the several business units, this amounts merely to a reduction of business and cannot be deemed an abolition of the entire business; therefore, the employer cannot dismiss all employees belonging to that business unit on the premise that the business entity itself has been closed.
According to the facts lawfully found by the court below, the Plaintiff company was established by Nonparty 1's Hyupsin Heavy Cargo Handling Co., Ltd. and Nonparty 2's Cheongu Transportation Co., Ltd., each of which had previously been established and operated separately, jointly investing on a 50:50 equity ratio pursuant to a merger order issued under the government's policy of consolidating port cargo handling businesses under the Enforcement Decree of the Port Transportation Business Act (항만운송사업법시행령), as amended in 1978; the Plaintiff company was incorporated with the above nonparties as co-representative directors, absorbed and merged the said two companies, and obtained a port transportation business license and business registration in the name of the Plaintiff company. However, thereafter, the follow-up measure to the government's said consolidation policy—namely, the designation of cargo handling companies for each pier—was not implemented, and, because the two separate companies had simply been merged as they were, significant discrepancies arose in the management of business partners, customer relations, and business promotion, making it difficult to operate the company. As a result, from January 1, 1980, until full integration of operations could commence through, among other things, the designation of cargo handling companies by pier, the above nonparties agreed, while holding the port cargo handling license in the name of the Plaintiff company, to establish a First and a Second Business Division within the company, with each division independently holding the assets, employees, and business partners that the respective two companies had held before the merger, and independently operating personnel and management matters, with neither division involving itself in or bearing responsibility for the other; the said Hyupsin Heavy Cargo Handling Co., Ltd. was to be operated as the First Business Division, and the said Cheongu Transportation Co., Ltd. as the Second Business Division. Accordingly, Nonparty 1 served as representative director of the First Business Division, and Nonparty 2 as representative director of the Second Business Division, each independently handling not only personnel matters such as hiring and dismissal of employees, but also corporate activities such as contracts with business partners, determination and collection of fees, and performance of work, as well as accounting matters such as payment of wages to employees and disbursement of operating expenses; meanwhile, an integrated accounting and general affairs department was maintained to handle matters common to both divisions, processing the integrated accounting affairs of both divisions daily in accordance with tax accounting requirements, and each year issuing a settlement announcement for the Plaintiff company as a whole, combining both divisions. In the midst of this arrangement, as described below, when the First Business Division's dispute continued due to differences of opinion with the labor union composed of its employees over wage increases, the Plaintiff company held an extraordinary general meeting of shareholders on May 30, 1989, and resolved to suspend the operations of the First Business Division; thereafter, from June 3 of that year, it went through procedures such as giving advance notice of business closure to each business partner, filing a report of collective dismissal of employees with the Busan Regional Labor Relations Commission, and giving advance notice of dismissal to the employees, and on July 8 of that year dismissed all employees belonging to the First Business Division, including the union members, and simultaneously suspended the operations of the First Business Division; meanwhile, the Plaintiff company continued the operations of its Second Business Division and never filed a report of business closure with the Busan Regional Maritime and Port Authority, the licensing authority, or with Yeongdo Tax Office, the competent tax office.
In light of the legal principles set forth above, examining the facts found by the court below, even if the Plaintiff company, for the sake of management convenience, divided the two previously merged companies into a First and Second Business Division and guaranteed a certain degree of independence in personnel and management matters until full integrated management became possible, in view of the fact that the two business divisions performed identical business under the same port cargo handling license in the name of the same Plaintiff company and maintained an integrated accounting and general affairs department, the First Business Division, which did not even possess corporate personality, cannot be regarded as an independent enterprise or business entity; furthermore, since the Second Business Division continued to perform its operations under the same port cargo handling license even after the suspension of the First Business Division's operations, the suspension of the First Business Division's operations cannot be said to amount to the abolition of an entire single business entity. Accordingly, the court below's determination rejecting, as without merit, the Plaintiff's argument that the abolition of the First Business Division constituted the abolition of the entire place of business, such that the dismissal of the employees belonging to the First Business Division did not constitute an unfair labor practice, is correct, and the grounds of appeal attacking the judgment below from the opposite viewpoint cannot be accepted.
2. As to Ground No. 2 of the Grounds of Appeal
According to the reasoning of the judgment below, the court below found, based on the evidence cited, the following facts: After its establishment in 1978, the Plaintiff company operated the First and Second Business Divisions separately as described above; initially, the combined management of the First and Second Business Divisions maintained a surplus, but on January 19, 1988, 122 employees belonging to the First Business Division, including the Defendant's Assistant Intervenor (hereinafter referred to as the "Intervenor"), organized a labor union limited to the First Business Division under the name "Dongjin Co., Ltd. Labor Union," elected the Intervenor as union chairman, completed the report of establishment of the labor union, and began engaging in union activities; immediately after the union's establishment, from February 1988 the union and the employer side of the First Business Division engaged in collective bargaining over the conclusion of the 1988 collective agreement and a wage increase proposal, going through processes such as strikes and sit-in demonstrations, and eventually reached an agreement between labor and management, concluding a collective agreement on April 1 of that year; however, in the course of implementing this agreement, disputes and agreements between the company and the union were repeated, and while the 1988 wages of the employees, including various allowances, increased by an average of approximately 40 percent, the management performance of the First Business Division as a whole fell into an unsound state due to work delays caused by friction with the union and the resulting avoidance of dealings by business partners, resulting in a substantial deficit of approximately 400 million won; accordingly, in order to rationalize company management by bringing in a professional manager in 1989 and to seek the company's development by establishing amicable labor-management relations, the First Business Division recruited Nonparty 3 as representative director on February 1, 1989, and established a business operation plan to increase sales by 21.07 percent compared to the previous year; however, in the process of six rounds of collective bargaining held between the union and the company from March 16, 1989 to around April 20 of that year for the conclusion of the 1989 collective agreement and a wage increase, regarding the wage increase issue, the union proposed a 39.4 percent increase while the company proposed a 10 percent increase, and each side adhered only to its own position, failing to reach any agreement; in the course of that collective bargaining, a heated argument occurred between Nonparty 3, the representative director of the Plaintiff company representing the employer side, and the union's bargaining representatives, as a result of which Nonparty 3 expressed his intention to resign, and the collective bargaining could no longer proceed; in response, when the union side made a written demand on April 25 of that year for the resumption of collective bargaining, the company side made a written request to postpone the collective bargaining, citing Nonparty 3's expression of intent to resign; after individual meetings held on three occasions—April 26, April 29, and May 2 of that year—among the company's and the union's bargaining officials and Nonparty 1, the actual owner of the First Business Division, the company side requested that, in relation to Nonparty 3's resignation and the management issues of the First Business Division, a labor-management council be held instead of collective bargaining; at the labor-management councils held on May 6 and May 11 of that year, the company side explained the company's management circumstances and attempted to persuade the union side that, given the company's circumstances at the time, a wage increase exceeding 10 percent was difficult, but the union side maintained its position that it could not concede to less than a 27.6 percent increase, a figure slightly reduced from its initial wage increase proposal, and the two sides failed to find common ground; thereupon, the union side filed a report of the occurrence of a labor dispute on the 16th of that month, and on the 19th of that month filed an application for relief from unfair labor practices with the Busan Regional Labor Relations Commission, asserting that the company was unjustly evading collective bargaining by citing Nonparty 3's resignation as a pretext, and on the 30th of that month held an extraordinary general meeting of the union and resolved to go on strike from June 10 of that year; as a result of this continuous dispute, the Plaintiff company's sales up to May of that year fell short of even the level of the previous year; accordingly, on May 30 of that year, the Plaintiff company held an extraordinary general meeting of shareholders and, citing the company's management circumstances, resolved to suspend the operations of the First Business Division; meanwhile, on June 2 of that year, the Plaintiff company's mid-level executives formed a countermeasures committee and presented to the union side a revised wage increase proposal under which the wages of managerial staff at the rank of section chief (과장) or higher would be frozen while the wages of employees below that rank would be increased by 15 percent, but this revised proposal was also rejected by the union side; accordingly, the Plaintiff company abandoned any further collective bargaining with the union, and on June 3 of that year gave advance notice to each business partner of the suspension of the First Business Division's operations, announcing the closure of the business; on the 5th of that month, it gave advance notice of dismissal to all 195 employees belonging to the First Business Division, including the 122 union members including the Intervenor, stating that "the First Business Division is being closed due to accumulated deficits, and accordingly all employees of the First Business Division will be dismissed effective July 7, 1989"; and thereafter, on July 8 of that year, dismissed all employees belonging to the First Business Division effective the 7th of that month.
Having found these facts, the court below then addressed the Plaintiff's argument that the dismissal was not carried out as retaliation against the union activities of the union members including the Intervenor, but rather constituted a so-called restructuring dismissal (redundancy dismissal, 정리해고) carried out due to an urgent management necessity so severe as to endanger the survival of the enterprise, such that the Defendant's reconsideration decision treating this as an unfair labor practice was unlawful. The court below held as follows: in order for a so-called restructuring dismissal—carried out pursuant to a rationalization plan resulting from a reduction in business or management circumstances, aimed at reducing surplus employees or changing the composition of personnel—to be justified, it is required that (1) there exist an urgent management necessity so severe that the survival of the enterprise would be endangered unless the dismissal were carried out; (2) the employer must have exhausted efforts to avoid dismissal, such as rationalizing management policy or work methods, prohibiting new hiring, utilizing temporary leave and voluntary retirement programs, and reassignment; (3) reasonable and fair standards for selection must be established and applied in selecting those to be dismissed; and, in addition, appropriate notice must be given to the labor union or the employees prior to the dismissal, and sincere consultation must be held with them. Premising its judgment on this standard, the court below found that, according to the facts found above, only the First Business Division of the Plaintiff company had temporarily suffered a deterioration in management conditions due to labor-management disputes, and it could not be said that there was an urgent management necessity so severe that the enterprise's survival would be endangered unless the restructuring dismissal were carried out; therefore, without any need to examine the remaining requirements for a restructuring dismissal, the dismissal of the employees belonging to the First Business Division could not be said to satisfy the requirements for legitimacy as a restructuring dismissal. Accordingly, in light of the facts found above, the court below determined that the dismissal constituted a retaliatory act arising from an aversion to the union activities of the First Business Division's union members aimed at improving working conditions such as wage increases, and thus constituted an unfair labor practice under Article 39 of the Labor Union Act (노동조합법).
However, the "urgent management necessity" required as a condition for recognizing the legitimacy of a restructuring dismissal need not necessarily be limited to circumstances aimed at avoiding the bankruptcy of the enterprise; where a reduction in personnel is objectively recognized as reasonable, it should be regarded as satisfying the requirement of urgent management necessity (see this Court's Decision 91Da8647, rendered December 10, 1991). According to the evidence not rejected by the court below, the Plaintiff company's total capital was 800 million won; if, as found by the court below, the continuous labor-management disputes at the First Business Division resulted in a deficit of as much as 400 million won within a single year, 1988, then the management of the First Business Division had deteriorated to the point that the entire capital invested therein was eroded within a mere one year; and if, even as of May 1989, there was no prospect whatsoever of improvement in management conditions, this cannot be regarded as merely a temporary difficulty in which sales decreased temporarily due to a strike or the like arising from a labor-management dispute. It is difficult to conclude that there was no urgent management necessity to attempt to rehabilitate the company by reducing, in particular, the business division that was incurring substantial deficits and whose management outlook was bleak, in order to escape from such difficulties. In this regard, while it would be unacceptable, from the standpoint of protecting employees' rights and interests, for a company that has, for the mere sake of management convenience, divided the same type of business into several business divisions, to specifically select for abolition or reduction only the business division in which union activity is vigorous, if, as the Plaintiff has consistently argued throughout this case, the First Business Division and the Second Business Division were, both historically and in actual operation, completely separated in terms of personnel and material facilities—not only with respect to management but also with respect to their employees—with no interaction between them, such that the employees belonging to each division worked under the perception that their division was an independent unit entirely unrelated to the other division, then it cannot be said to be unreasonable to reduce or abolish only the First Business Division, which was in particular incurring deficits and experiencing severe management difficulties. If such reasonableness is recognized, it cannot be concluded that, merely because the deterioration of the First Business Division's management originated from union activities, the abolition of that division automatically constitutes an unfair labor practice arising from retaliation against union activities.
If so, the court below should have further examined whether the Plaintiff's choice to abolish the First Business Division was objectively reasonable and whether there was no other means of avoidance; and if it were found that the total abolition of the First Business Division's business was, viewed objectively, the most reasonable choice, the court below should have examined all the various requirements attendant to a restructuring dismissal, including whether it was truly unavoidable to dismiss all of the employees of the First Business Division (if, as the Plaintiff argues, the First Business Division was completely separately managed from the Second Business Division both internally and externally, and the employees also perceived it as an entirely independent and separate place of business, then it cannot be said to be inequitable to give priority to restructuring dismissal of the employees belonging to the First Business Division when the need for personnel reduction arose), and whether it was not possible for the other business division to absorb all or part of these employees. Without examining these matters, it was difficult to conclude that the dismissal in this case was not a legitimate restructuring dismissal but rather an unfair labor practice constituting retaliation against union activities. Nevertheless, the court below, without examining these various circumstances, immediately concluded that there was no urgent management necessity so severe that the enterprise's survival would be endangered unless the abolition of the First Business Division's business were carried out, and accordingly concluded that the dismissal in this case was nothing more than a retaliatory act arising solely from an aversion to the union activities and thus directly constituted an unfair labor practice. In this respect, the court below cannot be said to have failed to exhaust its examination, or to have erred in its understanding of the legal principles concerning restructuring dismissal and unfair labor practices.
The grounds of appeal pointing out this error are well-founded.
3. Therefore, the judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the court below, and it is so decided by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices, as set forth in the Order.
Justice Kim Ju-han (Presiding Justice), Choi Jae-ho, Yoon Kwan, Kim Yong-jun