Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 2022다245518

Wages임금

Decided2022. 10. 14. Court대법원Case reversed and remanded; the appellate court's decision was overturned in favor of the employee's position on entitlement to the previous, more favorable severance pay rules.
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

A medical center unilaterally changed its severance pay (퇴직금) calculation method from a progressive system to a flat-rate system, making it less favorable to employees, without obtaining employee consent. The Supreme Court held that employees who joined before the rule amendment continue to be governed by the previous, more favorable rules of employment (취업규칙). The timing of an amendment to the rules of employment is determined based on the date of promulgation, and employees hired before that date retain protection of their vested interests (기득이익).

Key takeaways
  • CaseIncident: A medical center changed its severance pay (퇴직금) calculation method from a progressive system to a less favorable flat-rate system by amending its rules of employment without obtaining employee consent.
  • OutcomeResult: The Supreme Court ruled that an unfavorable amendment to the rules of employment made without employee consent is invalid, and that employees hired before the amendment remain governed by the previous rules.
  • LessonLesson: Employers must obtain the collective consent of employees before making unfavorable changes to the rules of employment (취업규칙); otherwise, existing employees remain protected under the prior, more favorable rules.
Issues
  • Whether an employer may apply an unfavorable amendment to the rules of employment (취업규칙) to existing employees without obtaining their consent
  • The standard for determining the effective date of an amendment to the rules of employment
  • The scope of protection for the vested interests (기득이익) of employees hired before the rule amendment
Key reasoning

When an employer changes the rules of employment (취업규칙) in a way that disadvantages employees, such a change requires the collective consent of the employees affected. If this consent is not obtained, the previous rules of employment continue to apply to existing employees whose vested interests (기득이익) would otherwise be infringed. Whether a rule amendment has taken effect is determined by its official promulgation and enforcement date, not by internal administrative timing. Employees who were already employed and had an existing employment relationship before the amendment took effect are considered 'existing employees' entitled to protection under the prior rules.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] The authority to create or amend rules of employment (취업규칙, "chwieop gyuchik") in principle belongs to the employer, and the employer may create or amend the rules of employment according to its own intent; however, pursuant to Article 94 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), the employer must hear the opinion of the labor union or a majority of the employees, and in particular, where the amendment is disadvantageous to the employees, the employer must obtain their consent. Here, "consent of the employees" must be obtained through a collective decision-making method of the employees, and an amendment to the rules of employment made without such consent has no effect. Therefore, where an employer amends working conditions set forth in the rules of employment to the disadvantage of the employees without obtaining the employees' consent, the effect of the previous rules of employment continues to apply, as against existing employees whose vested interests are infringed by the amendment; however, as against employees who accept the working conditions under the amended rules of employment and thereby enter into an employment relationship, the amended rules of employment naturally apply, and it cannot be held that the effect of the amendment should be denied even as to employees employed after the amendment—who are not subject to the ground for exclusion of effect based on infringement of vested interests—such that the previous rules of employment should apply to them as well.

[2] Whether an amendment to the rules of employment constitutes a disadvantageous change to the employees must be determined based on the point in time at which the amendment to the rules of employment was made.

[3] In a case where the Remuneration Regulations (보수규정) of Medical Center A were amended and took effect on January 11, 2000, providing that, with respect to the payment of retirement allowances, the pre-amendment Remuneration Regulations (progressive system) would apply to those who joined before December 31, 1999, and the amended Remuneration Regulations (single-rate system) would apply to those who joined on or after January 1, 2000, and where B, who joined on January 1, 2000 and later retired, sought payment of retirement allowance under the pre-amendment Remuneration Regulations: the court held as follows. Whether the amended Remuneration Regulations were disadvantageously changed as to B must be determined based on the point in time when the Remuneration Regulations were amended and took effect, and it is proper to view that point in time as January 11, 2000, the date of promulgation and enforcement; the fact that there were procedures such as requests, deliberations, resolutions, or approvals by the competent local government, the Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs, or the regular board of directors of Medical Center A prior to that date does not warrant viewing the point of amendment and enforcement differently. As of January 11, 2000, the date the Remuneration Regulations were amended and took effect, existing employees including B, who had been subject to the "progressive system" for retirement allowance payment under the pre-amendment Remuneration Regulations, became subject to the "single-rate system" under the amended Remuneration Regulations; thus, the amended Remuneration Regulations constituted a disadvantageous change as to existing employees. Since Medical Center A failed to obtain the consent of its employees through a collective decision-making method, the pre-amendment Remuneration Regulations continue to apply to existing employees whose vested interests are infringed by the amended Remuneration Regulations, while the amended Remuneration Regulations apply only to employees who accepted the working conditions under the amended Remuneration Regulations and thereby entered into an employment relationship. Consequently, since B had already entered into an employment relationship with Medical Center A from January 1, 2000, before the Remuneration Regulations were amended, B falls under the category of an existing employee whose vested interests are infringed by the amended Remuneration Regulations, and cannot be regarded as an employee who newly entered into an employment relationship while accepting the working conditions under the amended Remuneration Regulations. Therefore, it is proper to hold that the pre-amendment Remuneration Regulations, rather than the amended Remuneration Regulations, apply to B. The Court found that the lower court's judgment, which held otherwise, erred in its understanding of the applicable legal principles.

Full text (English, AI translation) 7,282 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellant] Plaintiff (Attorney Lee Hak-jun, Counsel for the Plaintiff)
[Defendant, Appellee] Jeju Special Self-Governing Province Seogwipo Medical Center (Law Firm (LLC) Min, Attorney Kim Sun-woo, Counsel for the Defendant)
[Judgment Below] Jeju District Court Judgment 2022. 6. 8., 2021Na10159

[Order]

The part of the judgment below against the Plaintiff is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the Jeju District Court.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal are examined.

1. Relevant Legal Principles

A. The authority to draft and amend rules of employment (취업규칙) in principle belongs to the employer, and the employer may draft and amend the rules of employment according to its own intention; however, pursuant to Article 94 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), the employer must hear the opinion of the labor union or a majority of the employees, and in particular, where the amendment is disadvantageous to the employees, the employer must obtain their consent. Here, "consent of the employees" must be consent obtained through a collective decision-making method of the employees, and an amendment to the rules of employment made without such consent has no effect. Therefore, where an employer amends working conditions set forth in the rules of employment disadvantageously to employees without obtaining the employees' consent, the previous rules of employment remain effective as against existing employees whose vested interests are infringed by the amendment, but the amended rules of employment naturally apply as against employees who have accepted the working conditions under the amended rules of employment and have entered into an employment relationship on that basis; it cannot be held that, even as to employees who commenced employment after the amendment and for whom there exists no ground for exclusion of effect such as infringement of vested interests, the effect of the amendment should be denied and the previous rules of employment should be applied to them as well (see Supreme Court en banc Decision 91Da45165, decided December 22, 1992, etc.).

B. Whether an amendment to the rules of employment constitutes a disadvantageous change to employees must be determined as of the time when the amendment of the rules of employment was made (see Supreme Court Decision 96Da1726, decided August 26, 1997; Supreme Court Decision 99Da45376, decided September 29, 2000).

2. Judgment of the Court Below

The court below determined, for the reasons stated in its judgment, that as of around January 1, 2000, when the Plaintiff commenced work, the decision to amend to the instant Remuneration Regulations (이 사건 보수규정) had already been made, with only the approval of the Governor of Jeju Province remaining, and that employees who joined on or after January 1, 2000 could not be deemed to have any vested right requiring the maintenance of the pre-amendment Remuneration Regulations; accordingly, the court below determined that the Remuneration Regulations applicable to the Plaintiff were the instant Remuneration Regulations as amended.

3. Judgment of the Supreme Court

Examining the reasoning of the judgment below in light of the relevant legal principles, the judgment below cannot be upheld for the following reasons.

A. Among the instant Remuneration Regulations, the "Table of Retirement Allowance Payment Rates for Executives and Employees (Appended Tables 8-1 and 8-2)" expressly provides that the pre-amendment Remuneration Regulations (progressive rate system, Appended Table 8-1) shall apply to employees who joined before December 31, 1999, and that the instant Remuneration Regulations (single rate system, Appended Table 8-2) shall apply to employees who joined on or after January 1, 2000. The Plaintiff joined the Defendant on January 1, 2000, and whether the instant Remuneration Regulations were disadvantageously amended as to employees in the Plaintiff's position must be determined as of the time when the instant Remuneration Regulations were amended and took effect. The instant Remuneration Regulations were amended as Regulation No. 98 on January 11, 2000, and, pursuant to the Addendum, took effect from the date of promulgation, January 11, 2000; therefore, it is reasonable to view the time of amendment and enforcement of the instant Remuneration Regulations as the date of promulgation and enforcement, namely January 11, 2000, and the fact that there had been procedures such as requests, deliberation, resolution, or approval by Jeju Province, the Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs, or the Defendant's regular board of directors prior thereto does not warrant a different view as to the time of amendment and enforcement.

B. As of January 11, 2000, the date on which the instant Remuneration Regulations were amended and took effect, existing employees, including the Plaintiff, who had been subject to the "progressive rate system" under the pre-amendment Remuneration Regulations with respect to payment of retirement allowances, became subject to the "single rate system" under the instant Remuneration Regulations; accordingly, the instant Remuneration Regulations constitute a case of disadvantageous amendment as to existing employees. Therefore, in order for the instant Remuneration Regulations to be effective, consent must be obtained through the collective decision-making method of the Defendant's employees, and inasmuch as the Defendant failed to obtain such consent, the pre-amendment Remuneration Regulations continue to apply to existing employees whose vested interests are infringed by the instant Remuneration Regulations, while the instant Remuneration Regulations apply only to employees who accepted the working conditions under the instant Remuneration Regulations and thereby entered into an employment relationship.

C. Inasmuch as the Plaintiff had already entered into an employment relationship with the Defendant as of January 1, 2000, prior to the amendment of the instant Remuneration Regulations, the Plaintiff falls under the category of an existing employee whose vested interests are infringed by the instant Remuneration Regulations, and cannot be deemed to fall under the category of an employee who newly entered into an employment relationship by accepting the working conditions under the instant Remuneration Regulations; therefore, it is reasonable to view that the pre-amendment Remuneration Regulations, rather than the instant Remuneration Regulations, apply to the Plaintiff.

D. Nevertheless, the court below rendered its judgment on the premise that the instant Remuneration Regulations applied to the Plaintiff; such judgment of the court below contains an error that affected the conclusion of the judgment by misapprehending the legal principles concerning disadvantageous amendment of rules of employment.

4. Conclusion

Therefore, the part of the judgment below against the Plaintiff is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the court below for further hearing and determination. This Judgment is rendered by the unanimous opinion of the Justices participating in the decision, as set forth in the Order.

Justice Min Yu-suk (Presiding Justice), Cho Jae-yeon, Lee Dong-won, Cheon Dae-yeop (Justice in charge)

【판결요지】

[1] 취업규칙의 작성·변경에 관한 권한은 원칙적으로 사용자에게 있으므로, 사용자는 그 의사에 따라 취업규칙을 작성·변경할 수 있으나, 근로기준법 제94조에 따라 노동조합 또는 근로자 과반수의 의견을 들어야 하고, 특히 근로자에게 불이익하게 변경하는 경우에는 그 동의를 얻어야 한다. 이때 ‘근로자의 동의’는 근로자의 집단적 의사결정방법에 의한 동의임을 요하고, 이러한 동의를 얻지 못한 취업규칙의 변경은 효력이 없다. 그러므로 사용자가 취업규칙에서 정한 근로조건을 근로자에게 불리하게 변경할 때 근로자의 동의를 얻지 않은 경우에 그 변경으로 기득이익이 침해되는 기존의 근로자에 대한 관계에서는 종전 취업규칙의 효력이 그대로 유지되지만, 변경된 취업규칙에 따른 근로조건을 수용하고 근로관계를 갖게 된 근로자에 대한 관계에서는 당연히 변경된 취업규칙이 적용되고, 기득이익의 침해라는 효력배제사유가 없는 변경 후 취업근로자에 대해서까지 변경의 효력을 부인하여 종전 취업규칙이 적용되어야 한다고 볼 수는 없다.

[2] 취업규칙의 개정이 근로자들에게 불이익하게 변경된 것인지는 취업규칙의 개정이 이루어진 시점을 기준으로 판단하여야 한다.

[3] 甲 의료원의 보수규정이 2000. 1. 11. 개정·시행되면서 퇴직금 지급과 관련하여 1999. 12. 31. 이전 입사자에 대하여는 개정 전 보수규정(누진제)을, 2000. 1. 1. 이후 입사자에 대하여는 개정된 보수규정(단수제)을 적용하기로 하였는데, 2000. 1. 1. 입사하여 퇴직한 乙이 개정 전 보수규정에 따른 퇴직금 지급을 구한 사안에서, 개정된 보수규정이 乙에게 불리하게 변경된 것인지는 보수규정의 개정 및 시행 시점을 기준으로 판단하여야 하는데, 보수규정이 개정·시행된 시점은 공포·시행일인 2000. 1. 11.로 봄이 타당하고, 그 이전에 관할 지방자치단체·행정자치부 또는 甲 의료원의 정기이사회 등의 요구·심의·의결·승인 등의 절차가 있었다고 하여 개정·시행 시점을 달리 볼 수는 없으며, 보수규정이 개정·시행된 2000. 1. 11. 기준으로 乙을 포함한 기존 근로자들은 개정 전 보수규정에 따라 퇴직금 지급과 관련하여 ‘누진제’를 적용받다가 개정된 보수규정에 따라 ‘단수제’를 적용받게 되므로, 개정된 보수규정은 기존 근로자들에게 불이익하게 변경된 경우에 해당하는데도, 甲 의료원은 소속 근로자의 집단적 의사결정방법에 따른 동의를 얻지 못하였으므로, 개정된 보수규정으로 기득이익이 침해되는 기존의 근로자에 대하여는 개정 전 보수규정이 여전히 적용되고, 개정된 보수규정에 따른 근로조건을 수용하고 근로관계를 갖게 된 근로자에 대해서만 개정된 보수규정이 적용되며, 결국 乙은 보수규정이 개정되기 이전인 2000. 1. 1.부터 甲 의료원과 근로관계를 맺고 있었던 이상 개정된 보수규정으로 기득이익이 침해되는 기존 근로자에 해당할 뿐 개정된 보수규정에 따른 근로조건을 수용하면서 새롭게 근로관계를 맺은 근로자에 해당한다고 볼 수 없으므로, 개정된 보수규정이 아니라 개정 전 보수규정이 적용된다고 봄이 타당한데도, 이와 달리 본 원심판단에 법리오해의 잘못이 있다고 한 사례.

【참조조문】

[1] 근로기준법 제94조 제1항

[2] 근로기준법 제94조 제1항

[3] 근로기준법 제94조 제1항

【참조판례】

[1][2] 대법원 1997. 8. 26. 선고 96다1726 판결(공1997하, 2809), 대법원 2000. 9. 29. 선고 99다45376 판결(공2000하, 2186) / [1] 대법원 1992. 12. 22. 선고 91다45165 전원합의체 판결(공1993상, 546)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 2,473자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인】 원고 (소송대리인 변호사 이학준)

【피고, 피상고인】 제주특별자치도 서귀포의료원 (소송대리인 법무법인(유한) 민 담당변호사 김선우)

【원심판결】 제주지법 2022. 6. 8. 선고 2021나10159 판결

【주 문】

원심판결 중 원고 패소 부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 제주지방법원에 환송한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 판단한다.

1. 관련 법리

가. 취업규칙의 작성·변경에 관한 권한은 원칙적으로 사용자에게 있으므로, 사용자는 그 의사에 따라 취업규칙을 작성·변경할 수 있으나, 근로기준법 제94조에 따라 노동조합 또는 근로자 과반수의 의견을 들어야 하고, 특히 근로자에게 불이익하게 변경하는 경우에는 그 동의를 얻어야 한다. 이때 ‘근로자의 동의’는 근로자의 집단적 의사결정방법에 의한 동의임을 요하고, 이러한 동의를 얻지 못한 취업규칙의 변경은 효력이 없다. 그러므로 사용자가 취업규칙에서 정한 근로조건을 근로자에게 불리하게 변경할 때 근로자의 동의를 얻지 않은 경우에 그 변경으로 기득이익이 침해되는 기존의 근로자에 대한 관계에서는 종전 취업규칙의 효력이 그대로 유지되지만, 변경된 취업규칙에 따른 근로조건을 수용하고 근로관계를 갖게 된 근로자에 대한 관계에서는 당연히 변경된 취업규칙이 적용되고, 기득이익의 침해라는 효력배제사유가 없는 변경 후 취업근로자에 대해서까지 변경의 효력을 부인하여 종전 취업규칙이 적용되어야 한다고 볼 수는 없다(대법원 1992. 12. 22. 선고 91다45165 전원합의체 판결 등 참조).

나. 취업규칙의 개정이 근로자들에게 불이익하게 변경된 것인지 여부는 취업규칙의 개정이 이루어진 시점을 기준으로 판단하여야 한다(대법원 1997. 8. 26. 선고 96다1726 판결, 대법원 2000. 9. 29. 선고 99다45376 판결 참조).

2. 원심 판단

원심은 판시와 같은 이유로, 원고가 근무를 시작한 2000. 1. 1.경 이미 이 사건 보수규정으로 개정하는 것이 결정되어 제주도지사의 승인만이 남아 있던 상태였고, 2000. 1. 1. 이후 입사자들에게 개정 전 보수규정이 유지되어야 할 기득권이 있다고 볼 수 없어, 원고에게 적용될 보수규정은 개정이 이루어진 후의 이 사건 보수규정이라고 판단하였다.

3. 대법원 판단

관련 법리에 원심판결 이유를 종합하여 보면, 원심판단은 아래와 같은 이유로 수긍할 수 없다.

가. 이 사건 보수규정 중 ‘임직원 퇴직금 지급률표(별표8-1 및 별표8-2)’는 1999. 12. 31. 이전 입사자에 대하여는 개정 전 보수규정(누진제, 별표8-1)을, 2000. 1. 1. 이후 입사자에 대하여는 이 사건 보수규정(단수제, 별표8-2)을 적용한다고 명시되어 있다. 원고는 2000. 1. 1. 피고에 입사하였는데, 이 사건 보수규정이 원고와 같은 입장의 근로자들에게 불리하게 변경된 것인지 여부는 이 사건 보수규정의 개정 및 시행 시점을 기준으로 판단하여야 한다. 이 사건 보수규정은 2000. 1. 11. 규정 제98호로 개정되어 부칙에 따라 공포된 2000. 1. 11.부터 시행되었으므로, 이 사건 보수규정이 개정·시행된 시점은 그 공포·시행일인 2000. 1. 11.로 봄이 타당하고, 그 이전에 제주도·행정자치부 또는 피고의 정기이사회 등의 요구·심의·의결·승인 등의 절차가 있었다고 하여 그 개정·시행 시점을 달리 볼 수는 없다.

나. 이 사건 보수규정이 개정·시행된 2000. 1. 11. 기준으로, 원고를 포함한 기존 근로자들은 개정 전 보수규정에 따라 퇴직금 지급과 관련하여 ‘누진제’를 적용받다가 이 사건 보수규정에 따라 ‘단수제’를 적용받게 되므로, 이 사건 보수규정은 기존 근로자들에게 불이익하게 변경된 경우에 해당한다. 그러므로 이 사건 보수규정이 효력을 갖기 위해서는 피고 소속 근로자의 집단적 의사결정방법에 따른 동의를 얻어야 함에도 피고가 이를 얻지 못한 이상, 이 사건 보수규정으로 기득이익이 침해되는 기존의 근로자에 대하여는 개정 전 보수규정이 여전히 적용되고, 이 사건 보수규정에 따른 근로조건을 수용하고 근로관계를 갖게 된 근로자에 대해서만 이 사건 보수규정이 적용된다.

다. 원고는 이 사건 보수규정이 개정되기 이전인 2000. 1. 1.부터 피고와 근로관계를 맺고 있었던 이상, 이 사건 보수규정으로 인하여 기득이익이 침해되는 기존 근로자에 해당할 뿐 이 사건 보수규정에 따른 근로조건을 수용하면서 새롭게 근로관계를 맺은 근로자에 해당한다고 볼 수 없으므로, 이 사건 보수규정이 아니라 개정 전 보수규정이 적용된다고 봄이 타당하다.

라. 그럼에도 원심은 원고에게 이 사건 보수규정이 적용됨을 전제로 판단하였는바, 이러한 원심의 판단에는 취업규칙의 불이익변경에 관한 법리를 오해함으로써 판결에 영향을 미친 잘못이 있다.

4. 결론

그러므로 원심판결 중 원고 패소 부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 다시 심리·판단하도록 원심법원에 환송하기로 하여, 관여 대법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 민유숙(재판장) 조재연 이동원 천대엽(주심)

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