Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 91다45165

Claim for Severance Pay (퇴직금청구)퇴직금청구

Decided1992. 12. 22. Court대법원Worker lost (근로자 패소)
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

When a company amends its employment rules (취업규칙) in a way that disadvantages employees, it must obtain the collective consent of the affected employee group; without such consent, the amended rules are invalid. However, the amended rules do apply to employees hired after the amendment took effect, while the previous, more favorable rules continue to apply only to employees who were already employed before the change. In this case, because Korea's Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) prohibits differential severance pay systems within a single workplace, the severance pay provisions of the collective bargaining agreement (단체협약) covering the largest group of employees were applied.

Key takeaways
  • CaseIncident: An employee hired after the company amended its employment rules in a way unfavorable to workers sought severance pay based on the original, pre-amendment rules.
  • OutcomeResult: The court ruled that the amended employment rules apply to employees hired after the amendment, and that the severance pay terms under the collective bargaining agreement covering the majority of employees must be followed.
  • LessonLesson: Because different employment rules may apply depending on whether an employee joined before or after an amendment, workers should clearly confirm their hire date and which version of the rules governs their employment.
Issues
  • Whether an unfavorable amendment to employment rules made without employee consent is valid
  • Whether the amended employment rules apply to employees hired after the amendment
  • Whether the prohibition on differential severance pay systems under the Labor Standards Act applies
Key reasoning

An unfavorable amendment to employment rules made without the collective consent of the employee group is invalid as against existing employees. However, this invalidity does not extend to employees who joined the company after the amendment was made; the amended rules are binding on them from the start of their employment. Since the Labor Standards Act prohibits maintaining different severance pay systems for different groups of employees within the same company, the court held that the severance pay terms set out in the collective bargaining agreement applicable to the majority of employees should govern. Therefore, the newly hired employee could not claim the more generous severance pay terms under the pre-amendment rules.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

a. The authority to prepare and amend rules of employment (취업규칙) lies, in principle, with the employer, and the employer may prepare and amend the rules of employment in accordance with its own intent. However, under Article 95 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), the employer is subject to the constraint that it must hear the opinion of the labor union or of a majority of the employees, and in particular, where the amendment is disadvantageous to the employees, it must obtain their consent. Where existing working conditions are changed to the disadvantage of employees, the consent required from the employees must be consent obtained through a method of collective decision-making by the employees, and an amendment of the rules of employment made without obtaining such consent has no effect.

b. Where an employer amends working conditions prescribed in the rules of employment to the disadvantage of employees without obtaining the employees' consent, the amendment does not take effect as against existing employees whose vested interests are infringed by the amendment, so that the previous rules of employment continue to remain effective as to them. However, as against employees who, after the amendment, accept the working conditions under the amended rules of employment and enter into an employment relationship, the amended rules of employment must naturally apply, and there is no basis for holding that the amended rules of employment should be denied effect and the previous rules of employment should apply even as to employees hired after the amendment, who are not subject to any ground for excluding the effect of the amendment such as infringement of vested interests.

[Dissenting Opinion]

If an amendment to the rules of employment is disadvantageous to employees and consent of the collective body of employees has not been obtained therefor, the amendment to the rules of employment has no effect, and accordingly the previous rules of employment must be regarded as continuing to remain effective; it cannot be said that the previous rules of employment remain effective only as against existing employees whose vested interests are infringed by the amendment, while the amended rules of employment must naturally apply as against employees who entered into an employment relationship after the amendment.

Full text (English, AI translation) 20,611 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellant] Plaintiff, Litigation Representative Attorney Oh Seung-geun

[Defendant, Appellee] Gangwon Sanup Co., Ltd.

[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Judgment 91Na13757, decided November 8, 1991

[Order]

The appeal is dismissed.
The costs of the appeal shall be borne by the Plaintiff.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal are examined.

1. According to the reasoning of the judgment below and the record, the following facts are found.

The Rules of Employment of the Defendant company, after their original enactment, were amended three times—on March 1, 1964, January 1, 1973, and August 1, 1974—but on each occasion the retirement allowance provisions in the Rules of Employment were revised in a direction unfavorable to the employees without their consent.

In this action, the Plaintiff joined the Defendant company on September 1, 1978, worked as an employee at the Defendant company's Muksan Mining Office, and retired on January 31, 1988. In calculating the Plaintiff's retirement allowance, the Plaintiff argues that, on the premise that all three amendments to the Rules of Employment made before the Plaintiff's employment were invalid, the retirement allowance provisions of the original Rules of Employment prior to each such amendment (Exhibit A No. 7-3) should apply, whereas the Defendant argues that the retirement allowance provisions of the Rules of Employment as amended on August 1, 1974 (Exhibit A No. 5)—which, through the above amendments, remained in effect from the time the Plaintiff joined the company until the Plaintiff's retirement—should apply. (It appears that the statement in the Defendant's brief of February 21, 1990, and the account in the judgment below, describing the amendment date as January 1, 1973, is a clerical error.)

However, the court below found as follows: The Defendant company had maintained separate retirement allowance provisions distinguishing between employees assigned as regular staff (사원) and employees not so assigned. However, with the addition of Article 28, Paragraph 2 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) by Act No. 3349 on December 31, 1980, it became prohibited to establish differential retirement allowance systems within a single business in setting up a retirement allowance system. Under the proviso to Paragraph 1 of the Addenda to that Act, the above provision took effect from April 1, 1981, and under Paragraph 2 of the same Addenda, where a collective agreement or Rules of Employment in effect at the time of enforcement of this Act violate the provisions of Article 28, Paragraph 2 of the Act, the employer must amend them to conform to this Act and report such amendment to the Chief of the Labor Office by March 31 of that year; where no such report is made, the retirement allowance system applicable to the largest number of employees within the relevant business shall be deemed applicable. Accordingly, in order to calculate the retirement allowance based on either the Rules of Employment asserted by the Plaintiff or that asserted by the Defendant, it would be necessary to allege and prove that such Rules of Employment applied to the largest number of employees within the Defendant company's business. However, neither the Plaintiff nor the Defendant made any such allegation or proof. Rather, according to part of the testimony of the witness (name omitted), it can be found that the majority of the Defendant company's employees worked as employees subject to the collective agreement (Exhibit A No. 3) concluded between the Gangwon Coal Mine Labor Union of the National Federation of Mine Workers' Unions and the Defendant company. Accordingly, the court below held that the said collective agreement, which took effect on October 1, 1986 and applies to the majority of the Defendant company's employees, also applies to the Plaintiff, and calculated the Plaintiff's retirement allowance in accordance with the retirement allowance provisions of that collective agreement.

Further, it is clear from the record that the content of the retirement allowance payment provisions in the Rules of Employment asserted by the Plaintiff is more favorable to employees than the content of the corresponding provisions in the above collective agreement, and that the content of the retirement allowance payment provisions in the above collective agreement is, in turn, more favorable to employees than the content of the corresponding provisions in the Rules of Employment as amended on August 1, 1974, which was in effect when the Plaintiff joined the company.

2. The gist of the grounds of appeal asserted by the Plaintiff's litigation representative is as follows: since all three unfavorable amendments to the Defendant company's retirement allowance provisions were made without the consent, by way of a collective decision-making method, of the employees subject to them, none of the amendments has effect as an amendment of the Rules of Employment; therefore, the payment rate to be applied in calculating the Plaintiff's retirement allowance should be the payment rate under the original Rules of Employment in effect prior to February 29, 1964; and the court below erred in the law by applying the payment rate under the above collective agreement instead. We shall therefore examine whether the Rules of Employment asserted by the Plaintiff could apply to the Plaintiff from the time the Plaintiff joined the Defendant company until retirement.

The authority to draft and amend Rules of Employment resides, in principle, with the employer, so that the employer may draft and amend the Rules of Employment according to its own intention; however, pursuant to Article 95 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), the employer is subject to the restriction that it must hear the opinion of the labor union or a majority of the employees, and, in particular, where the amendment is unfavorable to employees, must obtain their consent. It is the consistent view of this Court that, where existing working conditions are to be changed unfavorably to employees, the consent required of the employees must be consent obtained through a collective decision-making method of the employees, and that an amendment to the Rules of Employment made without such consent has no effect (see Supreme Court Judgment 77Da355, decided July 26, 1977; Supreme Court Judgment 87Daka2578, decided May 10, 1988; Supreme Court Judgment 88Daka4277, decided May 9, 1989; Supreme Court Judgment 90Da15952, 15969, 15976, decided February 12, 1991, among others).

Therefore, where an employer amends working conditions set forth in the Rules of Employment unfavorably to employees without obtaining employee consent, the amendment does not take effect as against existing employees whose vested interests are infringed by the amendment, and as to them the effect of the previous Rules of Employment continues to be maintained; however, as against employees who entered into an employment relationship after the amendment, having accepted the working conditions under the amended Rules of Employment, the amended Rules of Employment must naturally apply. There is no basis for holding that, even as to employees hired after the amendment—who are not subject to the ground for denying effect, namely infringement of vested interests—the effect of the amendment should likewise be denied and the previous Rules of Employment should apply.

In such a case, it may appear that the Rules of Employment applicable to employees hired after the amendment and the Rules of Employment applicable to existing employees coexist; however, the Rules of Employment currently having the force of a legal norm are the amended Rules of Employment, and the previous Rules of Employment apply only to the extent that, as against existing employees, the amendment does not take effect due to infringement of vested interests. Accordingly, this cannot be regarded as the same as maintaining two or more sets of Rules of Employment within a single business.

Furthermore, although Article 28, Paragraph 2 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) prohibits the establishment of a differential retirement allowance system within a single business, even if the retirement allowance system under the amended Rules of Employment does not take effect as to existing employees because it infringes their vested interests—such that they are inevitably subject to the previous system—resulting in a different retirement allowance system being applied to employees hired after the amendment of the Rules of Employment who have no such vested interests, this cannot be deemed to constitute the establishment of a differential retirement allowance system prohibited under the above provision.

Contrary to this, the prior precedents of this Court, which took the view that where a provision of the Rules of Employment concerning retirement allowances is amended unfavorably without the consent, by way of a collective decision-making method, of the employees subject to it, the pre-amendment Rules of Employment must also apply to employees hired after the amendment (Supreme Court Judgment 89Daka7754, decided April 27, 1990; Supreme Court Judgment 89Daka31443, decided July 10, 1990; Supreme Court Judgment 91Da8777, 8784, decided December 10, 1991, among others), are hereby overruled.

3. In conclusion, the argument that the court below erred in not calculating the Plaintiff's retirement allowance based on the original, pre-amendment retirement allowance provisions on the premise that all three amendments to the Defendant company's retirement allowance provisions are invalid, cannot be accepted in light of the legal principles set forth above. Moreover, since the retirement allowance payment provisions of the above collective agreement are, as noted above, more favorable to employees than the corresponding provisions of the Rules of Employment as amended on August 1, 1974, which was in effect at the time the Plaintiff joined the company, there is no need, in this case where only the Plaintiff has appealed, to determine whether the court below's calculation of the Plaintiff's retirement allowance based on the retirement allowance provisions of the collective agreement was proper. The grounds of appeal are therefore without merit.

Accordingly, the appeal is dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are to be borne by the Plaintiff, who has lost the appeal. This judgment is rendered as stated in the Order, with all participating Justices concurring except for the separate opinion of Justice Park Woo-dong and Justice Bae Man-woon.

The separate opinion of Justice Park Woo-dong and Justice Bae Man-woon is as follows.

1. The majority opinion is understood to mean the following: since the authority to revise and amend the Rules of Employment resides with the employer, the employer may amend them according to its own intention; even where the Rules of Employment are amended unfavorably to employees and the employees do not consent thereto, the amendment is without effect only as against employees whose vested interests are infringed by the amendment, while the amended Rules of Employment apply to employees hired after the amendment; and even if this results in employees within a single business being subject to different retirement allowance systems, this cannot be regarded as maintaining multiple Rules of Employment within a single business, nor does it violate Article 28, Paragraph 2 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법).

However, we believe that this view runs counter to the legal principle and spirit maintained by the majority opinion itself, namely: that in order to unfavorably amend existing working conditions through an amendment of the Rules of Employment, the consent of the group of employees subject to the previous Rules of Employment, obtained through a collective decision-making method, is required, and that without such consent the amendment has no effect as an amendment of the Rules of Employment; and that, having recognized the Rules of Employment as having the character of a legal norm, unless such consent is obtained through the collective decision-making method of the employee group, the amendment has no effect even as against an employee who has individually consented to the amendment (see Supreme Court Judgment 91Da3031, decided March 27, 1991; Supreme Court Judgment 91Da17542, decided September 24, 1991). Furthermore, this view fails to correctly perceive the general reality that amendments to Rules of Employment are undertaken with existing employees as the intended object of application, in order to apply the amendment to them. We therefore cannot agree with the majority opinion.

2. Once the Rules of Employment are amended, only the amended Rules of Employment exist; and it is only natural, as a matter of logic, that if an unfavorable amendment to employees fails to take effect for lack of employee consent, the previous Rules of Employment continue to be valid. To hold otherwise—that in such a case the amendment has no effect as against existing employees, such that the previous Rules of Employment remain in effect as to them, while the amended Rules of Employment must apply as against newly hired employees—is difficult to distinguish from either (i) deeming an ordinary amendment of the Rules of Employment to be, in substance, an amendment providing that the previous provisions apply to existing employees while the amended content applies to employees hired after the amendment, or (ii) treating the case as though the amended Rules of Employment contained a transitional provision providing that the previous Rules of Employment shall apply to existing employees.

Accordingly, following the majority opinion, one cannot avoid concluding that both the amended Rules of Employment and the previous Rules of Employment exist as multiple sets of rules within a single business, and to regard such a case as involving only a single amended set of Rules of Employment fails to properly grasp the facts.

Unless otherwise specifically provided, an amendment of the Rules of Employment applies to all present and future employees, and is indeed made for that very purpose. If the intention is for the amendment to apply only to newly hired employees while the previous provisions continue to apply to existing employees, such intent must be expressed by including a transitional provision or a provision to that effect in the amendment itself. Only in that case can it be said that a single business has a single set of Rules of Employment.

Moreover, while establishing a retirement allowance system that differentiates, within a single business, based on the date of hire is, in principle, unreasonable and therefore violates Article 28, Paragraph 2 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), we do not believe that it necessarily violates this provision where, in unfavorably amending the retirement allowance system for employees, a transitional provision is included providing that the more favorable previous provisions shall continue to apply to existing employees.

3. Turning to the present case, according to the record, it is clear that the Defendant company's three amendments to the Rules of Employment were intended to apply to existing employees, and not solely to newly hired employees.

Therefore, if such amendments to the Rules of Employment were unfavorable to employees and did not receive the consent of the employee group, the amendments have no effect, and accordingly the previous Rules of Employment must be regarded as remaining valid; it cannot be said that the previous Rules of Employment remain effective only as against existing employees whose vested interests are infringed by the amendment, while the amended Rules of Employment must naturally apply as against employees who entered into an employment relationship after the amendment.

The majority opinion appears to rely, as the basis for holding that the amended Rules of Employment must naturally apply to newly hired employees, on the fact that such employees entered into an employment relationship after the amendment, having accepted the working conditions under the amended Rules of Employment. However, it is doubtful whether it can truly be said that a newly hired employee entered into the employment relationship with the intention of accepting the working conditions under Rules of Employment that, as to existing employees, are without effect as an amendment. Moreover, this disregards the normative character of the Rules of Employment, and we cannot agree with it.

4. However, according to the reasoning of the judgment below, the court below did not determine that the above amendments to the Rules of Employment were valid and calculate the Plaintiff's retirement allowance based on the amended Rules of Employment; rather, without addressing at all the question of the effectiveness of the amendment to the Rules of Employment, the court below held—based on Article 28, Paragraph 2 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), newly added by Act No. 3349 on December 31, 1980, and its Addenda—that in order to apply the retirement allowance provisions asserted by either the Plaintiff or the Defendant, it must be alleged and proven that such Rules of Employment applied to the largest number of employees within the Defendant company's business; that no such allegation or proof was made; and that, rather, it was found that the majority of the Defendant company's employees worked as employees subject to the collective agreement referred to in the judgment. On this basis, the court below determined that the retirement allowance system set forth in the collective agreement should also apply to the Plaintiff, and calculated the Plaintiff's retirement allowance accordingly. Accordingly, the issue that must be resolved as a preliminary matter in this case is not whether the effect of the amendment to the Rules of Employment extends to the Plaintiff, but whether the retirement allowance system set forth in the collective agreement applies to the Plaintiff.

However, what the Plaintiff's litigation representative asserts as grounds of appeal is only that, on the premise that the Plaintiff is a person subject to the Rules of Employment, since the amendment to the Rules of Employment was made without the consent of the employee group and is therefore without effect, the original Rules of Employment should apply in calculating the Plaintiff's retirement allowance, and that the court below erred in applying the above collective agreement instead; there is no further argument that, even assuming the retirement allowance system set forth in the collective agreement applies, the court below's calculation of the retirement allowance based thereon was unlawful.

Upon examination, the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), through the addition of Article 28, Paragraph 2 by Act No. 3349 on December 31, 1980, provides that a differential system shall not be established within a single business in setting up a retirement allowance system, and Paragraph 2 of the Addenda thereto provides that where a collective agreement or Rules of Employment in effect at the time of enforcement of this Act violate Article 28, Paragraph 2, the employer must amend them to conform to this Act and report such amendment before the effective date of the amending Act, and that where this is not done, the retirement allowance system applicable to the largest number of employees within the relevant business shall be deemed applicable. Accordingly, the court below's determination that the retirement allowance system applicable to the largest number of employees should apply to the Plaintiff, who retired after the enforcement of the above amending Act, is correct. The Plaintiff does not otherwise assert that the court below's determination that the retirement allowance provisions under the above collective agreement constitute the retirement allowance system applicable to the largest number of employees of the Defendant company, or the method of calculating the retirement allowance based thereon, is unlawful, but merely raises an argument concerning a matter not determined by the court below. This argument is therefore without merit, and the appeal should be dismissed on this ground.

Chief Justice Kim Deok-ju (Presiding Justice), Justice Lee Hoe-chang, Justice Choi Jae-ho, Justice Park Woo-dong, Justice Yoon Kwan, Justice Kim Sang-won, Justice Bae Man-woon, Justice Kim Ju-han, Justice Yoon Young-cheol, Justice Kim Yong-jun, Justice Kim Seok-su, Justice Park Man-ho, Justice Choi Jong-young

【판결요지】

가. 취업규칙의 작성·변경에 관한 권한은 원칙적으로 사용자에게 있으므로 사용자는 그 의사에 따라 취업규칙을 작성·변경할 수 있으나, 다만 근로기준법 제95조의 규정에 의하여 노동조합 또는 근로자 과반수의 의견을 들어야 하고 특히 근로자에게 불이익하게 변경하는 경우에는 동의를 얻어야 하는 제약을 받는바, 기존의 근로조건을 근로자에게 불리하게 변경하는 경우에 필요한 근로자의 동의는 근로자의 집단적 의사결정방법에 의한 동의임을 요하고 이러한 동의를 얻지 못한 취업규칙의 변경은 효력이 없다.

나. 사용자가 취업규칙에서 정한 근로조건을 근로자에게 불리하게 변경함에 있어서 근로자의 동의를 얻지 않은 경우에 그 변경으로 기득이익이 침해되는 기존의 근로자에 대한 관계에서는 변경의 효력이 미치지 않게 되어 종전 취업규칙의 효력이 그대로 유지되지만, 변경 후에 변경된 취업규칙에 따른 근로조건을 수용하고 근로관계를 갖게 된 근로자에 대한 관계에서는 당연히 변경된 취업규칙이 적용되어야 하고, 기득이익의 침해라는 효력배제사유가 없는 변경 후의 취업근로자에 대해서까지 변경의 효력을 부인하여 종전 취업규칙이 적용되어야 한다고 볼 근거가 없다.

[반대의견]

취업규칙의 변경이 근로자에게 불이익한 것이고 이에 관하여 근로자집단의 동의를 받지 못하였다면 취업규칙의 변경은 효력이 없고, 따라서 종전의 취업규칙이 계속 유효하다고 볼 것이지 그 변경으로 기득이익이 침해되는 기존의 근로자들에 대한 관계에서만 종전 취업규칙의 효력이 유지되고 변경 후에 근로관계를 갖게 된 근로자에 대한 관계에서는 당연히 변경된 취업규칙이 적용되어야 한다고 할 수 없다.

【참조조문】

근로기준법 제95조

【참조판례】

가. 대법원 1991.2.12. 선고 90다15952,15969,15976 판결(공1991,979), 1992.11.10. 선고 92다30566 판결(공1993,87), 1992.11.24. 선고 91다31753 판결(공1993,213) / 나. 대법원 1990.4.27. 선고 89다카7754 판결(공1990,1157)(폐기), 1990.7.10. 선고 89다카31443 판결(공1990,1688)(폐기), 1991.12.10. 선고 91다8777,8784 판결(공1992,472)(폐기)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 7,699자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인】 원고 소송대리인 변호사 오승근

【피고, 피상고인】 강원산업주식회사

【원심판결】 서울고등법원 1991.11.8. 선고 91나13757 판결

【주 문】

상고를 기각한다.

상고비용은 원고의 부담으로 한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 판단한다.

1. 원심판결 이유와 기록에 의하면, 다음과 같은 사실이 인정된다.

피고 회사의 취업규칙은 당초 제정된 후 1964.3.1.과 1973.1.1. 그리고 1974.8.1.의 3차례에 걸쳐 변경되었으나 그때마다 위 취업규칙상의 퇴직금규정은 근로자측의 동의 없이 그들에게 불리한 방향으로 개정되었다.

이 사건 소에서 원고는 1978.9.1. 피고 회사에 입사하여 피고 회사 묵산광업소에서 직원으로 근무하다가 1988.1.31. 퇴직하였는데 원고의 퇴직금을 산정함에 있어서, 원고는 그 입사 전의 3차례에 걸친 위 취업규칙의 변경은 모두 무효임을 전제로 그 각 변경이 있기 전의 최초의 취업규칙상의 퇴직금규정(갑 제7호증의 3)이 적용되어야 한다고 주장하고, 피고는 위 각 변경을 거쳐 원고의 입사 이래 퇴직시까지 시행되던 1974.8.1.자 변경된 취업규칙(갑 제5호증, 그 변경일자가 1973.1.1.이라는 피고의 1990.2.21.자 준비서면의 기재와 원심의 설시는 오기로 보인다)상의 퇴직금규정이 적용되어야 한다고 주장하였다.

그런데 원심은, 피고 회사는 사원으로 보직된 직원과 사원으로 보직되지 않은 종업원으로 구분하여 별개의 퇴직금규정을 두어 왔으나, 1980.12.31. 법률 제3349호로 근로기준법 제28조 제2항이 신설됨에 따라 퇴직금제도를 설정함에 있어서 하나의 사업 내에 차등제도를 두는 것이 금지되고, 동법 부칙 제1항 단서에 의하면 위 조항은 1981.4.1.부터 시행되었는데, 같은 부칙 제2항에 의하면 사용자는 이 법 시행당시의 단체협약 또는 취업규칙이 위 법 제28조 제2항의 규정에 위배될 때에는 동년 3.31.까지 이 법에 적합하도록 이를 변경하여 노동청장에게 신고하여야 하며, 신고하지 아니한 경우에는 당해 사업 내의 최다수 근로자에게 적용되는 퇴직금제도를 적용하는 것으로 본다고 규정되어 있으므로, 원고나 피고 주장의 각 취업규칙에 의하여 퇴직금을 산정하기 위하여서는 그 취업규칙이 피고 회사 사업 내의 최다수 근로자에게 적용되는 것임을 주장·입증하여야 할 것인데, 원·피고는 이에 대한 아무런 주장·입증을 하고 있지 아니할 뿐만 아니라, 오히려 증인 소외인의 일부증언에 의하면, 피고 회사의 대다수 근로자들은 전국광산연맹 강원탄광노동조합과 피고 회사 사이에 체결된 단체협약(갑 제3호증)의 적용을 받게 되는 종업원으로 근무하고 있는 사실을 인정할 수 있으므로 피고 회사의 대다수 근로자에게 적용되는 1986.10.1. 발효된 위 단체협약이 원고에게도 적용된다고 하여 그 단체협약상의 퇴직금규정에 의하여 원고의 퇴직금을 산정하였다.

그리고 원고 주장의 취업규칙상의 퇴직금지급규정의 내용은 위 단체협약상의 그것보다, 위 단체협약상의 퇴직금지급규정의 내용은 원고가 취업 당시 시행되던 1974.8.1.자 변경된 취업규칙상의 그것보다 각각 근로자에게 유리하게 되어 있음이 기록상 분명하다.

2. 원고 소송대리인의 상고이유의 요지는 위의 3차례에 걸친 피고 회사의 퇴직금규정의 불이익한 변경은 모두 그 적용을 받고 있던 근로자들의 집단적 의사결정방법에 의한 동의 없이 이루어진 것이어서 취업규칙변경으로서의 효력이 없으므로 원고의 퇴직금을 산정하는 데 적용되어야 할 지급률은 1964.2.29. 이전까지 시행되던 최초의 취업규칙상의 지급률이어야 하는데 원심은 법리를 오해하여 위 단체협약상의 지급률을 적용한 위법이 있다고 함에 있으므로, 원고가 피고 회사에 입사하여 퇴직할 때까지 원고 주장의 취업규칙이 원고에게 적용될 수 있는 것인지에 대하여 보기로 한다.

취업규칙의 작성·변경에 관한 권한은 원칙적으로 사용자에게 있으므로 사용자는 그 의사에 따라 취업규칙을 작성·변경할 수 있으나, 다만 근로기준법 제95조의 규정에 의하여 노동조합 또는 근로자 과반수의 의견을 들어야 하고 특히 근로자에게 불이익하게 변경하는 경우에는 그 동의를 얻어야 하는 제약을 받는바, 기존의 근로조건을 근로자에게 불리하게 변경하는 경우에 필요한 근로자의 동의는 근로자의 집단적 의사결정방법에 의한 동의임을 요하고 이러한 동의를 얻지 못한 취업규칙의 변경은 효력이 없다 는 것이 당원의 일관된 견해이다( 당원 1977.7.26. 선고 77다355 판결; 1988.5.10. 선고 87다카2578 판결; 1989.5.9. 선고 88다카4277 판결; 1991.2.12. 선고 90다15952,15969,15976 판결 등 참조).

그러므로 사용자가 취업규칙에서 정한 근로조건을 근로자에게 불리하게 변경함에 있어서 근로자의 동의를 얻지 않은 경우에 그 변경으로 기득이익이 침해되는 기존의 근로자에 대한 관계에서는 그 변경의 효력이 미치지 않게 되어 종전 취업규칙의 효력이 그대로 유지 되지만, 그 변경 후에 변경된 취업규칙에 따른 근로조건을 수용하고 근로관계를 갖게 된 근로자에 대한 관계에서는 당연히 변경된 취업규칙이 적용되어야 하고, 기득이익의 침해라는 효력배제사유가 없는 변경 후의 취업근로자에 대해서까지 그 변경의 효력을 부인하여 종전 취업규칙이 적용되어야 한다고 볼 근거가 없다.

위와 같은 경우에 취업규칙변경 후에 취업한 근로자에게 적용되는 취업규칙과 기존근로자에게 적용되는 취업규칙이 병존하는 것처럼 보이지만, 현행의 법규적 효력을 가진 취업규칙은 변경된 취업규칙이고 다만 기존근로자에 대한 관계에서 기득이익침해로 그 효력이 미치지 않는 범위 내에서 종전 취업규칙이 적용될 뿐이므로, 하나의 사업 내에 둘 이상의 취업규칙을 둔 것과 같이 볼 수는 없다.

또 근로기준법 제28조 제2항은 하나의 사업 내에 차등 있는 퇴직금제도의 설정을 금하고 있으나, 변경된 취업규칙의 퇴직금제도가 기존근로자의 기득이익을 침해하는 것이어서 이들에게는 그 효력이 미치지 않고 부득이 종전제도의 적용을 받게 됨으로써 이러한 기득이익이 없는 취업규칙변경 후의 취업근로자에게 적용되는 퇴직금제도와 별개의 퇴직금제도를 적용하는 결과가 되었다고 하여도, 이러한 경우까지 위 법조에서 금하는 차등 있는 퇴직금제도를 설정한 경우에 해당한다고 볼 수는 없는 것이다.

이에 반하여 퇴직금에 관한 취업규칙의 규정이 그 적용을 받고 있던 근로자들의 집단적 의사결정방법에 의한 동의 없이 불이익하게 변경된 경우 그 변경후에 채용된 근로자에 대하여서도 변경 전의 취업규칙이 적용되어야 한다는 견해를 밝힌 당원의 종전 판례( 당원 1990.4.27. 선고 89다카7754 판결; 1990.7.10. 선고 89다카31443 판결; 1991.12.10. 선고 91다8777,8784 판결 등)는 이를 폐기하기로 한다.

3. 결국 3차례에 걸친 피고 회사의 퇴직금규정의 변경은 모두 무효임을 전제로 원고의 퇴직금을 변경전인 최초의 퇴직금규정에 의하여 계산하지 아니한 원심의 조치가 잘못이라는 논지는 위에서 본 법리에 비추어 받아들일 수 없고, 위 단체협약상의 퇴직금 지급규정이 원고가 취업 당시 시행되던 1974.8.1.자 변경된 취업규칙상의 그것보다 근로자에게 유리한 것임은 위에서 본 바와 같은 이상 원고만이 상고한 이 사건에 있어서 단체협약상의 퇴직금규정에 의하여 원고의 퇴직금을 산정한 원심의 조치가 정당한 것인지의 여부에 대하여는 판단할 필요도 없으므로 상고논지는 이유 없다.

그러므로 상고를 기각하고 상고비용은 패소한 원고의 부담으로 하기로 대법관 박우동, 대법관 배만운의 별개의견을 제외한 나머지 관여대법관 전원의 의견이 일치되어 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 박우동, 대법관 배만운의 별개의견은 다음과 같다.

1. 다수의견의 견해는 취업규칙의 개정, 변경권이 사용자에게 있으므로 사용자는 그의 의사에 따라 변경할 수 있고, 취업규칙이 근로자에게 불이익하게 변경되고 이에 대하여 근로자들이 동의하지 아니하였다고 하더라도 그 변경으로 인하여 기득의 이익이 침해되는 근로자에 대한 관계에 있어서만 효력이 없고, 그 변경 후에 입사한 근로자들에게는 변경된 취업규칙이 적용되고, 그 결과 한 사업 내의 근로자들간에 서로 다른 퇴직금제도의 적용을 받게 되는 경우가 생기더라도 하나의 사업 내에 복수의 취업규칙을 둔 것이라고 볼 수 없고, 근로기준법 제28조 제2항에도 위반되지 않는다는 취지로 이해가 된다.

그러나 이러한 견해는, 취업규칙의 변경에 의하여 기존의 근로조건의 내용을 근로자에게 불이익하게 변경하려면 종전의 취업규칙의 적용을 받고 있던 근로자집단의 집단의사결정방법에 의한 동의를 받아야 하고 그와 같은 동의가 없는 한 취업규칙변경으로서의 효력이 없다는 것, 취업규칙에 법규범성을 부여한 것으로 보고 위와 같은 근로자집단의 집단적 의사결정방법에 의한 동의를 얻지 않는 이상 취업규칙의 변경에 대하여 개인적으로 동의한 근로자에게 대하여도 변경의 효력이 발생하지 아니한다는 것( 당원 1991.3.27. 선고 91다3031 판결; 같은 해 9.24. 선고 91다17542 판결 각 참조) 등, 다수의견이 유지하는 법리나 정신에 어긋나는 것이라고 생각한다. 나아가 이는 기존의 근로자를 그 적용대상으로 하여 그들에게 적용시키기 위하여 취업규칙을 개정하고자 하는 일반적 현실을 바로 보지 아니한 견해라 할 것이므로, 이에 찬성할 수가 없다.

2. 취업규칙은 이를 개정하면 변경된 취업규칙만이 있는 것이고, 만일 근로자에게 불이익한 취업규칙의 변경이 근로자의 동의를 얻지 못하여 효력이 없으면 종전의 취업규칙이 계속 유효하다고 보는 것이 당연한 논리라 할 것이다. 그렇지 않고 이와 같은 경우 기존의 근로자에 대한 관계에서는 그 변경의 효력이 없어 종전의 취업규칙의 효력이 그대로 유지되고, 새로 입사한 근로자에 대한 관계에서는 변경된 취업규칙이 적용되어야 한다고 보는 것은 통상의 취업규칙의 변경을 기존의 근로자들에게는 종전의 취업규칙상의 규정을 적용하고, 개정후에 입사한 근로자에게는 개정된 내용을 적용하기로 한다는 내용을 담은 취업규칙의 개정으로 의제하였다거나, 취업규칙을 개정하되 경과규정으로서 기존의 근로자에게는 종전의 취업규칙을 적용하도록 하는 규정을 둔 경우와 같이 취급하였다는 비난을 면하기 어려울 것이다.

그러므로 다수의견대로 한다면 1개의 사업에 변경된 취업규칙과 종전의 취업규칙이 복수로 존재한다고 보지 않을 수 없고, 이와 같은 경우에도 개정된 취업규칙 하나만 두었다고 보는 것은 사실을 제대로 파악한 것이라고 할 수 없다.

취업규칙의 변경은 특별한 규정이 없는 한 현재, 장래의 모든 근로자에게 적용이 있는 것이고, 또 그렇게 할 목적으로 개정하는 것이며, 만일 새로 입사하는 근로자에게만 적용하고 기존의 근로자에게는 종전의 규정을 적용하고자 할 때에는 그와 같은 경과규정을 두거나 그와 같은 취지를 규정하는 방식으로 개정하여야 할 것이고, 그렇게 하여야만 1개의 사업에 하나의 취업규칙이 있다고 말할 수 있을 것이다.

그리고 퇴직금제도를 설정함에 있어 하나의 사업내에서 입사한 날짜에 따라 차등을 두는 것은 원칙적으로는 합리성이 없어 근로기준법 제28조 제2항에 위반된다고 할 것이나, 퇴직금제도를 근로자에게 불리하게 변경하면서 경과규정으로서 기존의 근로자에게는 유리한 종전의 규정을 계속 적용하도록 하는 것은 반드시 이에 위반된다고는 생각하지 아니한다.

3. 돌이켜 이 사건에 관하여 보건대, 기록에 의하면 피고 회사가 3차례에 걸쳐 취업규칙을 변경한 것은 기존의 근로자들에게 적용하려고 한 것이지 새로 입사한 근로자들에게만 적용하고자 한 것이 아님이 분명하다.

그러므로 이와 같은 취업규칙의 변경이 근로자에게 불이익한 것이고 이에 관하여 근로자집단의 동의를 받지 못하였다면 이 취업규칙의 변경은 효력이 없고, 따라서 종전의 취업규칙이 계속 유효하다고 볼 것이지, 그 변경으로 기득이익이 침해되는 기존의 근로자들에 대한 관계에서만 종전 취업규칙의 효력이 유지되고, 그 변경 후에 근로관계를 갖게 된 근로자에 대한 관계에서는 당연히 변경된 취업규칙이 적용되어야 한다고 할 수 없다.

다수의견은 새로 입사한 근로자에게는 당연히 변경된 취업규칙이 적용되어야 하는 근거로 변경 후에 변경된 취업규칙에 따른 근로조건을 수용하고 근로관계를 갖게 되었음을 드는 것 같으나, 새로 입사한 근로자가 과연 기존 근로자에게 변경의 효력이 없는 취업규칙이라도 그에 따른 근로조건을 수용하는 의사를 가지고 근로관계를 맺었다고 볼 수 있을 것인지 의문이고, 또 이는 취업규칙의 법규성을 외면한 것으로서 찬성할 수가 없다.

4. 다만 원심판결 이유에 의하면, 원심은 위와 같은 취업규칙의 변경이 유효하다고 판단하고 변경된 취업규칙에 근거하여 원고에 대한 퇴직금을 산정한것이 아니고, 취업규칙변경의 효력에 대하여는 일체 언급하지 아니한 채, 1980.12.31. 법률 제3349호로 신설된 근로기준법 제28조 제2항과 그 부칙에 의하여 원고나 피고가 주장하는 퇴직금규정을 적용하려면 그 취업규칙이 피고 회사 사업 내의 최다수 근로자에게 적용되는 것임을 주장·입증하여야 하는데 그 주장·입증이 없고, 오히려 피고 회사의 대다수 근로자들은 판시 단체협약의 적용을 받게 되는 종업원으로 근무하고 있는 사실이 인정된다는 이유로, 원고에게도 위 단체협약에 정하여진 퇴직금제도가 적용되어야 한다고 판단하여 원고에 대한 퇴직금을 산정한 것이므로, 이 사건에서 선결되어야 할 사항은 위의 취업규칙의 변경효력이 원고에게 미치느냐의 문제가 아니고, 원고에게도 위 단체협약에 정하여진 퇴직금제도의 적용이 있으냐의 문제인 것이다.

그런데 원고소송대리인이 상고이유로 주장하는 바는, 원고는 취업규칙의 적용을 받는 자임을 전제하고, 위 취업규칙의 변경이 근로자집단의 동의를 받지 아니하였으므로 효력이 없음을 이유로 하여, 원고의 퇴직금산정에는 최초의 취업규칙이 적용되어야 하는데 원심이 위 단체협약을 적용한 것은 잘못이라는 것일 뿐, 나아가 위 단체협약에 정하여진 퇴직금제도가 적용되는 경우라도 이에 따른 원심의 퇴직금산정이 위법하다는 주장은 없다.

살피건대, 근로기준법은 1980.12.31. 법률 제3349호로 제28조 제2항을 신설하여, 퇴직금제도를 설정함에 있어서 하나의 사업 내에 차등제도를 두어서는 아니된다고 규정하고, 그 부칙 제2항은 사용자는 이 법 시행 당시의 단체협약 또는 취업규칙이 제28조 제2항의 규정에 위배될 때에는 개정법률 시행일 이전에 이 법에 적합하도록 변경하여 신고하여야 하고 그렇게 하지 아니한 경우에는 당해 사업 내의 최다수 근로자에게 적용되는 퇴직금제도를 적용하는 것으로 본다고 규정하고 있으므로, 원심이 위 개정법률 시행 후에 퇴직한 원고에게 최다수 근로자에게 적용되는 퇴직금제도가 적용되어야 한다고 판단한 것은 옳고, 원고는 달리 위의 단체협약이 정하는 퇴직금규정이 피고 회사의 최다수 근로자에게 적용되는 퇴직금제도라는 원심의 판단이나 이에 터잡은 퇴직금의 산정방법이 위법하다고는 주장하지 아니하고, 원심에서 판단하지 아니한 사항에 관한 주장만을 내세우는 것이어서, 이유가 없으므로 이를 이유로 하여 상고를 기각하여야 할 것이다.

대법원장 김덕주(재판장) 이회창 최재호 박우동 윤관 김상원 배만운 김주한 윤영철 김용준 김석수 박만호 최종영

Related statutes

Similar cases

Cases with high content similarity to this one.

#1
89다카7754 · 대법원 1990-04-27
Severance Pay (퇴직금) Case
#2
91다8777, 8784(병합) · 대법원 1991-12-10
Retirement Pay
#3
94다30638 · 대법원 1996-04-26
Severance Pay (퇴직금) Case
#4
96다3241 · 대법원 1996-09-10
Severance Pay, etc. (퇴직금등)
#5
91다3031 · 대법원 1991-03-27
Retirement Pay

Cases citing this decision

2022다245518 · 대법원 2022-10-14
Wages
2019다218837 · 대법원 2022-01-13
Wages (임금)
2010다17468 · 대법원 2012-06-28
Wages
2009다58364 · 대법원 2011-06-24
Wages
2002다2843 · 대법원 2003-12-18
Wages (Severance Pay Dispute)

Related tools & guides

AI answers need an account (free accounts: 2 per month) — submit and you'll return to this question after logging in. Search and case reading stay free.

Cross-check the original: 국가법령정보센터 (auxiliary link)