Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 96다3241

Severance Pay, etc. (퇴직금등)퇴직금등

Decided1996. 09. 10. Court대법원Case reversed and remanded (파기환송) — the lower court's judgment was overturned and sent back for reconsideration in line with the Supreme Court's guidance on how to calculate severance pay.
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

This Supreme Court (대법원) precedent addresses how changes to workplace rules of employment (취업규칙) affect employees hired after the change. The Court ruled that if the rules of employment are changed unfavorably, employees hired after the change are still bound by the new rules, but severance pay (퇴직금) must be calculated by applying the rules in effect at the time of retirement to the entire period of employment. It also confirmed that severance pay provisions more favorable than the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) remain valid, and that under the prohibition on differential severance pay systems (퇴직금차등제도 금지), employers must apply the severance pay system covering the largest number of employees.

Key takeaways
  • CaseAn employee who joined the company after the rules of employment had been unfavorably amended filed a claim for severance pay (퇴직금).
  • OutcomeThe Court ruled that employees hired after the amendment are governed by the new rules, but severance pay must be calculated using the rules in effect at retirement, applied to the employee's entire period of service.
  • LessonAlways check both the timing of any changes to the rules of employment and the employee's hire date, and calculate severance pay based on the severance system covering the majority of employees, applied across the full employment period.
Issues
  • What standard applies to employees hired after an unfavorable change to the rules of employment (취업규칙)?
  • How should severance pay (퇴직금) be calculated when the severance pay rules have been amended during employment?
  • What is the legal effect of severance pay provisions that are more favorable to employees than those required under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법)?
Key reasoning

The Court held that employees who joined the company after an unfavorable change to the rules of employment are subject to the amended rules, since they had no vested rights under the prior, more favorable version. However, when calculating severance pay upon retirement, the rules in effect at the time of retirement must be applied retroactively to the employee's entire period of service, not just the period after the rule change. Additionally, because Korean labor law prohibits maintaining different severance pay systems for different groups of employees within the same company (퇴직금차등제도 금지), the severance pay system applicable to the largest group of employees must be used as the standard for calculation. This ensures uniform treatment while respecting the employer's ability to update workplace rules going forward.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] The authority to create and amend rules of employment (취업규칙) belongs, in principle, to the employer, and thus the employer may create and amend the rules of employment according to its own intention. Even if the amendment of the rules of employment is disadvantageous to employees and the employer amends them without obtaining the consent of the employees through a collective decision-making method, the amendment of the rules of employment is nonetheless valid, and the rules of employment having current normative effect are the amended rules of employment. Therefore, the amended rules of employment apply to employees who commenced their employment relationship after the amendment, while only for existing employees whose vested interests would be infringed do the previous rules of employment continue to apply.

[2] A specific right to claim retirement allowance arises upon satisfaction of the requirement of retirement, i.e., the fact that continuous service has ended. Therefore, where the retirement allowance provisions applicable during the period of continuous service have been validly amended in the middle of that period, the retirement allowance for the entire period of service must be calculated by applying the retirement allowance provisions that were valid at the time of retirement. Accordingly, even in a case where, due to the enactment and enforcement of Article 28(2) of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), the previous system of differential retirement allowances was prohibited from April 1, 1981, and as a result the retirement allowance system applicable to the largest number of employees within the business becomes the retirement allowance system applicable within that business, the retirement allowance for the entire period of service must be calculated by applying the retirement allowance provisions applicable to the largest number of employees.

[3] Article 28(1) of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) sets the minimum amount of retirement allowance that an employer must pay to a retiring employee. Therefore, where there exist retirement allowance provisions in the rules of employment or a collective agreement that are more favorable to the employee than that provision, the retirement allowance must be calculated in accordance with such provisions.

Full text (English, AI translation) 9,856 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellant and Appellee]

[Defendant, Appellee and Appellant] Korea Expressway Corporation (한국도로공사) (Attorneys Lee Young-jun and 1 other, Counsel for the defendant)
[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Decision 95Na27402 rendered on December 5, 1995

[Order]

The judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal are examined.

1. As to the Defendant's grounds of appeal

The authority to draft and amend rules of employment (취업규칙) in principle belongs to the employer, so the employer may draft and amend the rules of employment according to its own intention. Even if an amendment to the rules of employment is disadvantageous to employees and the employer amended it without obtaining the consent of the employees through a collective decision-making method, the amendment to the rules of employment is nonetheless valid, and the rules of employment having current normative effect shall be deemed to be the amended rules of employment. Accordingly, the amended rules of employment apply to employees who commenced their employment relationship after the amendment, while only for existing employees whose vested interests would be infringed, the previous rules of employment shall apply (see this Court's en banc Decision 91Da45165 rendered on December 22, 1992).

Furthermore, since the specific right to claim retirement allowance arises upon the fact of retirement, which is the termination of continuous service (see this Court's Decision 92Da17754 rendered on September 14, 1992), where the retirement allowance provisions applicable during the middle of a period of continuous service have been validly amended, in calculating the retirement allowance, the retirement allowance provisions in effect at the time of retirement should be applied to the entire period of service, rather than dividing the period before and after the amendment of the retirement allowance provisions and applying the pre-amendment provisions to the pre-amendment period of service. Therefore, even in a case where, pursuant to Article 28(2) of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), newly established by Act No. 3349 on December 31, 1980, and Articles 1 and 2 of its Addenda, the previous differential retirement allowance system was prohibited from April 1, 1981, and the retirement allowance system applicable to the largest group of employees within the relevant enterprise came to apply as the retirement allowance system within that enterprise, the retirement allowance should be calculated by applying the retirement allowance provisions applicable to the largest group of employees to the entire period of service.

Examining this case, according to the record, it can be seen that: Plaintiff 1 joined the Defendant Corporation as a specially-appointed employee (별정직 직원) on March 11, 1978, and retired on March 31, 1993; the deceased non-party, the decedent of Plaintiffs 2, 3, and 4, joined the Defendant Corporation as a specially-appointed employee on April 4, 1980, and worked there, then had his job classification changed to that of a regular employee (일반직 직원) on July 23, 1983, and retired due to his death on February 24, 1993; the Defendant Corporation, even before the Plaintiffs and the deceased non-party joined, maintained the Regulations on Management of Commissioned and Temporary Employees (촉탁및임시고원관리예규) for specially-appointed employees, separately from regular employees, under which one month's average monthly wage was paid as retirement allowance for each year of service, while for regular employees it maintained the Retirement Benefit Regulations (퇴직급여규정) (hereinafter referred to as the "Pre-Amendment Retirement Allowance Regulations"), under which retirement allowance was calculated by multiplying the monthly salary at the time of retirement by a retirement allowance payment rate based on a high progressive rate, with monthly salary meaning the average monthly wage; the Defendant Corporation, without obtaining the consent of employees through a collective decision-making method, amended the Pre-Amendment Retirement Allowance Regulations on January 1, 1981, to take effect from the same date, whereby, while maintaining the basic method of calculating retirement allowance by multiplying the monthly salary by the retirement allowance payment rate, it lowered the progressive rate and limited the concept of monthly salary to one-third of the sum of the basic salary paid during the final three months prior to the day before retirement plus various commonly paid monthly allowances (construction allowance, overtime allowance, holiday work allowance, monthly leave allowance) and 3/12 of the amount corresponding to the annual leave allowance and bonus allowance paid during the one year prior to retirement (hereinafter referred to as the "January 1, 1981 Amended Retirement Allowance Regulations"), thereby disadvantageously amending the Pre-Amendment Retirement Allowance Regulations as applied to existing regular employees; and as of April 1, 1981, the Defendant Corporation had 2,753 regular employees and 1,244 specially-appointed employees.

Given these facts, as of April 1, 1981, for the regular employees of the Defendant Corporation, only the January 1, 1981 Amended Retirement Allowance Regulations had normative effect as the retirement allowance system due to the amendment of the rules of employment, and even if, as a result, the January 1, 1981 Amended Retirement Allowance Regulations could not be applied to regular employees who joined before January 1, 1981 because their vested interests would be infringed, this conclusion would not change. Therefore, as of April 1, 1981, when Article 28(2) of the Labor Standards Act (as amended by Act No. 3349 of December 31, 1980) took effect, the Defendant Corporation was operating both the retirement allowance system applicable to specially-appointed employees and the retirement allowance system under the January 1, 1981 Amended Retirement Allowance Regulations, which had normative effect for regular employees.

Therefore, in calculating the retirement allowances of Plaintiff 1, who joined as a specially-appointed employee on March 11, 1978 and worked until retiring after the differential retirement allowance system was prohibited, and of the deceased non-party, who joined as a specially-appointed employee on April 4, 1980 and worked until the differential retirement allowance system was prohibited and his job classification was changed to regular employee, and who subsequently retired, the monthly salary and retirement allowance payment rate under the January 1, 1981 Amended Retirement Allowance Regulations, which is the retirement allowance system for regular employees, the largest group of employees within the Defendant Corporation, should be applied to their entire periods of service.

Therefore, the judgment below, which applied the Pre-Amendment Retirement Allowance Regulations to the entire period of service of Plaintiff 1 and the deceased non-party, contrary to the above, contains an error of misapprehending the legal principles regarding Article 28(2) of the Labor Standards Act, newly established by Act No. 3349 of December 31, 1980, and Articles 1 and 2 of its Addenda. Therefore, the Defendant's ground of appeal pointing this out is well-founded.

2. As to the Plaintiffs' grounds of appeal

Article 28(1) of the Labor Standards Act sets the minimum amount of retirement allowance that the employer must pay to a retiring employee. Therefore, where there exist rules of employment or a retirement allowance provision under a collective agreement that provide more favorable terms for the employee than the above provision, the retirement allowance shall be calculated in accordance with such provision (see this Court's Decision 93Da46841 rendered on May 24, 1994).

Examining this case, the January 1, 1981 Amended Retirement Allowance Regulations, which are to be applied in calculating the retirement allowances of Plaintiff 1 and the deceased non-party, provide that the monthly salary, which serves as the basis for calculating retirement allowance, means one-third of the sum of the basic salary paid during the final three months prior to the day before retirement plus various commonly paid monthly allowances (construction allowance, overtime allowance, holiday work allowance, monthly leave allowance) and 3/12 of the amount corresponding to the annual leave allowance and bonus allowance paid during the one year prior to retirement. Therefore, if the respective amounts of retirement allowance for Plaintiff 1 and the deceased non-party, calculated pursuant to the Defendant Corporation's retirement allowance regulations, are greater than the amounts calculated pursuant to Article 28(1) of the Labor Standards Act, then, regardless of whether the annual leave allowance paid to Plaintiff 1 and the deceased non-party during the one year prior to retirement is based partly on a period falling within the three months prior to the date of retirement, one-third of the 3/12 amount thereof should be included in the monthly salary, and the retirement allowances of Plaintiff 1 and the deceased non-party should be calculated in accordance with the Defendant Corporation's retirement allowance regulations.

Therefore, the judgment below, which determined otherwise, contains an error of misapprehending the legal principles concerning the retirement allowance system. Therefore, the Plaintiffs' ground of appeal pointing this out is well-founded.

Accordingly, the judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the court below for further hearing and determination, the Justices being unanimous in their opinion, as set forth in the Order.

Justice Kim Seok-su (Presiding Justice), Jeong Gwi-ho, Lee Don-hui (Justice in charge), Lee Im-su

【판결요지】

[1] 취업규칙의 작성, 변경의 권한은 원칙적으로 사용자에게 있으므로 사용자는 그 의사에 따라 취업규칙을 작성, 변경할 수 있고, 취업규칙의 변경이 근로자에게 불이익함에도 불구하고 사용자가 근로자의 집단적 의사결정방법에 의한 동의를 얻지 아니한 채 변경을 하였다고 하더라도 취업규칙의 변경은 유효하여 현행의 법규적 효력을 가진 취업규칙은 변경된 취업규칙이므로, 그 변경 후에 근로관계를 갖게 된 근로자에 대하여는 변경된 취업규칙이 적용되고, 다만 기득이익을 침해하게 되는 기존의 근로자에 대하여는 종전의 취업규칙이 적용될 뿐이다.

[2] 구체적인 퇴직금청구권은 계속근로가 끝나는 퇴직이라는 사실을 요건으로 하여 발생하는 것이어서, 계속근무기간의 중간에 적용될 퇴직금 규정이 유효하게 변경된 경우 퇴직금을 산출함에 있어서는 전체의 근무기간에 대하여 퇴직 당시에 유효한 퇴직금 규정을 적용하여야 하는 것이므로, 근로기준법 제28조 제2항의 신설·시행으로 인하여 1981. 4. 1.부터 종전의 퇴직금차등제도가 금지됨에 따라 당해 사업 내의 최다수 근로자에게 적용되는 퇴직금제도가 당해 사업 내의 퇴직금제도로 적용되는 경우에 있어서도 전체의 근무기간에 대하여 최다수 근로자에 대하여 적용되는 퇴직금 규정을 적용하여 퇴직금을 산출하여야 한다.

[3] 근로기준법 제28조 제1항은 사용자가 퇴직하는 근로자에게 지급할 퇴직금액의 최하한을 정한 것이므로, 그 규정보다 근로자에게 더 유리하게 정한 취업규칙이나 단체협약상의 퇴직금 규정이 있을 경우에는 그에 의하여 퇴직금을 산출하여야 한다.

【참조조문】

[1] 근로기준법 제95조

[2] 근로기준법 제28조 제2항, 부칙(1980. 12. 31.) 제1항, 제2항

[3] 근로기준법 제28조 제1항

【참조판례】

[1] 대법원 1992. 12. 22. 선고 91다45165 전원합의체 판결(공1993상, 546), 대법원 1993. 8. 24. 선고 93다17898 판결(공1993하, 2606), 대법원 1994. 5. 24. 선고 93다14493 판결(공1994하, 1788), 대법원 1994. 10. 14. 선고 94다25322 판결(공1994하, 2986), 대법원 1996. 4. 26. 선고 94다30638 판결(공1996상, 1664) /[2] 대법원 1992. 9. 14. 선고 92다17754 판결(공1992, 2874), 대법원 1995. 2. 3. 선고 93다58776 판결(공1995상, 1145), 대법원 1995. 7. 11. 선고 93다26168 전원합의체 판결(공1995하, 2577), 대법원 1996. 5. 14. 선고 95다19256 판결(공1996하, 1837) /[3] 대법원 1987. 2. 24. 선고 84다카1409 판결(공1987, 506), 대법원 1990. 11. 27. 선고 90다23868 판결(공1991, 218), 대법원 1994. 5. 24. 선고 93다46841 판결(공1994하, 1798)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 3,658자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고,상고인겸피상고인】

【피고,피상고인겸상고인】 한국도로공사 (소송대리인 변호사 이영준 외 1인)

【원심판결】 서울고법 1995. 12. 5. 선고 95나27402 판결

【주문】

원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.

【이유】 상고이유를 판단한다.

1. 피고의 상고이유에 대하여

취업규칙의 작성, 변경의 권한은 원칙적으로 사용자에게 있으므로 사용자는 그 의사에 따라 취업규칙을 작성, 변경할 수 있고, 취업규칙의 변경이 근로자에게 불이익함에도 불구하고 사용자가 근로자의 집단적 의사결정방법에 의한 동의를 얻지 아니한 채 변경을 하였다고 하더라도 취업규칙의 변경은 유효하여 현행의 법규적 효력을 가진 취업규칙은 변경된 취업규칙이라 할 것이므로, 그 변경 후에 근로관계를 갖게 된 근로자에 대하여는 변경된 취업규칙이 적용되고, 다만 기득이익을 침해하게 되는 기존의 근로자에 대하여는 종전의 취업규칙이 적용될 뿐이라 할 것이다( 당원 1992. 12. 22. 선고 91다45165 전원합의체 판결 참조).

또 구체적인 퇴직금청구권은 계속근로가 끝나는 퇴직이라는 사실을 요건으로 하여 발생하는 것이어서( 당원 1992. 9. 14. 선고 92다17754 판결 참조), 계속근무기간의 중간에 적용될 퇴직금 규정이 유효하게 변경된 경우 퇴직금을 산출함에 있어서는 전체의 근무기간에 대하여 퇴직 당시에 유효한 퇴직금 규정을 적용하여야 하는 것이지 퇴직금 규정 변경 전후의 기간을 나누어서 변경 전 근무기간에 대하여 변경 전의 퇴직금 규정을 적용할 것은 아니라 할 것이므로, 1980. 12. 31. 법률 제3349호로 신설된 근로기준법 제28조 제2항, 부칙 제1, 2항에 의하여 1981. 4. 1.부터 종전의 퇴직금차등제도가 금지되고, 당해 사업 내의 최다수 근로자에게 적용되는 퇴직금제도가 당해 사업 내의 퇴직금제도로 적용되는 경우에 있어서도 전체의 근무기간에 대하여 최다수 근로자에 대하여 적용되는 퇴직금 규정을 적용하여 퇴직금을 산출하여야 할 것이다.

이 사건에 관하여 보건대 기록에 의하면 원고 1은 1978. 3. 11. 피고 공사에 별정직 직원으로 입사하였다가 1993. 3. 31. 퇴직하였고, 원고 2, 원고 3, 원고 4의 피상속인인 소외인은 1980. 4. 4. 피고 공사에 별정직 직원으로 입사하여 근무하다가 1983. 7. 23. 일반직 직원으로 직류가 변경된 후 1993. 2. 24. 사망함으로써 퇴직한 사실, 피고 공사는 원고 및 망 소외인의 입사 전부터 별정직 직원에 대하여 일반직 직원과는 달리 촉탁및임시고원관리예규를 두어 재직기간 1년에 대하여 1개월분의 월평균임금을 퇴직금으로 지급하고, 일반직 직원에 대하여는 퇴직급여규정(이하 개정 전 퇴직금규정이라 한다)을 두어 퇴직 당시의 월봉에 고율의 누진제에 의한 퇴직금지급률을 곱하여 산출한 퇴직금을 지급하되 월봉은 월평균임금을 의미한다는 퇴직금제도를 둔 사실, 피고 공사는 근로자의 집단적 의사결정방법에 의한 동의를 얻지 아니한 채 1981. 1. 1. 개정 전 퇴직금 규정을 개정하여 같은 날부터 시행함에 있어 월봉에 퇴직금지급률을 곱하여 퇴직금을 산출하는 기본방식은 유지하면서 누진율을 인하하고, 월봉의 개념을 퇴직 직전일로부터 최종 3개월간에 지급된 기본급 및 매월 공통으로 지급하는 제수당(건설수당, 시간외근무수당, 휴일근무수당, 월차휴가수당)과 퇴직 직전 1년간에 지급된 연차휴가수당 및 상여수당의 3/12 해당액의 합산액을 3등분한 것으로 제한하여(이하 1981. 1. 1. 개정 퇴직금 규정이라 한다) 기존의 일반직 직원에 대하여 개정 전 퇴직금 규정을 불이익하게 변경한 사실, 1981. 4. 1. 당시 피고 공사 내의 일반직 직원은 2,753명, 별정직 직원은 1,244명인 사실을 알 수 있다.

사실이 이와 같다면 1981. 4. 1. 당시 피고 공사의 일반직 직원에 대하여는 취업규칙의 변경으로 인하여 1981. 1. 1. 개정 퇴직금 규정만이 법규적 효력을 가지는 퇴직금제도라 할 것이고, 비록 1981. 1. 1. 이전에 입사한 일반직 직원에 대하여 기득이익이 침해되는 결과로 되어 1981. 1. 1. 개정 퇴직금 규정을 적용할 수 없게 되었다 하더라도 그 결론이 달라지는 것은 아니라 할 것이므로, 근로기준법(1980. 12. 31. 법률 제3349호로 개정된 것) 제28조 제2항이 시행된 1981. 4. 1. 당시 피고 공사에는 별정직 직원에 대하여 적용되는 퇴직금제도와 일반직 직원에 대하여 법규적 효력을 가지는 1981. 1. 1. 개정 퇴직금 규정에 따른 퇴직금제도가 시행되고 있었다 할 것이다.

따라서 1978. 3. 11. 별정직 직원으로 입사하여 근무하다가 퇴직금차등제도가 금지된 이후에 퇴직한 원고 1 및 1980. 4. 4. 별정직 직원으로 입사하여 근무하다가 퇴직금차등제도가 금지되고, 일반직 직원으로 직류가 변경되어 퇴직한 망 소외인의 퇴직금을 산정함에 있어서는 전체의 근무기간에 대하여 피고 공사 내의 최다수 근로자인 일반직 직원에 대한 퇴직금제도인 1981. 1. 1. 개정 퇴직금 규정에 따른 월봉 및 퇴직금지급률을 적용하여야 할 것이다.

그러므로 이와 달리 원고 1 및 망 소외인의 전근무기간에 대하여 개정 전 퇴직금 규정을 적용한 원심판결에는 1980. 12. 31. 법률 제3349호로 신설된 근로기준법 제28조 제2항, 부칙 제1, 2항에 대한 법리오해의 위법이 있다 할 것이니, 이 점을 지적하는 피고의 상고는 이유 있다.

2. 원고의 상고이유에 대하여

근로기준법 제28조 제1항은 사용자가 퇴직하는 근로자에게 지급할 퇴직금액의 최하한을 정한 것이므로, 위 규정보다 근로자에게 더 유리하게 정한 취업규칙이나 단체협약상의 퇴직금 규정이 있을 경우에는 이에 의하여 퇴직금을 산출하여야 할 것이다(당원 1994. 5. 24. 선고 93다46841 판결 참조).

이 사건에 관하여 보건대 원고 1 및 망 소외인의 퇴직금 산정에 적용될 1981. 1. 1. 개정 퇴직금 규정은 퇴직금 산출의 기초가 되는 월봉을 퇴직 직전일로부터 최종 3개월간에 지급된 기본급 및 매월 공통으로 지급하는 제수당(건설수당, 시간외근무수당, 휴일근무수당, 월차휴가수당)과 퇴직 직전 1년간에 지급된 연차휴가수당 및 상여수당의 12분의 3 해당액의 합계액을 3등분한 것을 말한다고 규정하고 있으므로, 피고 공사의 퇴직금 규정에 의하여 산출한 원고 1 및 망 소외인의 각 퇴직금의 금액이 근로기준법 제28조 제1항에 의하여 산출한 금액보다 다액이라면 원고 1 및 망 소외인에게 퇴직 직전 1년간에 지급된 연차휴가수당은 연차유급휴가를 받게 된 원인이 된 퇴직하기 전해 1년간의 일부가 퇴직한 날 이전 3개월간에 포함되는지 여부에 관계없이 그 3/12 해당액의 1/3을 월봉에 포함시켜서 피고 공사의 퇴직금 규정에 따라 원고 1 및 망 소외인의 퇴직금을 산정하여야 할 것이다.

따라서 이와 달리 판단한 원심판결은 퇴직금제도에 관한 법리오해의 위법이 있다 할 것이니, 이 점을 지적하는 원고의 상고는 이유 있다.

이에 원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 다시 심리·판단하게 하기 위하여 원심법원에 환송하기로 관여 법관의 의견이 일치되어 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 김석수(재판장) 정귀호 이돈희(주심) 이임수

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