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대법원 2018다249308

Wages (Ordinary Wage Dispute)임금

Decided2020. 06. 11. Court대법원Employer won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

This case involved employees of KEPCO KPS (한전케이피에스) who demanded that their performance-based annual salary (성과연봉), paid based on the previous year's performance evaluation, be included in the calculation of 'ordinary wages' (통상임금) for recalculating their overtime pay. The Supreme Court ruled that this performance-based annual salary lacked the 'fixedness' (고정성) required to qualify as an ordinary wage, since it was compensation for the previous year's work merely paid out in the current year. Consequently, the Court concluded that this performance-based annual salary did not constitute an ordinary wage.

Key takeaways
  • CaseIncident: Employees of KEPCO KPS demanded that their performance-based annual salary, calculated from the previous year's performance evaluation, be included in ordinary wages to recalculate overtime pay.
  • OutcomeResult: The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the employer, holding that performance-based annual salary tied to the previous year's results lacks fixedness and therefore does not qualify as an ordinary wage.
  • LessonLesson: Performance-based pay awarded the following year based on the prior year's performance should not be included in ordinary wage calculations when computing overtime pay.
Issues
  • Whether performance-based annual salary qualifies as an ordinary wage (통상임금)
  • The scope of recognizing 'fixedness' (고정성) for wages paid based on evaluation of the previous year's work performance
Key reasoning

The performance-based annual salary was determined by evaluating the employee's work performance from the previous year, with only the payment timing set for the current year. As such, it constitutes wages attributable to the previous year's labor, not the current year's, and cannot be deemed to satisfy the 'fixedness' requirement for wages of the current year. Furthermore, because there was no guaranteed minimum payment amount—the amount could vary or even be reduced based on performance evaluation results—this payment failed to meet the fixedness criterion essential for classification as an ordinary wage. Under Korean labor law, 'ordinary wage' status requires that a payment be fixed, regular, and uniformly guaranteed to all employees meeting certain conditions, which this performance pay did not satisfy.

Full text (English, AI translation) 11,548 chars

[Plaintiffs, Appellants] As stated in Attachment 1 “List of Plaintiffs (Appellants).” (Attorney Kim Ki-deok as Litigation Representative)
[Plaintiffs, Appellees] As stated in Attachment 2 “List of Plaintiffs (Appellees).” (Attorney Kim Ki-deok as Litigation Representative)
[Plaintiffs, Appellants and Appellees] As stated in Attachment 3 “List of Plaintiffs (Appellants and Appellees).” (Attorney Kim Ki-deok as Litigation Representative)
[Defendant, Appellee and Appellant] KEPCO KPS Co., Ltd. (Attorneys Jang Sang-gyun and 3 others of Law Firm (Yuhan) Taepyeongyang as Litigation Representatives)
[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Decision 2017Na2032242 decided June 1, 2018

[Order]

All appeals are dismissed. Of the costs of appeal, the portion arising from the appeals of the plaintiffs listed in Attachment 1 List of Plaintiffs (Appellants) and Attachment 3 List of Plaintiffs (Appellants and Appellees) shall be borne by said plaintiffs, and the portion arising from the Defendant's appeal shall be borne by the Defendant.

[Reasoning] The grounds of appeal are examined.
1. Determination on the grounds of appeal raised by the plaintiffs listed in Attachment 1 List of Plaintiffs (Appellants) and Attachment 3 List of Plaintiffs (Appellants and Appellees) (hereinafter “the Plaintiffs”)
A. As to the ground of appeal concerning whether the internal performance bonus constitutes ordinary wages
1) Judgment of the court below
The court below, having found the facts as stated in its reasoning, determined that it is difficult to view the internal evaluation bonus and the management evaluation performance bonus, which together constitute the performance annual salary, as being clearly separable and calculable, and that even if they could be separately calculated, since the differential fund must be deducted from the amount calculated according to the internal evaluation bonus payment rate, it is difficult to conclude that payment of the performance annual salary corresponding to the internal evaluation bonus was fixed. On these grounds, among others, the court below determined that, at the point in time when work is provided on any given day, whether the additional condition attached to the internal evaluation bonus would be fulfilled could not be determined, and it is difficult to say that even a minimum amount of payment was fixed, and therefore the internal evaluation bonus does not possess the fixedness required for ordinary wages.
2) Judgment of the Supreme Court
A) Wages for which whether payment is made and the amount of payment are determined based on an evaluation of an employee's work performance during the period subject to payment can generally be considered to lack fixedness as wages for that period subject to payment. However, if a minimum amount of payment is fixed, such as where a certain amount is paid even to an employee who receives the lowest grade in the performance evaluation, that minimum amount of wages may be considered a fixed wage.
However, where whether a specific wage is paid and its amount, as wages for the current year, are determined based on an employee's performance in the previous year, if the payment or the amount of that wage is fixed as to the current year, that wage should be regarded as constituting a fixed wage with respect to the current year. However, even where a wage that is determined based on an evaluation of the previous year's work performance is paid in the current year, if there are special circumstances suggesting that this is merely wages for the previous year with only the timing of payment set as the current year, fixedness as wages for the previous year cannot be recognized. Even in such a case, where it is provided that a certain amount shall be guaranteed and paid as a minimum even to an employee who receives the lowest grade in the performance evaluation, that amount may be regarded as a fixed wage for the previous year to the extent of that minimum guarantee (see Supreme Court en banc Decision 2012Da89399 decided December 18, 2013).
B) According to the reasoning of the judgment below and the record, the following circumstances can be ascertained.
(1) In the course of this litigation, the Plaintiffs argued that the entire performance annual salary, including the internal evaluation bonus, constitutes consideration for labor for the current year and thus constitutes ordinary wages for the current year, while the Defendant contended that the performance annual salary constitutes consideration for labor for the previous year.
(2) The Defendant's Enforcement Rules of the Employee Annual Salary Regulations provide that the performance annual salary is paid only to those who remain employed as of the payment reference date, and the payment reference date is set as a specific date in the previous year.
(3) A person who resigns before the performance annual salary is paid is nonetheless paid the performance annual salary in proportion to the number of days worked in the previous year. On the other hand, it appears that a person newly hired in the current year, having no days worked in the previous year, receives none of the performance annual salary paid in the current year.
(4) The performance annual salary is paid based on the monthly salary amount calculated according to the basic annual salary as of December 15 of the previous year, with 50% of the performance annual salary paid in each of March and September, and the performance annual salary paid in June and December is adjusted to reflect matters such as absences. In this regard, the period for calculating attendance is, for the March and June portions of the performance annual salary, from December 16 of the year before last to June 15 of the previous year, and for the September and December portions, from June 16 to December 15 of the previous year.
(5) The Defendant's Employee Annual Salary Regulations provide as follows: “Article 13 (Payment of Performance Annual Salary) (1) The annual payment rate of the management evaluation performance bonus shall follow the results of the company's management performance evaluation, and shall be paid on a differentiated basis according to the results of the previous year's internal management performance evaluation. (2) Detailed matters concerning payment of the management evaluation performance bonus and the internal evaluation bonus shall be separately determined.” The Enforcement Rules of the Employee Annual Salary Regulations provide: “Article 27 (Differential Payment of Performance Annual Salary) The performance annual salary may be paid on a differentiated basis by workplace and by individual according to the results of the management evaluation.”
(6) The performance annual salary that the Defendant has paid to the Plaintiffs was calculated, up to 2011, by the formula “previous year's monthly salary amount × (management evaluation performance bonus payment rate − differential fund + differential payment rate),” and from 2012 onward, by the formula “previous year's monthly salary amount × (internal evaluation bonus payment rate + management evaluation performance bonus payment rate − differential fund + differential payment rate).” The performance annual salary calculated in this manner is paid in four installments in March, June, September, and December.
(7) The Employee Annual Salary Regulations, etc. do not contain any provision to the effect that a certain amount of the performance annual salary is guaranteed and paid as a minimum even to an employee who receives the lowest grade.
C) The above circumstances are examined in light of the legal principles set forth above.
(1) It can be seen that the performance annual salary, including the internal evaluation bonus, received by the Plaintiffs constitutes wages for the previous year with only the timing of payment set as the current year.
(2) It cannot be said that the internal evaluation bonus, among the components of the performance annual salary, is clearly distinguishable from the management evaluation performance bonus, and it is reasonable to view the internal evaluation bonus as also being subject to differential payment. Furthermore, it is difficult to conclude that, at the time the Plaintiffs provided extended, night, or holiday work on any given day in the previous year, a certain amount of the performance annual salary for the previous year was guaranteed as a minimum.
(3) Ultimately, fixedness cannot be recognized for the performance annual salary, including the internal evaluation bonus, as wages for the previous year.
D) Although there is some inadequacy in the reasoning of the judgment below in that it did not clearly specify for which year's wages the internal performance bonus was intended, there is no error, as argued in the grounds of appeal, in the court below's determination on this point that the internal performance bonus does not constitute ordinary wages, in the form of a misunderstanding of the legal principles concerning ordinary wages that affected the judgment.
B. As to the ground of appeal concerning the disadvantageous alteration of the rules of employment
The court below rejected the Plaintiffs' argument that the change from deducting the differential fund from the management evaluation performance payment rate alone (up to 2011) to deducting the differential fund from the sum of the management evaluation performance payment rate and the internal evaluation payment rate (from 2012 onward) constituted a disadvantageous alteration of the rules of employment for the employees, and that such alteration was invalid because it was made without obtaining the consent of the Defendant's labor union, etc., on the ground that there was no proof whatsoever that a disadvantageous alteration had occurred to the employees.
Upon examining the reasoning of the judgment below in light of the relevant legal principles and the record, there is no error, as argued in the grounds of appeal, in the court below's determination in the form of a misunderstanding of the legal principles concerning disadvantageous alteration of the rules of employment, etc.
2. Determination on the Defendant's grounds of appeal
The court below determined that the overseas allowance, paid monthly in a fixed amount according to position/rank to “overseas dispatched employees,” is a wage paid based on the criterion that the labor itself is performed in the special location of a foreign country, and that it possesses regularity, uniformity, and fixedness, and therefore constitutes ordinary wages.
Upon examining the reasoning of the judgment below in light of the relevant legal principles and the record, there is no error, as argued in the grounds of appeal, in the court below's determination as above in the form of a misunderstanding of the legal principles concerning wages and ordinary wages that affected the judgment.
3. Conclusion
Therefore, all appeals are dismissed, and of the costs of appeal, the portion arising from the Plaintiffs' appeals shall be borne by the Plaintiffs, and the portion arising from the Defendant's appeal shall be borne by the Defendant. This Judgment is rendered as stated in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the Justices participating in the decision.

[Attachment 1] List of Plaintiffs (Appellants): Omitted
[Attachment 2] List of Plaintiffs (Appellees): Omitted
[Attachment 3] List of Plaintiffs (Appellants and Appellees): Omitted

Justice Noh Tae-ak (Presiding Justice), Kim Jae-hyeong, Min Yu-sook (Justice in Charge), Lee Dong-won

【참조조문】

[1] 근로기준법 제2조 제1항 제5호, 근로기준법 시행령 제6조 제1항

[2] 근로기준법 제2조 제1항 제5호, 제56조, 제60조, 근로기준법 시행령 제6조 제1항

【참조판례】

[1] 대법원 2013. 12. 18. 선고 2012다89399 전원합의체 판결(공2014상, 236)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 3,897자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인】 별지 1 ‘원고 명단(상고인)’ 기재와 같다. (소송대리인 변호사 김기덕)

【원고, 피상고인】 별지 2 ‘원고 명단(피상고인)’ 기재와 같다. (소송대리인 변호사 김기덕)

【원고, 상고인 겸 피상고인】 별지 3 ‘원고 명단(상고인 겸 피상고인)’ 기재와 같다. (소송대리인 변호사 김기덕)

【피고, 피상고인 겸 상고인】 한전케이피에스 주식회사 (소송대리인 법무법인(유한) 태평양 담당변호사 장상균 외 3인)

【원심판결】 서울고법 2018. 6. 1. 선고 2017나2032242 판결

【주문】

상고를 모두 기각한다. 상고비용 중 별지 1 원고 명단(상고인) 및 별지 3 원고 명단(상고인 겸 피상고인) 기재 원고들의 상고로 인한 부분은 위 원고들이, 피고의 상고로 인한 부분은 피고가 각 부담한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 판단한다.

1. 별지 1 원고 명단(상고인) 및 별지 3 원고 명단(상고인 겸 피상고인) 기재 원고들(이하 ‘원고들’이라 한다)의 상고이유에 대한 판단

가. 내부성과급의 통상임금성 관련 상고이유 주장에 대하여

1) 원심의 판단

원심은 판시와 같은 사실을 인정한 다음, 성과연봉 중 내부평가급과 경영평가성과급을 명확히 구분하여 산정할 수 있다고 보기 어렵고, 설령 구분하여 산정할 수 있다고 하더라도 내부평가급지급률에 따른 금액에서 차등재원이 공제되어야 하므로 내부평가급 상당의 성과연봉은 그 지급이 확정되었다고 단정하기 어렵다는 등의 이유로 내부평가급은 임의의 날에 근로를 제공하는 시점에서는 해당 추가적 조건의 성취 여부를 확정할 수 없고 최소한도의 지급도 확정되었다고 보기 어려워 통상임금에서 요구되는 고정성을 갖춘 것이라고 할 수 없다고 판단하였다.

2) 대법원의 판단

가) 지급 대상기간에 이루어진 근로자의 근무실적을 평가하여 이를 토대로 지급 여부나 지급액이 정해지는 임금은 지급 대상기간에 대한 임금으로서는 일반적으로 고정성이 부정된다고 볼 수 있다. 그러나 근무실적에 관하여 최하 등급을 받더라도 일정액을 지급하는 경우와 같이 최소한도의 지급이 확정되어 있다면, 그 최소한도의 임금은 고정적 임금이라고 할 수 있다.

그런데 근로자의 전년도 근무실적에 따라 당해 연도에 대한 임금으로서 특정 임금의 지급 여부나 지급액을 정하는 경우, 당해 연도에 그 임금의 지급 여부나 지급액이 확정적이라면 당해 연도에 있어 그 임금은 고정적인 임금에 해당하는 것으로 보아야 한다. 그러나 전년도 근무실적을 평가하여 이를 토대로 지급 여부나 지급액이 정해지는 임금이 당해 연도에 지급된다고 하더라도, 전년도에 대한 임금을 그 지급 시기만 당해 연도로 정한 것에 불과하다고 볼 만한 특별한 사정이 있는 경우에는 전년도에 대한 임금으로서의 고정성을 인정할 수 없다. 이 경우에도 근무실적에 관하여 최하 등급을 받더라도 일정액을 최소한도로 보장하여 지급하기로 한 경우에는 그 한도 내에서 전년도에 대한 고정적인 임금으로 볼 수 있다(대법원 2013. 12. 18. 선고 2012다89399 전원합의체 판결 참조).

나) 원심판결 이유와 기록에 따르면 다음의 사정을 알 수 있다.

(1) 이 사건 소송 과정에서 원고들은 내부평가급이 포함된 성과연봉 전액이 당해 연도에 대한 근로의 대가로서 당해 연도의 통상임금에 해당한다고 주장하였고, 피고는 성과연봉은 전년도 근로의 대가에 해당한다고 다투었다.

(2) 피고의 직원연봉규정 시행세칙에는 성과연봉은 지급기준일에 재직하고 있었던 자에 한해 지급된다고 정해져 있고, 지급기준일은 전년도의 특정일로 정해져 있다.

(3) 성과연봉이 지급되기 전에 퇴사한 사람도 전년도 근무일수에 비례하여 성과연봉을 지급받게 되어 있다. 반면 당해 연도 신규입사자는 전년도 근무일수가 없기 때문에 당해 연도에 지급되는 성과연봉을 전혀 받지 못하는 것으로 보인다.

(4) 성과연봉은 전년도 12. 15. 기본연봉에 따른 연봉월액을 기준으로 지급하되, 3월·9월에 각각 50%의 성과연봉을 지급하고, 6월·12월 성과연봉 지급 시 결근 등 근태사항을 반영하여 정산하도록 되어 있다. 이때 근태를 계산하는 기간은 3월·6월 성과연봉분은 전전년도 12. 16.부터 전년도 6. 15.까지이고, 9월·12월 성과연봉분은 전년도 6. 16.부터 전년도 12. 15.까지이다.

(5) 피고의 직원연봉규정은 “제13조(성과연봉 지급) ① 경영평가성과급의 연간지급률은 회사 경영실적평가 결과에 따르며, 전년도 내부경영실적평가 결과에 따라 차등지급한다. ② 경영평가성과급과 내부평가급 지급에 관한 세부사항은 따로 정한다.”라고 정하고 있고, 직원연봉규정 시행세칙은 “제27조(성과연봉 차등지급) 성과연봉은 경영평가 결과에 따라 사업장 및 개인별로 차등지급할 수 있다.”라고 정하고 있다.

(6) 피고가 원고들에게 지급하여 온 성과연봉은 ① 2011년까지 ‘전년도 연봉월액 × (경영평가성과급지급률 - 차등재원 + 차등지급률)’의 산식으로, ② 2012년도 이후부터는 ‘전년도 연봉월액 × (내부평가급지급률 + 경영평가성과급지급률 - 차등재원 + 차등지급률)’의 산식으로 계산되고, 이와 같이 계산된 성과연봉은 3, 6, 9, 12월 4회에 걸쳐서 분할 지급된다.

(7) 직원연봉규정 등에 근로자가 최하 등급을 받더라도 일정액의 성과연봉을 최소한도로 보장하여 지급한다는 취지의 내용이 규정되어 있지 않다.

다) 위와 같은 사정을 앞서 본 법리에 비추어 살펴본다.

(1) 원고들이 지급받은 내부평가급을 포함한 성과연봉은 전년도에 대한 임금을 그 지급 시기만 당해 연도로 정한 것임을 알 수 있다.

(2) 성과연봉 중 내부평가급이 경영평가성과급과 명확하게 구분된다고 볼 수 없고, 내부평가급도 차등지급의 대상이 된다고 봄이 타당하다. 그리고 원고들이 전년도 임의의 날에 연장·야간·휴일 근로를 제공하는 시점에 전년도에 대한 성과연봉 중 일정액이 최소한도로 보장되어 있었다고 단정하기도 어렵다.

(3) 결국 내부평가급을 포함한 성과연봉은 전년도에 대한 임금으로서 고정성을 인정할 수 없다.

라) 원심판결의 이유 설시 중 내부성과급이 어느 연도의 임금인지를 분명히 하지 않은 점에는 일부 미흡한 부분이 있지만, 내부성과급이 통상임금에 해당하지 않는다고 본 원심의 이 부분 판단에 상고이유 주장과 같이 통상임금에 관한 법리를 오해하여 판결에 영향을 미친 잘못이 없다.

나. 취업규칙의 불이익 변경 관련 상고이유 주장에 대하여

원심은, 2011년까지는 경영평가성과지급률에서 차등재원을 공제하다가 2012년부터는 경영평가성과지급률과 내부평가지급률을 합한 것에서 차등재원을 공제하는 것이 근로자들에게 불리한 취업규칙의 변경에 해당하고, 그에 관하여 피고 노동조합 등의 동의를 얻지 않아 무효라는 취지의 원고들 주장을, 근로자에게 불이익한 변경이 있었다는 점에 관한 아무런 증명이 없다고 보아 배척하였다.

원심판결 이유를 관련 법리와 기록에 비추어 살펴보면, 원심의 이러한 판단에 상고이유 주장과 같이 취업규칙의 불이익 변경 등에 관한 법리를 오해한 잘못이 없다.

2. 피고의 상고이유에 대한 판단

원심은, ‘해외파견직원’에게 직급별로 매월 일정한 금액으로 지급되는 해외수당은 근로 자체가 해외라는 특수한 지역에서 행하여진다는 기준에 따라 지급되는 임금으로서 정기성·일률성·고정성이 있어 통상임금에 해당한다고 판단하였다.

원심판결 이유를 관련 법리와 기록에 비추어 살펴보면, 원심의 위와 같은 판단에 상고이유 주장과 같이 임금 및 통상임금에 관한 법리를 오해하여 판결에 영향을 미친 잘못이 없다.

3. 결론

그러므로 상고를 모두 기각하고, 상고비용 중 원고들의 상고로 인한 부분은 원고들이, 피고의 상고로 인한 부분은 피고가 각 부담하도록 하여, 관여 대법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

[별 지 1] 원고 명단(상고인): 생략

[별 지 2] 원고 명단(피상고인): 생략

[별 지 3] 원고 명단(상고인 겸 피상고인): 생략

대법관 노태악(재판장) 김재형 민유숙(주심) 이동원

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