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대법원 92다7306

Wages (Ordinary Wage Dispute)임금

Decided1992. 05. 22. Court대법원Case remanded (partially in favor of the employer on substantive allowance classification, but sent back due to a legal error in the lower court's reasoning)
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

In a case involving bus drivers, the dispute centered on whether extended-mileage allowance (연장키로수당), door-operation allowance (개폐수당), and long-service allowance (근속수당) should be included in calculating 'ordinary wages' (통상임금)—a key baseline figure used to compute overtime pay, severance pay, and other benefits under Korean labor law. The Supreme Court (대법원) ruled that allowances which fluctuate based on actual work performance or attendance, as well as the long-service allowance (which it characterized as a discretionary, goodwill-based payment rather than compensation for work performed), do not qualify as ordinary wages. However, the Court found an error in the lower court's reasoning specifically regarding the long-service allowance and remanded the case for further review. Ultimately, none of the three allowances were included in the ordinary wage calculation.

Key takeaways
  • CaseBus drivers sought to have their extended-mileage allowance, door-operation allowance, and long-service allowance included in the calculation of ordinary wages.
  • OutcomeThe Court held that allowances tied to actual performance or attendance, and the discretionary long-service allowance, do not qualify as ordinary wages.
  • LessonOnly fixed compensation paid regularly and uniformly counts as ordinary wages (통상임금)—allowances that fluctuate with attendance or performance are excluded.
Issues
  • Whether the extended-mileage allowance and door-operation allowance should be included in ordinary wages
  • Whether the long-service allowance paid to employees with one or more years of service should be included in ordinary wages
Key reasoning

Under Korean labor law, 'ordinary wages' (통상임금) refers to fixed compensation paid regularly and uniformly to all employees, regardless of individual performance or attendance variations. Because the extended-mileage allowance and door-operation allowance varied depending on actual hours worked or job performance, they failed to meet the 'fixed and uniform' requirement and were excluded from ordinary wages. The long-service allowance, meanwhile, was deemed a discretionary bonus-like payment (은혜적 성격의 수당) rather than direct compensation for the quality or quantity of work performed, and thus also fell outside the definition of ordinary wages. Despite reaching this conclusion, the Supreme Court identified a specific error in how the lower court analyzed the long-service allowance issue, warranting remand for correction.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] "Ordinary wages" under Article 19(2) of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) and Article 31(1) of the Enforcement Decree of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법시행령) refers to the hourly wage amount, daily wage amount, monthly wage amount, or piece-rate wage amount that is fixed to be paid regularly and uniformly to an employee for the prescribed work or total work. This serves to guarantee the minimum level of average wages under the Labor Standards Act and functions as the basis for calculating overtime, night work, and holiday work allowances, as well as advance dismissal notice allowances, paid leave allowances, and the like. In light of the purpose of the statutory provisions concerning ordinary wages and the aforementioned function and necessity, ordinary wages mean fixed wages that are determined to be paid regularly and uniformly for one wage calculation period, in return for the quantity or quality of prescribed work, regardless of the actual number of days worked or the amount actually received. Therefore, wages whose payment or amount varies depending on actual attendance or work performance should be excluded from the calculation of ordinary wages.

[2] In a case where a transportation company, based on January 1 of each year, paid to drivers who had continuously served for one year or more a length-of-service allowance in a fixed amount per year of service, added according to the number of years of continuous service, the court held that such length-of-service allowance could not be regarded as being paid to drivers in order to secure skilled workers, nor could it be regarded as a fixed wage paid in exchange for labor as consideration for the quality of work. Rather, it was found to be an allowance of a gratuitous nature intended to give preferential treatment to drivers who had served for one year or more, having no relation to the quality of work, and could not be said to be a fixed wage paid regularly and uniformly to drivers regardless of their years of service. Accordingly, the court held that this allowance could not, by its nature, be included within the scope of ordinary wages.

Full text (English, AI translation) 5,032 chars

[Order]

The part of the judgment below against the Defendant is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the Chuncheon District Court Panel Division.

The Plaintiff's appeal is dismissed.

The costs of the appeal that was dismissed shall be borne by the Plaintiff.

[Reasoning]

1. We examine the Plaintiff's grounds of appeal.

The ordinary wage under Article 19(2) of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) and Article 31(1) of the Enforcement Decree of the same Act refers to the hourly amount, daily amount, monthly amount, or piece-rate amount that has been determined to be paid regularly and uniformly to a worker for prescribed work or total work. This serves to guarantee the minimum level of average wages under the Labor Standards Act and forms the basis for calculating overtime, night, and holiday work allowances, dismissal notice allowances, paid leave allowances, and the like. In light of the purpose of the statutes concerning ordinary wages and the above functions and necessity, ordinary wages mean fixed wages that are determined to be paid regularly and uniformly during one wage calculation period for the quantity or quality of prescribed work, regardless of the actual number of working days or the amount actually received (see this Court's Decisions 90Da카6984 rendered on November 9, 1990; 90Da카14758 rendered on June 28, 1991, respectively). Therefore, wages whose payment or amount varies depending on actual attendance or work performance must be excluded from the calculation of ordinary wages (see this Court's Decision 91Da17955 rendered on February 14, 1992).

According to the reasoning of the judgment below, the court below found that, in the labor contract at issue between the Plaintiff, an intercity bus driver, and the Defendant company, a transportation company, it was agreed, as stated in the judgment, that a certain "extended-kilometer allowance" would be paid on each working day, in addition to the base pay, to bus drivers who operated buses exceeding a certain kilometer distance, and that a certain "door-opening/closing allowance" would likewise be paid on each working day to drivers who operated buses without a conductor. The court below then determined that each of these allowances could not be said to be paid regularly and uniformly regardless of actual attendance or work performance, and therefore were not included in ordinary wages. In light of the evidentiary relationships appearing in the record and the legal principles set forth above, the court below's fact-finding and determination are justified, and there is no illegality therein such as violation of the rules of evidence, insufficient deliberation, or misunderstanding of the law, as argued in the grounds of appeal.

This argument is without merit.

2. We examine the Defendant's second ground of appeal.

The court below found that, under the labor contract at issue, it was agreed that a fixed amount of seniority allowance, as stated in the judgment, would be paid per year, added according to the years of continuous service, to drivers who had continuously served for one year or more, based on January 1 of each year. The court below then held that this seniority allowance was paid to all drivers who had worked for one year or more, according to their years of continuous service, in order to secure skilled workers, and that it constituted a wage exchanged for labor, paid fixedly each month as consideration for the quality of labor, and therefore should be included in ordinary wages.

However, according to the evidence adopted by the court below and the record, the above seniority allowance cannot be regarded as being paid to drivers in order to secure skilled workers, nor as a fixed wage exchanged for labor as consideration for the quality of labor. Rather, it is an allowance of a gratuitous nature intended to give preferential treatment to drivers who have served continuously for one year or more, unrelated to the quality of labor, and it cannot be said to be a fixed wage paid regularly and uniformly to drivers regardless of their years of service. Therefore, by its nature, it cannot be included within the scope of ordinary wages.

Accordingly, the court below committed an error of misapprehending the facts due to a violation of the rules of evidence and an error of misunderstanding the law regarding ordinary wages, and the argument pointing this out has merit, so the judgment below cannot escape reversal. As the remaining grounds of appeal are premised on the seniority allowance being included in ordinary wages, we do not further examine them.

Therefore, the part of the judgment below against the Defendant is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the court below; the Plaintiff's appeal is dismissed; and the costs of the appeal that was dismissed shall be borne by the losing party. The Justices concurring in this opinion render judgment as stated in the Order.

Justice Park Man-ho (Presiding Justice), Park Woo-dong, Kim Sang-won, Yoon Young-chul

【판결요지】

가. 근로기준법 제19조 제2항과 같은법시행령 제31조 제1항 소정의 통상임금은 근로자에게 정기적, 일률적으로 소정근로 또는 총근로에 대하여 지급하기로 정하여진 시간급금액, 일급금액, 월급금액 또는 도급금액을 말하는데, 이는 근로기준법상 평균임금의 최저한을 보장하고, 시간외, 야간 및 휴일근로수당 등과 해고예고수당, 유급휴가급 등의 산정근거가 되는 것인바, 통상임금에 관한 법령의 취지와 위와 같은 기능 및 필요성에 비추어 볼 때 통상임금은 소정의 근로의 양 또는 질에 대하여 지급하기로 된 임금으로서 실제 근무일수나 수령액에 구애됨이 없이 정기적, 일률적으로 1임금 산정기간에 지급하기로 정하여진 고정급 임금을 의미하므로, 실제 근무 여부 또는 근무실적에 따라 지급 여부 및 지급액이 변동되는 임금은 통상임금의 산정에서 제외되어야 할 것이다.

나. 운수회사에서 매년 1월 1일을 기준으로 만 1년 이상 근속한 운전사에게 1년당 정액의 근속수당을 근속년한에 따라 가산하여 지급하기로 한 경우 위 근속수당이 숙련공을 확보하기 위하여 운전사에게 지급되는 것이거나 근로의 질에 대한 대가로서 고정적으로 지급되는 근로교환적 임금이라고는 볼 수 없고, 오히려 1년 이상 근속한 운전사를 우대하기 위한 은혜적 성격의 수당으로서 근로의 질과는 관계가 없는 것이고, 근무연수에 구애 없이 정기적, 일률적으로 운전사에게 지급되는 고정급 임금이라고 할 수 없으므로 이는 성질상 통상임금의 범위에 포함시킬 수 없다고 한 사례.

【참조조문】

근로기준법 제19조 제2항, 같은법시행령 제31조 제1항

【참조판례】

가. 대법원 1990.12.26. 선고 90다카12493 판결(공1991,618), 1991.6.28. 선고 90다카14758 판결(공1991,2015), 1992.2.14. 선고 91다17955 판결

【주문】·【이유】 전문 1,917자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인 겸 피상고인】

【피고, 피상고인 겸 상고인】 금강운수주식회사 소송대리인 변호사 노재환

【원심판결】 춘천지방법원 1992.1.24. 선고 91나1725 판결

【주 문】

원심판결중 피고 패소부분을 파기하고 이 부분 사건을 춘천지방법원 합의부에 환송한다.

원고의 상고를 기각한다.

상고기각된 상고비용은 원고의 부담으로 한다.

【이 유】1. 원고의 상고이유를 본다.

근로기준법 제19조 제2항과 동법시행령 31조 제1항 소정의 통상임금은 근로자에게 정기적, 일률적으로 소정근로 또는 총근로에 대하여 지급하기로 정하여진 시간급금액, 일급금액, 월급금액 또는 도급금액을 말하는데, 이는 근로기준법상 평균임금의 최저한을 보장하고, 시간외, 야간 및 휴일근로수당 등과 해고예고수당, 유급휴가급 등의 산정근거가 되는 것인바, 통상임금에 관한 법령의 취지와 위와 같은 기능 및 필요성에 비추어 볼 때 통상임금은 소정의 근로의 양 또는 질에 대하여 지급하기로 된 임금으로서 실제 근무일수나 수령액에 구애됨이 없이 정기적, 일률적으로 1임금 산정기간에 지급하기로 정하여진 고정급 임금을 의미하므로(당원 1990.11.9. 선고 90다카6984 판결; 1991.6.28. 선고 90다카14758 판결 각 참조), 실제 근무 여부 또는 근무실적에 따라 지급 여부 및 지급액이 변동되는 임금은 통상임금의 산정에서 제외되어야 할 것이다(당원 1992.2.14. 선고 91다17955 판결 참조).

원심판결 이유에 의하면, 원심은 시외버스운전사인 원고와 운수회사인 피고 회사 사이에 체결된 이 사건 근로계약에 있어서 판시와 같이 일정한 키로를 초과하여 운행한 버스운전사에게 기본급 외에 매 근무일마다 일정액의 ‘연장키로수당’을, 안내원이 없는 버스를 운행한 운전사에 대하여도 매 근무일마다 일정액의 ‘개폐수당’을 각 지급하기로 약정한 사실을 인정한 다음, 위 각 수당은 실제 근무 여부나 근무실적과 관계없이 정기적, 일률적으로 지급되는 것이라 할 수 없어 통상임금에 포함되지 않는다고 판단하였는바, 기록에 나타난 증거관계 및 앞에 설시한 법리에 비추어 볼 때 원심의 위 사실인정과 판단은 정당하고 거기에 소론과 같은 채증법칙 위반, 심리미진 또는 법리 오해등의 위법이 있다 할 수 없다.

논지는 이유 없다.

2. 피고의 상고이유 제2점을 본다.

원심은 이 사건 근로계약에 있어 매년 1월 1일을 기준으로 만 1년 이상 근속한 운전사에게 1년당 판시와 같은 정액의 근속수당을 근속연한에 따라 가산하여 지급하기로 약정된 사실을 인정한 후, 위 근속수당은 숙련공을 확보하기 위하여 만 1년 이상 근무한 모든 운전자에게 근속연수에 따라 지급되는 것이고, 이는 근로의 질에 대한 대가로 매월 고정적으로 지급되는 근로교환적 임금에 해당하는 것이어서 통상임금에 포함시켜야 한다고 판시하였다.

그러나 원심이 채택한 증거와 기록에 의하면 위 근속수당이 숙련공을 확보하기 위하여 운전자에게 지급되는 것이거나 근로의 질에 대한 대가로서 고정적으로 지급되는 근로교환적 임금이라고는 볼 수 없고, 오히려 1년 이상 근속한 운전자를 우대하기 위한 은혜적 성격의 수당으로서 근로의 질과는 관계가 없는 것이고, 근무연수에 구애 없이 정기적, 일률적으로 운전자에게 지급되는 고정급 임금이라고 할 수 없으므로 이는 성질상 통상임금의 범위에 포함시킬수 없다고 할 것이다.

따라서 원심은 채증법칙 위배로 인한 사실오인 및 통상임금에 관한 법리오해의 위법을 저질렀다 할 것이고 이 점을 지적하는 논지는 이유 있으므로 파기를 면할 수 없는바, 나머지 상고이유는 위 근속수당이 통상임금에 포함됨을 전제로 한 것이어서 더 나아가 판단하지 아니한다.

그러므로 원심판결 중 피고 패소부분을 파기하고 이 부분 사건을 원심법원에 환송하며 원고의 상고를 기각하고 상고기각된 상고비용은 패소자의 부담으로 하기로 관여 법관의 의견이 일치되어 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 박만호(재판장) 박우동 김상원 윤영철

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