[Order]
The part of the lower court judgment against which the Defendant lost is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.
[Reasoning]
The grounds for appeal are examined.
1.
Even if a subordinate organization of a juridical person is subject to the business guidance and supervision of the juridical person, if it has an organization consisting of a decision-making body and an executive body based on its own rules, if the resolutions of its organs or the manner of executing its affairs are conducted according to the principle of majority rule, and if the organization itself continues to exist regardless of changes due to members joining or withdrawing, then such subordinate organization may be regarded as an unincorporated association independent and separate from the juridical person. Once it possesses the substance of an association, it does not lose its character as an association merely because the norms governing its organization and activities are those of the juridical person which is its superior body (see Supreme Court Decision 4291Minsang467, delivered on February 25, 1960; Supreme Court Decision 2002Da59337, delivered on April 11, 2003, etc.).
Meanwhile, whether a person constitutes an "employee" under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) must be determined not by the form of the contract but by whether, in substance, the person provided labor to an employer in a subordinate relationship for the purpose of earning wages. In making this determination, the following factors must be comprehensively considered: whether the content of the work is determined by the employer and is subject to employment rules, service regulations, personnel regulations, etc.; whether the employer exercises specific and direct supervision and direction over the performance of the work; whether working hours and place of work are designated by the employer and whether the person is bound thereby; the ownership of equipment, raw materials, and work tools; matters relating to compensation, such as whether the remuneration has the character of consideration for the labor itself, whether a basic salary or fixed wage is set, and whether income tax is withheld at source; the continuity of the labor-provision relationship and the degree of exclusive attachment to the employer; whether the person's status as an employee should be recognized under other statutes, such as those relating to the social security system; and the economic and social conditions of both parties. Conversely, in determining who, among several parties, bears the obligation as employer to pay wages and retirement allowance to a given worker, the determination must likewise be made based on the substantive labor relationship, regardless of the form of the contract or the content of relevant statutes, and the various factors set forth above must likewise be comprehensively considered (see Supreme Court Decision 97Da56235, delivered on February 9, 1999, etc.). If a substantive labor relationship does not exist, the mere fact that a person is treated as an employer under the Labor Standards Act or other statutes does not mean that such person bears the obligation to pay wages and retirement allowance under the Labor Standards Act (see Supreme Court Decision 2004Da8333, delivered on March 30, 2007, etc.).
2. According to the evidence it adopted, the lower court found the following facts: the Defendant juridical person is an organization composed of business owners, etc., engaged in the hairdressing business as regular members, having its head office in Seoul and, under it, direct-controlled branch chapters in each of the 24 gu (districts) of Seoul, as well as several hundred branch chapters and branches nationwide; it has been operating its business using as funding a portion of the actual income of the branch chapters, including the direct-controlled branch chapters, collected as membership fees; and it has enacted and implemented the "Regulations on the Operation and Management of Branch Chapters and Branches," "Regulations on the Collection of Membership Fees and Management of Members," "Personnel Regulations," "Employee Disciplinary Regulations," etc., in order to govern matters relating to the organization and operation of branch chapters and branches.
The Defendant, ○○-gu Branch Chapter, an incorporated association (hereinafter referred to as "○○-gu Branch Chapter"), is a direct-controlled branch chapter under the Defendant juridical person, organized pursuant to the Defendant juridical person's articles of incorporation and the "Regulations on the Operation and Management of Branch Chapters and Branches," etc., with hairdressers representing more than 580 hair salons operating in the area of Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, as its members. It collects membership fees of KRW 10,000 per month from its members, and with these funds pays the personnel expenses of three employees including the office manager, the rent for the branch chapter office, membership fees to the head office, etc. In addition to the one branch chapter chairman elected by the members, it has officers including two deputy chairmen, nine standing committee members, and two auditors, and periodically convenes a standing committee composed of these officers. Like other branch chapters, it also holds an annual general meeting, at which, with the attendance of a majority of the registered members and the approval of a majority of those present, it approves matters including the wages of the aforementioned three employees, the business plan, the election of officers, the settlement of revenue and expenditure for the preceding fiscal year (from April 1 of the previous year to March 31 of the current year), and the budget for the current fiscal year (from April 1 of the current year to March 31 of the following year).
Under the Defendant juridical person's "Personnel Regulations" and "Employee Disciplinary Regulations," the office manager of a branch chapter is appointed by the chairman of the Defendant juridical person, who is the superior officer, upon recommendation by the branch chapter chairman, while other employees are appointed by the branch chapter chairman; and disciplinary matters concerning employees of a direct-controlled branch chapter are, after resolution by the relevant standing committee and report to the Defendant juridical person, to be deliberated and resolved by the Central Disciplinary Committee.
The Defendant juridical person, upon recommendation by the chairman of ○○-gu Branch Chapter, appointed the Plaintiff as office manager of the said branch chapter on July 4, 1995, and from around that time, the Plaintiff, under the direction of the chairman of ○○-gu Branch Chapter, took overall charge of the affairs of the said branch chapter and received from the said branch chapter wages consisting of basic pay, allowances, bonuses, etc., set by the said branch chapter in accordance with the Defendant juridical person's "Compensation Regulations."
Upon a complaint filed by the nonparty, chairman of ○○-gu Branch Chapter, the Defendant juridical person convened a disciplinary committee on June 3, 2004, and dismissed the Plaintiff as a disciplinary measure. The Plaintiff filed an application for remedy against unfair dismissal with the Seoul Regional Labor Relations Commission against the Defendant juridical person, and the Seoul Regional Labor Relations Commission accepted the Plaintiff's application and issued a remedial order, which became final. Thereafter, the Defendant juridical person reappointed the Plaintiff as office manager of ○○-gu Branch Chapter effective January 18, 2005; however, the chairman of ○○-gu Branch Chapter did not assign the Plaintiff any work and even prohibited the Plaintiff from entering the office, so that the Plaintiff resigned on May 18, 2005.
Having found the above facts, the lower court determined that, although ○○-gu Branch Chapter, being organized based on the Defendant juridical person's articles of incorporation and the aforementioned regulations, with a decision-making body and a representative serving as an executive body, with resolutions of its organs and the manner of executing its affairs conducted according to the principle of majority rule, and continuing to exist as an organization regardless of changes due to members joining or withdrawing, is in its own right an unincorporated association independent and separate from the Defendant juridical person, nevertheless a direct labor relationship was established between the Plaintiff and the Defendant juridical person, such that the Defendant juridical person stood in the position of employer vis-à-vis the Plaintiff.
3. However, given the above facts, in light of the legal principles set out above, ○○-gu Branch Chapter is not only an unincorporated association independent and separate from the Defendant juridical person, but it is also appropriate to view that it is ○○-gu Branch Chapter that specifically and individually directed and supervised the Plaintiff and paid the Plaintiff wages, etc. as consideration for the Plaintiff's labor, and that it was with ○○-gu Branch Chapter that a substantive labor relationship was established with the Plaintiff. Although the Defendant juridical person, based on its Personnel Regulations, appointed the Plaintiff as office manager of ○○-gu Branch Chapter, then took the disciplinary action of dismissal against the Plaintiff pursuant to the Employee Disciplinary Regulations, and thereafter, having become the opposing party in the unfair dismissal remedy proceeding initiated at the Plaintiff's request and having lost that proceeding, reappointed the Plaintiff as office manager of ○○-gu Branch Chapter; and although the basis for the Plaintiff, as office manager, taking overall charge of the branch chapter's affairs under the direction of the branch chapter chairman lies in the Defendant juridical person's "Regulations on the Operation and Management of Branch Chapters and Branches," and although the Defendant juridical person's Compensation Regulations, which constitute its employment rules, set forth specific standards concerning working conditions such as wages for the Plaintiff, all of these appear to be nothing more than measures for the uniform operation and supervision of the branch chapters and branches under the Defendant juridical person, and cannot be regarded as establishing a substantive labor relationship between the Plaintiff—who, under the direction of the chairman of ○○-gu Branch Chapter, took overall charge of the said branch chapter's affairs and received from the said branch chapter wages consisting of basic pay, allowances, bonuses, etc., set by the said branch chapter in accordance with the Defendant juridical person's "Compensation Regulations"—and the Defendant juridical person. Nevertheless, the lower court determined that the Defendant juridical person stood in the position of employer vis-à-vis the Plaintiff and accordingly partially upheld the Plaintiff's claim for wages in this case. Therefore, the lower court's judgment contains an error of law, in that it misapprehended the legal principles concerning the establishment of a labor relationship, which affected the judgment. The ground for appeal on this point is well-founded.
4. Accordingly, without examining the remaining grounds for appeal, the part of the lower court judgment against which the Defendant lost is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the court below for further hearing and determination. This judgment is rendered as set forth in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices.
Justice Park Si-hwan (Presiding Justice), Yang Seung-tae, Park Il-hwan, Kim Neung-hwan (Justice in charge)