Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 2007다7973

Wages (임금)임금

Decided2008. 10. 23. Court대법원Case reversed and remanded (파기환송) for further review by the lower court
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AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

An employee who worked at a local chapter under a parent corporation sued the corporation for unpaid wages and severance pay (퇴직금). The key issues were whether the local chapter qualified as an independent unincorporated association (비법인사단) and who was the actual substantive employer. The Supreme Court (대법원) remanded the case, finding that the lower court had failed to sufficiently examine the substantive employment relationship, and reaffirmed that employment relationships must be judged based on substance rather than mere form.

Key takeaways
  • CaseIncident: An employee who worked at a local chapter under a parent corporation sued the corporation for unpaid wages and severance pay (퇴직금).
  • OutcomeResult: The Supreme Court (대법원) reversed and remanded the case, ruling that the lower court had not adequately examined whether the chapter was truly independent and who the actual substantive employer was.
  • LessonLesson: In complex organizational structures, the real employer may be whoever actually directs and supervises the work, not necessarily the party named as employer in the contract.
Issues
  • Requirements for a subordinate organization under a parent corporation to be recognized as an independent unincorporated association (비법인사단)
  • The standard for determining who qualifies as an 'employer' and 'employee' under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법)
Key reasoning

A subordinate organization under a parent corporation can be recognized as an independent unincorporated association (비법인사단) if it has an organizational structure based on its own bylaws, operates on majority-rule principles, and maintains its own continuous existence as a body. Whether someone qualifies as an 'employer' under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) should not be determined by the formal contractual arrangement alone. Instead, courts must comprehensively consider multiple factors reflecting the actual substance of the employment relationship, such as who exercised direction and supervision over the work, who paid wages, and who had authority over hiring and dismissal. The lower court's failure to thoroughly investigate these substantive factors was the basis for reversal.

Full text (English, AI translation) 11,800 chars

[Order]

The part of the lower court judgment against which the Defendant lost is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.

[Reasoning]

The grounds for appeal are examined.

1.
Even if a subordinate organization of a juridical person is subject to the business guidance and supervision of the juridical person, if it has an organization consisting of a decision-making body and an executive body based on its own rules, if the resolutions of its organs or the manner of executing its affairs are conducted according to the principle of majority rule, and if the organization itself continues to exist regardless of changes due to members joining or withdrawing, then such subordinate organization may be regarded as an unincorporated association independent and separate from the juridical person. Once it possesses the substance of an association, it does not lose its character as an association merely because the norms governing its organization and activities are those of the juridical person which is its superior body (see Supreme Court Decision 4291Minsang467, delivered on February 25, 1960; Supreme Court Decision 2002Da59337, delivered on April 11, 2003, etc.).

Meanwhile, whether a person constitutes an "employee" under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) must be determined not by the form of the contract but by whether, in substance, the person provided labor to an employer in a subordinate relationship for the purpose of earning wages. In making this determination, the following factors must be comprehensively considered: whether the content of the work is determined by the employer and is subject to employment rules, service regulations, personnel regulations, etc.; whether the employer exercises specific and direct supervision and direction over the performance of the work; whether working hours and place of work are designated by the employer and whether the person is bound thereby; the ownership of equipment, raw materials, and work tools; matters relating to compensation, such as whether the remuneration has the character of consideration for the labor itself, whether a basic salary or fixed wage is set, and whether income tax is withheld at source; the continuity of the labor-provision relationship and the degree of exclusive attachment to the employer; whether the person's status as an employee should be recognized under other statutes, such as those relating to the social security system; and the economic and social conditions of both parties. Conversely, in determining who, among several parties, bears the obligation as employer to pay wages and retirement allowance to a given worker, the determination must likewise be made based on the substantive labor relationship, regardless of the form of the contract or the content of relevant statutes, and the various factors set forth above must likewise be comprehensively considered (see Supreme Court Decision 97Da56235, delivered on February 9, 1999, etc.). If a substantive labor relationship does not exist, the mere fact that a person is treated as an employer under the Labor Standards Act or other statutes does not mean that such person bears the obligation to pay wages and retirement allowance under the Labor Standards Act (see Supreme Court Decision 2004Da8333, delivered on March 30, 2007, etc.).

2. According to the evidence it adopted, the lower court found the following facts: the Defendant juridical person is an organization composed of business owners, etc., engaged in the hairdressing business as regular members, having its head office in Seoul and, under it, direct-controlled branch chapters in each of the 24 gu (districts) of Seoul, as well as several hundred branch chapters and branches nationwide; it has been operating its business using as funding a portion of the actual income of the branch chapters, including the direct-controlled branch chapters, collected as membership fees; and it has enacted and implemented the "Regulations on the Operation and Management of Branch Chapters and Branches," "Regulations on the Collection of Membership Fees and Management of Members," "Personnel Regulations," "Employee Disciplinary Regulations," etc., in order to govern matters relating to the organization and operation of branch chapters and branches.

The Defendant, ○○-gu Branch Chapter, an incorporated association (hereinafter referred to as "○○-gu Branch Chapter"), is a direct-controlled branch chapter under the Defendant juridical person, organized pursuant to the Defendant juridical person's articles of incorporation and the "Regulations on the Operation and Management of Branch Chapters and Branches," etc., with hairdressers representing more than 580 hair salons operating in the area of Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, as its members. It collects membership fees of KRW 10,000 per month from its members, and with these funds pays the personnel expenses of three employees including the office manager, the rent for the branch chapter office, membership fees to the head office, etc. In addition to the one branch chapter chairman elected by the members, it has officers including two deputy chairmen, nine standing committee members, and two auditors, and periodically convenes a standing committee composed of these officers. Like other branch chapters, it also holds an annual general meeting, at which, with the attendance of a majority of the registered members and the approval of a majority of those present, it approves matters including the wages of the aforementioned three employees, the business plan, the election of officers, the settlement of revenue and expenditure for the preceding fiscal year (from April 1 of the previous year to March 31 of the current year), and the budget for the current fiscal year (from April 1 of the current year to March 31 of the following year).

Under the Defendant juridical person's "Personnel Regulations" and "Employee Disciplinary Regulations," the office manager of a branch chapter is appointed by the chairman of the Defendant juridical person, who is the superior officer, upon recommendation by the branch chapter chairman, while other employees are appointed by the branch chapter chairman; and disciplinary matters concerning employees of a direct-controlled branch chapter are, after resolution by the relevant standing committee and report to the Defendant juridical person, to be deliberated and resolved by the Central Disciplinary Committee.

The Defendant juridical person, upon recommendation by the chairman of ○○-gu Branch Chapter, appointed the Plaintiff as office manager of the said branch chapter on July 4, 1995, and from around that time, the Plaintiff, under the direction of the chairman of ○○-gu Branch Chapter, took overall charge of the affairs of the said branch chapter and received from the said branch chapter wages consisting of basic pay, allowances, bonuses, etc., set by the said branch chapter in accordance with the Defendant juridical person's "Compensation Regulations."

Upon a complaint filed by the nonparty, chairman of ○○-gu Branch Chapter, the Defendant juridical person convened a disciplinary committee on June 3, 2004, and dismissed the Plaintiff as a disciplinary measure. The Plaintiff filed an application for remedy against unfair dismissal with the Seoul Regional Labor Relations Commission against the Defendant juridical person, and the Seoul Regional Labor Relations Commission accepted the Plaintiff's application and issued a remedial order, which became final. Thereafter, the Defendant juridical person reappointed the Plaintiff as office manager of ○○-gu Branch Chapter effective January 18, 2005; however, the chairman of ○○-gu Branch Chapter did not assign the Plaintiff any work and even prohibited the Plaintiff from entering the office, so that the Plaintiff resigned on May 18, 2005.

Having found the above facts, the lower court determined that, although ○○-gu Branch Chapter, being organized based on the Defendant juridical person's articles of incorporation and the aforementioned regulations, with a decision-making body and a representative serving as an executive body, with resolutions of its organs and the manner of executing its affairs conducted according to the principle of majority rule, and continuing to exist as an organization regardless of changes due to members joining or withdrawing, is in its own right an unincorporated association independent and separate from the Defendant juridical person, nevertheless a direct labor relationship was established between the Plaintiff and the Defendant juridical person, such that the Defendant juridical person stood in the position of employer vis-à-vis the Plaintiff.

3. However, given the above facts, in light of the legal principles set out above, ○○-gu Branch Chapter is not only an unincorporated association independent and separate from the Defendant juridical person, but it is also appropriate to view that it is ○○-gu Branch Chapter that specifically and individually directed and supervised the Plaintiff and paid the Plaintiff wages, etc. as consideration for the Plaintiff's labor, and that it was with ○○-gu Branch Chapter that a substantive labor relationship was established with the Plaintiff. Although the Defendant juridical person, based on its Personnel Regulations, appointed the Plaintiff as office manager of ○○-gu Branch Chapter, then took the disciplinary action of dismissal against the Plaintiff pursuant to the Employee Disciplinary Regulations, and thereafter, having become the opposing party in the unfair dismissal remedy proceeding initiated at the Plaintiff's request and having lost that proceeding, reappointed the Plaintiff as office manager of ○○-gu Branch Chapter; and although the basis for the Plaintiff, as office manager, taking overall charge of the branch chapter's affairs under the direction of the branch chapter chairman lies in the Defendant juridical person's "Regulations on the Operation and Management of Branch Chapters and Branches," and although the Defendant juridical person's Compensation Regulations, which constitute its employment rules, set forth specific standards concerning working conditions such as wages for the Plaintiff, all of these appear to be nothing more than measures for the uniform operation and supervision of the branch chapters and branches under the Defendant juridical person, and cannot be regarded as establishing a substantive labor relationship between the Plaintiff—who, under the direction of the chairman of ○○-gu Branch Chapter, took overall charge of the said branch chapter's affairs and received from the said branch chapter wages consisting of basic pay, allowances, bonuses, etc., set by the said branch chapter in accordance with the Defendant juridical person's "Compensation Regulations"—and the Defendant juridical person. Nevertheless, the lower court determined that the Defendant juridical person stood in the position of employer vis-à-vis the Plaintiff and accordingly partially upheld the Plaintiff's claim for wages in this case. Therefore, the lower court's judgment contains an error of law, in that it misapprehended the legal principles concerning the establishment of a labor relationship, which affected the judgment. The ground for appeal on this point is well-founded.

4. Accordingly, without examining the remaining grounds for appeal, the part of the lower court judgment against which the Defendant lost is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the court below for further hearing and determination. This judgment is rendered as set forth in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices.

Justice Park Si-hwan (Presiding Justice), Yang Seung-tae, Park Il-hwan, Kim Neung-hwan (Justice in charge)

【참조조문】

[1] 민법 제31조

[2] 근로기준법 제2조, 제23조, 제34조

【참조판례】

[1] 대법원 1960. 2. 25. 선고 4291민상467 판결, 대법원 2003. 4. 11. 선고 2002다59337 판결(공2003상, 1154) / [2] 대법원 1999. 2. 9. 선고 97다56235 판결(공1999상, 451), 대법원 2007. 3. 30. 선고 2004다8333 판결(공2007상, 614)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 4,117자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 피상고인】

【피고, 상고인】

【원심판결】 서울고법 2006. 12. 29. 선고 2006나47792 판결

【주 문】

원심판결 중 피고 패소부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 판단한다.

1. 법인의 산하단체로서 법인의 업무상 지도감독을 받는다고 하더라도, 규약에 근거하여 의사결정기관과 집행기관 등의 조직을 갖추고 있고, 기관의 의결이나 업무집행방법이 다수결의 원칙에 의하여 행하여지며, 구성원의 가입·탈퇴 등으로 인한 변경에 관계없이 단체 그 자체가 존속된다면, 그 산하단체는 법인과는 별개의 독립된 비법인 사단이라고 볼 수 있으며, 사단의 실질을 구비한 이상 그 조직과 활동을 규율하는 규범이 상부 단체인 법인의 것이라 하여 사단성을 상실하는 것도 아니다( 대법원 1960. 2. 25. 선고 4291민상467 판결, 대법원 2003. 4. 11. 선고 2002다59337 판결 등 참조).

한편, 근로기준법상의 근로자에 해당하는지 여부는 계약의 형식과는 관계없이 실질에 있어서 근로자가 임금을 목적으로 종속적인 관계에서 사용자에게 근로를 제공하였는지 여부에 따라 판단하여야 하고, 이를 판단함에 있어서는 업무의 내용이 사용자에 의하여 정하여지고 취업규칙·복무규정·인사규정 등의 적용을 받으며 업무 수행 과정에 있어서도 사용자로부터 구체적이고 직접적인 지휘·감독을 받는지 여부, 사용자에 의하여 근무시간과 근무장소가 지정되고 이에 구속을 받는지 여부, 비품·원자재·작업도구 등의 소유관계, 보수가 근로 자체의 대상적 성격을 가지고 있는지 여부와 기본급이나 고정급이 정하여져 있는지 여부 및 근로소득세의 원천징수 여부 등 보수에 관한 사항, 근로제공관계의 계속성과 사용자에의 전속성의 유무와 정도, 사회보장제도에 관한 법령 등 다른 법령에 의하여 근로자로서의 지위를 인정하여야 하는지 여부, 양 당사자의 경제·사회적 조건 등을 종합적으로 고려하여 판단하여야 하고, 반대로 어떤 근로자에 대하여 누가 임금 및 퇴직금의 지급의무를 부담하는 사용자인가를 판단함에 있어서도 계약의 형식이나 관련 법규의 내용에 관계없이 실질적인 근로관계를 기준으로 하여야 하고, 이 때에도 위와 같은 여러 요소들을 종합적으로 고려하여야 하며( 대법원 1999. 2. 9. 선고 97다56235 판결 등 참조), 실질적인 근로관계에 있지 않다면 근로기준법 기타 다른 법률 등에 의하여 사용자로 취급되는 경우가 있다고 하여 근로기준법상의 임금 및 퇴직금지급의무까지 진다고 할 수 없다( 대법원 2007. 3. 30. 선고 2004다8333 판결 등 참조).

2. 원심은 그 채택 증거에 의하여, 미용업을 경영하는 업주 등을 정회원으로 하여 조직된 단체인 피고 법인이 서울에 중앙회를 두고 그 산하에 서울의 24개 구마다 직할지회를 두는 등 전국적으로 수백 개의 지회 및 지부를 두고, 직할지회 등 지회로부터 지회의 실수입금 중 일부를 회비로 납부받아 이를 재원으로 하여 그 사업을 운영해 오면서, 지회 및 지부의 조직과 운영에 관한 사항 등을 규정하기 위하여 ‘지회·지부 운영 및 관리규정’, ‘회비징수 및 회원관리 규정’, ‘인사규정’, ‘직원징계규정’ 등을 제정하여 시행하여 온 사실, 피고 사단법인 ○○구지회(이하 ‘ ○○구지회’라고 한다)는 피고 법인 산하의 직할지회로서, 피고 법인의 정관과 ‘지회·지부 운영 및 관리규정’ 등에 따라 서울 성북구 일원에서 개업한 580여 업소 이상의 미용실을 대표하는 미용사들을 회원으로 하여 조직되고, 회원들로부터 매월 10,000원의 회비를 납부받아, 이로써 사무국장을 포함한 직원 3명의 인건비, 지회 사무실 임대료, 중앙회 회비 등을 지출하고, 그 회원들의 선거로 선출하는 지회장 1명 이외에도 부지회장 2명, 상임위원 9명, 감사 2명 등의 임원을 두고, 위 임원들로 구성되는 상임위원회를 수시로 개최하는 한편, 다른 지회와 마찬가지로 매년 정기총회를 개최하여 위 직원 3명의 임금에 대한 사항을 포함하여, 사업계획의 승인, 임원 선출, 직전 회계연도(전년도 4. 1.부터 그해 3. 31.까지) 세입세출의 결산과 당해 회계연도(그해 4. 1.부터 다음해 3. 31.까지)의 예산안 등을 재적 과반수의 참석과 참석자 과반수의 찬성으로 승인해 온 사실, 피고 법인의 ‘인사규정’과 ‘직원징계규정’에 의하면 지회의 사무국장은 지회장의 추천으로 상급장인 피고 법인의 회장이 임명하고, 그 외 직원은 지회장이 임명하며, 직할지회 직원의 징계사항은 소속 상임위원회의 의결을 거쳐 피고 법인에 보고가 되면 중앙징계위원회에서 심의의결하도록 규정된 사실, 피고 법인은 ○○구지회 지회장의 추천으로 1995. 7. 4. 원고를 위 지회 사무국장으로 임명하였고, 원고는 그 무렵부터 ○○구지회 지회장의 명을 받아 위 지회의 업무를 총괄하면서 위 지회로부터 위 지회가 피고 법인의 ‘보수규정’에 따라 책정한 본봉 및 수당, 상여금 등의 급여를 수령한 사실, 피고 법인이 ○○구지회 지회장인 소외인의 진정으로 2004. 6. 3. 원고에 대한 징계위원회를 개최하여 원고를 징계해임하자 원고는 서울지방노동위원회에 피고 법인을 상대로 부당해고구제신청을 제기하고, 서울지방노동위원회가 원고의 신청을 받아들여 구제결정을 내리고 위 구제결정이 확정되자 피고 법인이 2005. 1. 18.자로 원고를 ○○구지회 사무국장으로 재발령하였으나, ○○구지회 지회장이 원고에게 업무를 부여하지 않은 채 사무실 출입마저 금하여 원고가 2005. 5. 18. 사직한 사실 등을 인정한 다음, ○○구지회는 피고 법인의 정관 및 위 각 규정에 근거하여 의사결정기관 및 집행기관인 대표자를 두는 등의 조직을 갖추고 있고, 기관의 의결이나 업무집행방법이 다수결의 원칙에 의하여 행하여지며, 구성원의 가입·탈퇴 등으로 인한 변경에 관계없이 단체 그 자체가 존속된다고 보이므로 그 나름대로 피고 법인과는 별개의 독립된 비법인사단이기는 하나, 원고와 피고 법인 사이에 직접 근로관계가 성립되어 피고 법인이 원고에 대하여 사용자의 지위에 있었다는 취지로 판단하였다.

3. 그러나 사실관계가 위와 같다면, 앞서 본 법리에 비추어 볼 때 ○○구지회는 피고 법인과는 별개의 독립된 비법인사단일 뿐 아니라, 나아가 원고를 구체적이고 개별적으로 지휘·감독하면서 원고의 근로에 대한 대가로 임금 등을 지급하는 자로서 원고와 사이에 실질적인 근로관계가 성립되었다고 봄이 상당하다. 피고 법인이 그 인사규정에 터잡아 원고를 ○○구지회의 사무국장으로 임명하였다가 직원징계규정에 의하여 이 사건 해임처분을 한 뒤, 원고의 신청에 따른 부당해고구제신청의 상대방 당사자가 되어 다투다가 패소하자 원고를 ○○구지회의 사무국장으로 재발령하였고, 사무국장인 원고가 지회장의 명을 받아 지회업무를 총괄하는 근거가 피고 법인의 ‘지회·지부 운영 및 관리규정’에 있으며, 피고 법인의 취업규칙인 보수규정에서 원고에 대한 급여 등 근로조건에 관한 구체적인 기준을 마련해 두고 있기는 하지만, 이는 모두 피고 법인 산하 지회 및 지부의 통일적인 운영 및 감독을 위한 것에 불과하다고 보여질 뿐, 이로써 ○○구지회 지회장의 명을 받아 위 지회의 업무를 총괄하면서 위 지회로부터 위 지회가 피고 법인의 ‘보수규정’에 따라 책정한 본봉 및 수당, 상여금 등의 급여를 수령하여 온 원고와 피고 법인 사이에 실질적인 근로관계가 성립되었다고 볼 수는 없다고 할 것이다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 원심은 피고 법인이 원고에 대한 사용자의 지위에 있다고 판단하여 원고의 이 사건 임금청구를 일부 인용하였으니, 원심판결에는 근로관계의 성립에 관한 법리를 오해하여 판결에 영향을 미친 위법이 있다고 할 것이다. 이 점에 관한 상고이유는 이유 있다.

4. 그러므로 나머지 상고이유에 대한 판단을 생략한 채 원심판결 중 피고 패소부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 다시 심리·판단하도록 원심법원에 환송하기로 하여 관여 대법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 박시환(재판장) 양승태 박일환 김능환(주심)

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