Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 87다카2132

Wages, etc.임금등

Decided1989. 05. 23. Court대법원Worker won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

A company laid off an employee for business reasons through a workforce reduction (jeongri-haego, 정리해고), but immediately hired new employees right after the dismissal, failing to meet the legal requirements for a valid layoff. As a result, the dismissal was ruled invalid. The court also held that receiving a dismissal allowance does not mean the employee accepted or consented to the dismissal, and that the employee is entitled to full back pay for the period of unfair dismissal (부당해고). The Supreme Court dismissed the company's appeal, finalizing the worker's victory.

Key takeaways
  • CaseIncident: A company dismissed an employee through a business-related layoff, then immediately hired new employees afterward.
  • OutcomeResult: The Supreme Court ruled the layoff invalid for failing to meet legal requirements and ordered the company to pay full back wages for the dismissal period.
  • LessonLesson: Never hire new employees shortly after a layoff, as this is treated as decisive evidence that there was no genuine business necessity for the dismissal.
Issues
  • Whether the company satisfied all legal requirements for a valid business-related layoff (jeongri-haego, 정리해고)
  • Whether receiving a dismissal allowance implies the employee's acceptance of or consent to the dismissal
  • The scope of an employee's right to claim wages for the period during which they were unfairly dismissed (부당해고)
Key reasoning

A layoff for business reasons (jeongri-haego, 정리해고) is only valid if it meets all of the following requirements: urgent business necessity, genuine efforts to avoid the layoff, reasonable and fair selection criteria for who is dismissed, and good-faith consultation with employees or their representatives. In this case, the company's immediate hiring of new employees right after the dismissal strongly indicated that there was no real urgent business necessity, meaning the layoff failed to satisfy the required conditions and was therefore unjustified. The court further clarified that accepting a dismissal allowance does not constitute the employee's acceptance of the dismissal. When a dismissal is found to be unfair (부당해고), the employee retains the right to claim the full amount of wages they would have earned during the dismissal period.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

a. In so-called economic dismissal (整理解雇), where an employer dismisses employees due to management circumstances, first, there must exist an urgent managerial necessity to the extent that the enterprise's management would be jeopardized if the dismissal were not carried out; second, the employer must have exhausted efforts to avoid dismissal, such as rationalization of management policies or work methods, prohibition of new hiring, and utilization of temporary leave and voluntary retirement; third, reasonable and fair standards for selection must be established and the persons subject to dismissal must be selected accordingly; and in addition, sincere consultation with the labor union or the employees is required prior to the dismissal.

b. The mere fact that an employee, after being dismissed, received severance pay provided by the employer cannot, by itself, be conclusively deemed to constitute an acknowledgment of the legitimacy of the dismissal against him or acceptance of the dismissal measure.

c. Where an employer's dismissal of an employee is null and void or has been rescinded, the employment relationship is deemed to have continued effectively during that period, and the employee's failure to provide labor is attributable to the employer who wrongfully carried out the dismissal; therefore, the employee may claim payment of the entire wages that he would have received had he continued to work.

Full text (English, AI translation) 8,301 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellee]

[Defendant, Appellant] Samik Construction Co., Ltd., Attorneys Kim Il-du and 1 other, Litigation Representatives

[Judgment Below]

Seoul High Court Decision 86Na2061, decided July 22, 1987

[Order]

The appeal is dismissed.
The costs of the appeal shall be borne by the Defendant.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal submitted by the Defendant's litigation representatives are examined.

1. In so-called "restructuring dismissal" (redundancy dismissal), whereby an enterprise dismisses employees due to management circumstances, the following requirements must be satisfied: first, there must exist an urgent managerial necessity such that the management of the enterprise would be jeopardized unless the dismissal is carried out; second, the employer must have made every effort to avoid dismissal, such as rationalizing management policy or work methods, prohibiting new hiring, and utilizing temporary leave and voluntary retirement; third, reasonable and fair standards for selecting the persons to be dismissed must be established and the persons subject to dismissal must be selected accordingly; and in addition, sincere consultation with the labor union or the employees must be conducted prior to the dismissal.

According to the reasoning of the judgment below, the court below, upon comprehensive consideration of the evidence cited therein, found the following facts: the Defendant company was established on February 16, 1971, and its principal business is construction both domestically and abroad; until the reorganization of the company's organizational structure on October 22, 1983, it employed approximately 380 regular employees across 17 departments, including the General Affairs Department; on the above date, the Defendant carried out a reduction of its organizational structure and personnel, merging the former Personnel Management Department into the General Affairs Department, merging the Housing Business Department and the Overseas Business Department into the Comprehensive Planning and Management Office, and dissolving the Technical Department, thereby reorganizing the structure and reducing it to a total of 14 departments; at the same time, among the employees of the merged, consolidated, or dissolved departments and the employees of the remaining departments, those employees deemed absolutely necessary for the handling of the affairs of the newly reorganized departments were preferentially assigned to the respective newly reorganized departments, while those employees for whom there was no appropriate post corresponding to their duties and rank, and whose work performance had been poor, were classified as subject to personnel reduction and dismissed on the same date; that the Plaintiff, who had served as manager of the Public Works Section of the Technical Department and had been mainly responsible for accounting-related duties such as cost calculation within the Technical Department, was, upon the dissolution of the Technical Department to which he belonged, included by the Defendant among those subject to the said personnel reduction on the ground that there was no appropriate post corresponding to the accounting duties he had been handling and his rank, and was dismissed together with 15 other employees; that although the Defendant company, citing financial difficulties, reduced its organizational structure (consolidating only three departments) and dismissed 15 employees including the Plaintiff, it nevertheless, within a mere two months by the end of that year, newly hired 14 employees as listed in the attached list to the judgment below, including, among high-ranking employees, one Kim Yeong-sam as Managing Director in charge of Finance (Accounting) and one Jeong Sun-deok as Deputy Director of the Planning and Coordination Office; that during the latter half of that year (from July 1, 1983 to December 31, 1983), a total of 65 employees were newly hired, and over the course of that entire year, a total of 101 employees were newly hired, and within the six months from the date of the Plaintiff's dismissal to April of the following year, 39 employees were newly hired; that the Defendant company's business performance showed net profits of 2,640,000,000 won from January 1, 1982 to December 31, 1982, net profits of 1,150,000,000 won from January 1, 1983 to December 31, 1983, and net profits of 6,500,000,000 won from January 1, 1985 to December 31, 1985, while showing a net loss of 8,450,000,000 won from January 1, 1984 to December 31, 1984; however, this loss resulted from the fact that depreciation expenses on heavy equipment and vehicles accumulated over several years in the overseas construction business sector, together with losses incurred in the overseas business sector due to claims, were calculated all at once as a net loss for that period; that the Plaintiff, after joining the Defendant company, had, as noted above, faithfully served for four years in the Accounting Department and the Technical Department, rising in rank to the position of manager; and that on the date of his dismissal, while the Plaintiff was away on a business trip ordered by the Defendant company, he was unilaterally dismissed by the company without any prior consultation or notice to him. Based on these findings, the court below determined that, at the time of the Plaintiff's dismissal, it is difficult to find that there existed an urgent managerial necessity requiring the Defendant to dismiss the Plaintiff due to the need for austerity management arising from the poor performance of the overseas construction business, and therefore concluded that the above dismissal could not be deemed to have justifiable cause as prescribed under Article 27(1) of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법).

Upon examination of the evidence adopted and rejected by the court below as reflected in the record, the above findings of the court below are acceptable, and there is no violation of the rules of evidence or incompleteness of deliberation in the process of fact-finding. In light of the facts found by the court below, it is clear that the dismissal of the Plaintiff lacked the legitimacy required for a restructuring dismissal; therefore, the conclusion of the court below, having ruled to the same effect, is also justified, and there is no illegality in violation of the Constitution or statutes as argued in the grounds of appeal. Furthermore, the above determination of the court below does not appear to be contrary to the purport of the precedents cited in the grounds of appeal. Accordingly, the arguments on this point are all without merit.

2. The mere fact that an employee, after being dismissed, received dismissal allowance offered by the company cannot, by itself, be deemed to establish that the employee acknowledged the legitimacy of his own dismissal and acquiesced in the dismissal measure. The judgment below, having ruled to the same effect, is justified, and there is no error of misapprehension of legal principles as argued in the grounds of appeal; accordingly, the arguments on this point are also without merit.

3. Where an employer's dismissal of an employee is null and void or has been rescinded, the employment relationship is deemed to have validly continued during the intervening period, and the fact that the employee was unable to provide labor is attributable to the employer, who wrongfully carried out the dismissal; therefore, the employee may claim payment of the full amount of wages that he would have received had he continued to work.

The measure of the court below, having ordered the Defendant to pay the amount obtained by deducting the withheld tax amount from the sum of the Plaintiff's base salary and various allowances, in accordance with the above purport, is justified, and there is no illegality as argued in the grounds of appeal; accordingly, the arguments on this point are also without merit.

4. In conclusion, since the Defendant's appeal is without merit, it is hereby dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are to be borne by the losing party. This judgment is rendered as stated in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices.

Presiding Justice Kim Sang-won, Justice Lee Hoi-chang, Justice Bae Seok, Justice Kim Ju-han

【판결요지】

가. 기업이 경영상의 사정에 의하여 근로자를 해고하는 이른바 정리해고에 있어서는 첫째로 해고를 하지 않으면 기업경영이 위태로울 정도의 급박한 경영상의 필요성이 존재하여야 하고, 둘째로 경영방침이나 작업방식의 합리화, 신규채용의 금지, 일시휴직 및 희망퇴직의 활용 등 해고회피를 위한 노력을 다하였어야 하며, 셋째로 합리적이고 공정한 정리기준을 설정하여 이에 따라 해고대상자를 선별하여야 하고, 이밖에도 해고에 앞서 노동조합이나 근로자측과 성실한 협의를 거칠것이 요구된다.

나. 근로자가 해고를 당한 후 사용자측에서 제공하는 해고수당을 수령한 사실이 있다고 하여 이것만으로 자기에 대한 해고의 정당성을 인정하고 해고 조치에 승복한 것이라고 단정할 수 없다.

다. 사용자의 근로자에 대한 해고처분이 무효이거나 취소된 때에는 그동안 고용관계는 유효하게 계속되고 있었는데도 근로자가 근로를 제공하지 못한 것은 부당한 해고를 한 사용자의 귀책사유로 말미암은 것이므로, 근로자는 계속 근로하였을 경우에 받을 수 있는 임금 전부의 지급을 청구할 수 있다.

【참조조문】

근로기준법 제27조 제1항

【참조판례】

나. 대법원 1972.6.27. 선고, 71다1635 판결

다. 대법원 1981.12.22. 선고, 81다626 판결

【주문】·【이유】 전문 2,834자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 피상고인】

【피고, 상고인】 삼익건설주식회사 소송대리인 변호사 김일두 외 1인

【원심판결】 서울고등법원 1987.7.22. 선고 86나2061 판결

【주 문】

상고를 기각한다.

상고비용은 피고의 부담으로 한다.

【이 유】 피고 소송대리인들의 상고이유를 본다.

1. 기업이 경영상의 사정에 의하여 근로자를 해고하는 이른바 정리해고에 있어서는 첫째로 해고를 하지 않으면 기업경영이 위태로울 정도의급박한 경영상의 필요성이 존재하여야 하고, 둘째로 경영방침이나 작업방식의 합리화, 신규채용의 금지, 일시휴직 및 희망퇴직의 활용 등 해고회피를 위한 노력을 다하였어야 하며, 셋째로 합리적이고 공정한 정리기준을 설정하여 이에 따라 해고대상자를 선별하여야 하고, 이밖에도 해고에 앞서 노동조합이나 근로자측과 성실한 협의를 거칠 것이 요구된다.

원심판결 이유에 의하면, 원심은 그 거시증거를 종합하여 피고 회사는 1971.2.16. 설립되어 국내외에서의 건설업을 주요사업으로 하는 회사로서 1983.10.22. 회사기구가 개편되기 전까지는 총무부 등 17개부서에 상시근로자 380명정도를 고용하고 있었는데 위 날짜로 기구축소와 인원감원을 단행하여 종래의 인력관리부는 총무부에, 주택사업부와 해외사업부는 종합기획관리실에 각 합병시키고 기술부는 이를 해체하는 등 기구를 개편하여 모두 14개부서로 축소시킴과 동시에, 통폐합 및 해체되는 부서의 직원들과 잔존부서의 직원들 중 새로 개편된 각 부서의 업무처리를 위하여 꼭 필요하다고 인정되는 직원들을 우선적으로 새로 개편된 각 부서에 배치하고, 그 취급업무 및 당해 직원의 직급에 상응하는 적합한 보직처가 없고 그동안의 근무성적이 불량한 직원들은 이를 감원대상자로 분류하여 같은 날짜로 해고한 사실, 이때 기술부 공무과장으로서 기술부내의 원가계산 등 경리관계 업무를 주로 담당해 오던 원고도 위와 같이 그가 소속되었던 기술부가 해체되면서 원고가 담당해 오던 경리업무와 그의 직급에 상응하는 적합한 보직처가 없다는 이유로 피고는 원고를 위 감원대상자에 포함시켜 다른 15명의 직원들과 함께 해고한 사실, 피고 회사는 위와 같이 재정난을 이유로 기구를 축소하면서(그것도 불과 3개 부서만을 정리) 원고를 포함하여 15명의 직원들을 해고하였으나 한편 그해말까지 불과 2개월 사이에 원심판결 별첨목록 기재와 같이 14명의 직원을 신규채용하였는데, 특히 그 중에는 소외 김 영삼을 재무(경리)담당 전무로, 소외 정 순덕을 기획조정실 차장으로 채용하는 등 고위직 직원을 포함하여 같은 해 후반기 6개월간(1983.7.1.부터 동년 12.31.까지) 65명의 직원을, 그해 1년동안에 도합101명의 직원을, 원고 해고일로부터 다음해 4월까지 6개월 사이에 39명의 직원을 각 신규로 채용한 사실, 피고 회사의 경영실적은 1982.1.1.부터 같은 해 12.31.까지의 사이에 금 26억 4천만원의 순이익을, 1983.1.1.부터 같은 해 12.31.까지의 사이에 금 11억 5천만원의 순이익을, 1985.1.1.부터 같은 해12.31.까지의 사이에 금 65억원의 순이익을 각각 거두었고 다만 1984.1.1.부터 같은 해 12.31.까지의 사이에 금 84억 5천만원의 순손실을 본 것으로 되어있으나 이는 해외건설사업부분에서 수년간 누적되어 온 중장비, 차량 등의 감가상각비와 크레임을 당하여 입은 해외사업결손부분을 일시에 그 당시의 순손실로 계산하였기 때문인 사실, 원고는 피고 회사에 입사하여 앞에서 본바와 같이 4년간 경리부와 기술부에서 성실히 근무하여 과장의 직위에 이르기까지 승진하였고, 위 해고일에도 피고 회사의 명에 의하여 출장갔다 온 사이에 원고와 사전에 아무런 협의나 예고도 없이 회사로부터 일방적으로 해고된 사실 등을 인정한 다음, 위 인정사실에 의하면, 피고는 원고를 해고시킬 무렵 반드시 해외건설사업 부진으로 인한 긴축경영의 필요가 있어서 원고들을 해고하지 아니하면 아니될 긴박한 경영상의 필요성이 있었다고 보기 어려우므로 위 해고는 근로기준법 제27조 제1항 소정의 정당한 이유가 있는 것으로 볼 수 없다고 판단하고 있다.

기록에 의하여 원심이 취사한 증거관계를 살펴보면, 위와 같은 원심인정에 수긍이 가고 그 사실인정의 과정에 채증법칙위반이나 심리미진의 위법이 없으며, 원심이 인정한 사실관계에 비추어 보면 원고에 대한 해고는 정리해고로서의 정당성을 결여하였음이 명백하므로 같은 취지로 판단한 원심결론도 정당하여 소론과 같이 헌법이나 법률에 위반한 위법이 없고 또 위와 같은 원심판단이 소론 판례취지에 위반된다고 보여지지 않으므로 이 점에 관한 논지는 모두 이유없다.

2. 근로자가 해고를 당한 후 회사측에서 제공하는 해고수당을 수령한 사실이 있다고 하여 이것만으로 자기에 대한 해고의 정당성을 인정하고 해고조치에 승복한 것이라고 단정할 수는 없다. 같은 취지로 판단한 원심판결은 정당하고 소론과 같은 법리오해의 위법이 없으니 이 점에 관한 논지도 이유없다.

3. 사용자의 근로자에 대한 해고처분이 무효이거나 취소된 때에는 그동안 고용관계는 유효하게 계속되고 있었는데도 근로자가 근로를 제공하지 못한 것은 부당한 해고를 한 사용자의 귀책사유로 말미암은 것이므로, 근로자는 계속 근로하였을 경우에 받을 수 있는 임금 전부의 지급을 청구할 수 있다.

원심이 위와 같은 취지에서 원고의 본봉에 제수당을 합친 급여액에서 원천징수세액을 공제한 금액의 지급을 피고에게 명한 조치는 정당하고 소론과 같은 위법이 없으니 이점 논지도 이유없다.

4. 결국 피고의 상고는 이유없으므로 기각하고, 상고비용은 패소자의 부담으로 하여 관여법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 김상원(재판장) 이회창 배석 김주한

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