Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 94다20198

Severance Pay, etc.퇴직금등

Decided1995. 07. 14. Court대법원Employer won (case reversed and remanded in favor of the employer)
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

This case concerns whether a transfer of a business division between affiliated companies (계열회사) constitutes a 'business transfer' (영업양도) or 'merger by absorption' (흡수통합) under Korean labor law. The Supreme Court held that such a transfer requires either an explicit agreement between the companies or a comprehensive and unified transfer of the organization's physical and human resources while maintaining its identity. Since the workers had simply resigned, received severance pay (퇴직금), and then individually re-joined an affiliated company, this did not meet the requirements for a business transfer, and the Supreme Court reversed and remanded the lower court's decision.

Key takeaways
  • CaseIncident: When a business division was transferred between affiliated companies, workers received severance pay, resigned, and later re-joined another affiliated company, then claimed continuity of their years of service.
  • OutcomeResult: The Supreme Court ruled that this was merely an individual job change, not a business transfer, so continuity of service could not be recognized.
  • LessonLesson: To claim continuity of service based on a business transfer, there must be a clear agreement between the companies or a comprehensive, unified transfer of the organization.
Issues
  • Requirements for establishing a valid business transfer (영업양도) under Korean labor law
  • Whether employment relationships and years of service are carried over when a business is transferred between affiliated companies
Key reasoning

For a business transfer to be legally recognized, there must either be a clear agreement between the transferring and receiving companies, or the business's physical and human organizational structure must be transferred as a unified whole while maintaining its identity and continuity. In this case, the business division was simply discontinued, and the workers individually resigned and later joined another affiliated company on their own accord. This amounted to nothing more than individual job changes following the abolition of a business unit, not a comprehensive transfer of the business as an organized whole. Therefore, the legal requirements for recognizing continuity of employment (근속연수 승계) through a business transfer were not satisfied.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] In order to recognize that there has been a transfer of business, there must either be an agreement between the parties concerning the transfer of business, or the tangible and intangible organization of the business must have been transferred comprehensively as a single entity from the transferor to the transferee while maintaining its identity.

[2] Where, upon Company A's abolition of the business division it had been operating, all of the employees submitted letters of resignation and received settlement and payment of their retirement allowances, and thereafter, according to their own choice, about half of them were allotted equipment, etc. that had mostly been used in that business division and found employment at other workplaces, while the remaining half joined Company B, an affiliated company that had been operating the same kind of business as the abolished business division, without undergoing an entrance examination and on the condition that they would be paid wages at the previous level, this constitutes a case holding that Company A merely abolished its business division, and that this was neither an agreement between Company A and Company B for Company B to take over said division nor a merger by absorption, and that, in light of the fact that Company B did not take over as they were the human organization, such as the employees belonging to that business division, and the tangible facilities, such as equipment, it cannot be viewed that Company B comprehensively took over Company A's business division while maintaining its identity.

Full text (English, AI translation) 17,217 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellee]

[Defendant, Appellant] Sampyo Industries Co., Ltd., Attorney Kwak Dong-heon, Counsel for the Defendant

[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Decision 92Na21472, rendered March 8, 1994

[Order]

The part of the judgment below against the Defendant is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.

[Reasoning]

The Court examines the grounds of appeal submitted by the Defendant's counsel.

1. As to Ground of Appeal No. 2

A. According to the reasoning of the judgment below, the court below found as follows: Around January 31, 1988, non-party Gangwon Industries Co., Ltd. (hereinafter "the non-party company") decided to close down its aggregate business division and to transfer the operation of that division to the Defendant company, an affiliated company within the same group that was also engaged in the aggregate business. In the course of dismissing approximately 800 employees affiliated with the Sampyo Aggregate Business Office located in Seongsu-dong, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, the non-party company received letters of resignation from them, treated all of them as having retired, and settled and paid retirement allowances calculated according to each employee's length of service up to that time. As a result, the approximately 800 employees who had worked at the above business office were, for the time being, treated as having retired from the non-party company; among them, those who wished to continue working for the Defendant company in the same type of work as before took the form of newly joining the Defendant company and continued to work there, while those who did not wish to do so scattered to seek new employment elsewhere. Of the approximately 800 employees, about 400, who wished to work for the Defendant company, were employed by the Defendant company around that time. Meanwhile, although the Defendant company is a separate legal entity from the non-party company, it is an affiliated company under the same group, and the same standards regarding retirement allowance payment rates and working conditions as those of the non-party company were applied to it; personnel and financial management, among other matters, had been integrated and managed by the non-party company as the parent company. In accordance with the non-party company's policy, the Defendant company took over the ready-mixed concrete plants located at 685-31, Seongsu 1-dong, Seongdong-gu, Seoul; 103, Choji-dong, Ansan-si; and 25-5, Soryong-dong, Gunsan-si, which had been under the jurisdiction of the above business office, and established branch offices at each plant location as of March 25, 1988; correspondingly, the non-party company abolished its branch offices in each of these regions as of March 31 of the same year. As the above business office was closed, the approximately 400 employees who newly joined the Defendant company took the form of retiring from the non-party company and newly joining the Defendant company, but they did not go through substantive hiring procedures such as taking an employment examination, continued to perform the same work they had performed at the non-party company, and continued to receive the same wages as they had previously received from the non-party company. Having found these facts, the court below determined as follows: although the non-party company and the Defendant company are separate legal entities, since the Defendant company is an affiliated company of the non-party company and the business of the non-party company's Sampyo Aggregate Business Office was identical to that of the Defendant company, the above Sampyo Aggregate Business Office was closed for the convenience of business operation, and the Defendant company was made to take over its tangible and intangible facilities; and although the employees were made to submit letters of resignation to the non-party company and thereby took the form of retiring from the non-party company and newly joining the Defendant company, all of the employees who moved from the above Sampyo Aggregate Business Office to the Defendant company substantially continued to perform the same duties and continued to work under the same treatment as before. Therefore, even though the Plaintiff took the form of retiring from the non-party company and joining the Defendant company, this constitutes a false declaration made by collusion between the parties (通情虛僞表示) and is therefore void; and even if there was an absorption and consolidation of a business's human and physical organization, or a change in organizational form, so long as the business itself continues to exist while maintaining its identity without being dissolved, this amounts merely to a change of the managing entity, and the employment relationship is succeeded to by the new managing entity. Accordingly, the court below held that the substantive employment relationship must be deemed to have continued without interruption despite the intervening retirement.

B. However, the fact-finding and determination of the court below to the effect that the Defendant company took over or absorbed and consolidated the business of the non-party company's aggregate business division are difficult to accept, for the following reasons.

First, in order to recognize that there has been a transfer of business, there must either be an agreement between the parties regarding the transfer of business, or the tangible and intangible organization of the business must have been comprehensively transferred as a unit from the transferor to the transferee while maintaining its identity (see this Court's Decisions 91Da15225, delivered August 9, 1991; 93Da18938, delivered November 18, 1994, etc.). In the present case, there is nothing whatsoever in the record indicating that there was an agreement regarding the transfer of business between the Defendant company and the non-party company. According to the record, the circumstances under which approximately 400 employees, including the Plaintiff, who had worked at the non-party company's Sampyo Aggregate Business Office, came to join the Defendant company were as follows: the non-party company, which had originally operated several business divisions such as Sampyo Aggregate, Sampyo Coal, Gangwon Coal Mine, Sampyo Heavy Industries, and Sampyo Petroleum, faced management difficulties due to a severe labor-management dispute that occurred in 1987 at the Sampyo Aggregate Business Office where the aggregate business division was operated, and accordingly decided to abolish the aggregate business division and close the business office. In dismissing the approximately 800 employees who had been working at the business office as of January 1988, after settling and paying retirement allowances up to that time (see testimony of non-party 1, witness at trial, record p. 475; testimony of non-party 2, witness at trial, record pp. 548-549; testimony of non-party 3, witness before the court below, record p. 726; testimony of non-party 4, witness before the court below on the Plaintiff's side, record p. 706), the employees were given the choice of either being allotted equipment, etc. that had become unnecessary due to the non-party company's abolition of the said business division and finding employment at another company, or joining the Defendant company (whose business divisions were not limited to the aforementioned business, but also included construction, heavy equipment rental and maintenance, special vehicle transport, motor vehicle repair and sales, and freight forwarding businesses), which, as an affiliated company, was engaged in the same business as the division being abolished. In accordance with this arrangement, employees who had worked in the division being abolished submitted letters of resignation to the non-party company and received the full amount of retirement allowances due up to that time from the non-party company; approximately half of them were allotted equipment, etc. from the non-party company and found employment elsewhere (testimony of non-party 4, witness before the court below on the Plaintiff's side, record p. 706), while the remaining approximately 400 employees, including the Plaintiff, appear to have joined the Defendant company.

If these are the facts, then the non-party company merely abolished its aggregate business division, and it cannot be said that there was an agreement between the non-party company and the Defendant company for the latter to take over that division, nor that there was an absorption and consolidation thereof. Furthermore, in light of the fact that the Defendant company did not take over as they were the human organization, such as the employees belonging to the said business division, and the physical facilities, such as equipment (that is, the non-party company paid retirement allowances to all employees belonging to the said aggregate business office and disposed of, among other things, by allotment to retiring employees, a substantial portion of the physical facilities such as equipment used at the said business office; moreover, about half of the retired employees did not even join the Defendant company, and there is no evidence whatsoever to recognize that the Defendant company took over other assets, liabilities, claims, and obligations related to the non-party company's aggregate business division), it cannot be said that the Defendant company comprehensively took over the non-party company's aggregate business division while maintaining its identity. The mere facts that the Defendant company, in employing some of the employees who had worked in the aggregate business division of the non-party company, its affiliated company, in consideration of their circumstances and in accordance with their own choice, did not require them to take an employment examination and gave them the same treatment as at the non-party company, such as paying them wages at the same level as they had received at the non-party company, or that the Defendant company established branch offices at the locations of the ready-mixed concrete plants of the non-party company's Sampyo Aggregate Business Office, cannot lead to a different conclusion.

Accordingly, the portions of the testimony of non-party 5, witness at trial, and non-party 4, witness before the court below, to the effect that the Defendant company took over or absorbed and consolidated the business of the non-party company's aggregate business division, are difficult to believe.

C. As seen above, the submission of letters of resignation and the receipt of retirement allowances from the employer by the employees who had worked in the non-party company's aggregate business division must be deemed to have been based on their genuine intention to terminate their employment relationship with the non-party company, having judged for themselves the company's circumstances as the business division was being abolished (this is clear from the fact that, as the aggregate business division was abolished at the time, the non-party company allowed the employees who were to retire to choose their own post-retirement measures, and of the approximately 800 employees who had worked in that business division, about half left the non-party company after being allotted equipment, etc. from the non-party company, while the remaining approximately half, including the Plaintiff, joined the Defendant company). It cannot be said, as found by the court below, that this was merely a formal false declaration made by collusion between the parties in the course of the Defendant company's taking over or absorbing and consolidating the non-party company's aggregate business division.

D. In conclusion, in this case, it cannot be found that the Defendant company took over the business of, or absorbed and consolidated, the non-party company's aggregate business division, and therefore it cannot be said that the Plaintiff's employment relationship with the non-party company was comprehensively succeeded to by the Defendant company; nor can it be said that the Plaintiff's submission of a letter of resignation to the non-party company constituted a false declaration made by collusion between the parties. Accordingly, the court below's determination, contrary to the above, that the Defendant company took over or absorbed and consolidated the business of the non-party company's aggregate business division, and that the Plaintiff's employment relationship with the non-party company was succeeded to by the Defendant company without interruption by the intervening retirement discussed above, constitutes an error in violation of the rules of evidence resulting in a mistaken finding of fact, or a misapprehension of the legal principles concerning false declarations made by collusion between the parties and comprehensive succession. Therefore, the argument disputing this point is well-founded.

2. As to Ground of Appeal No. 1

As seen above, the court below, having found as fact that the Defendant company, as an affiliated company under the non-party company's group, applied the same standards as the non-party company with respect to retirement allowance payment rates and working conditions, calculated the Plaintiff's retirement allowance according to the retirement allowance payment rate applied to the non-party company's employees, on the premise that the non-party company's retirement allowance payment regulations, etc. also applied to the Defendant company's employees.

It appears that the important evidence relied upon by the court below in making this finding of fact consisted of Exhibits A No. 1-2, A No. 1-3, and A No. 5-1, A No. 5-2, together with the portions of the testimony of non-party 5 and non-party 4 given to the same effect as these documents (the remaining evidence relied upon by the court below is not evidence related to this finding of fact).

However, Exhibits A No. 1-2 and A No. 1-3 are documents sent by the non-party company, a legal entity separate from the Defendant company, to its own affiliated business sites, and therefore cannot serve as a basis for directly concluding the above fact.

It is also clear from the content of Exhibits A No. 5-1 and A No. 5-2 themselves that these are documents sent by the non-party company to its own affiliated business sites. It appears that the court below made the above finding based on the testimony of non-party 5, witness at trial (see record p. 431), and non-party 4, witness before the court below (see record pp. 704-705), which was given in conformity with the Plaintiff's assertion (see paragraph 3 of the Plaintiff's brief dated April 10, 1993) that "Sampyo Sanup (Sampyo Industries)" as stated in Exhibit A No. 5-1 refers to the Defendant company. However, "Sampyo Sanup" as it appears in the above documentary evidence cannot be deemed to refer to the Defendant company. This is because, while the date on which Exhibit A No. 5-1 was distributed to the non-party company's affiliated business sites was, as stated therein, August 17, 1974, it is clear from the certified copy of the corporate register attached to the record (see record p. 553) that Samgang Unsu Co., Ltd. (said to have been established on December 2, 1962), which was originally registered on January 28, 1971, changed its trade name to Sampyo Unsu Co., Ltd. on January 3, 1972, and it was not until November 20, 1984 that this company again changed its trade name to that of the Defendant company.

The above testimony of non-party 5 and non-party 4 not only contains portions that do not conform to these objective facts, but also, according to the testimony of the said non-party 4 himself, the Defendant company did not have a progressive retirement allowance payment rate system applicable to its employees (see record p. 706). This statement by the said non-party 4 is also consistent with the testimony of non-party 1, witness at trial (record p. 476), and the testimony of non-party 3, witness before the court below, which the court below adopted as evidence (record p. 727). Furthermore, in light of the fact that the Defendant company separately enacted and implemented its own rules of employment and collective agreement applicable to its employees (see Exhibits B No. 3, No. 4, No. 6, and No. 7), the portions of the testimony of the said non-party 5 and non-party 4 that conform to the above finding of fact are difficult to credit.

Nevertheless, the court below's finding of fact, based solely on the above evidence, that the same standards regarding retirement allowance payment rates and working conditions as those of the non-party company applied to the Defendant company's employees, constitutes a violation of the rules of evidence. Therefore, the argument disputing this point is also well-founded.

3. Accordingly, the part of the judgment below against the Defendant is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the court below, the Justices participating in this decision being unanimous, and it is so ordered as stated in the Order.

Presiding Justice Cheon Gyeong-song, Justice An Yong-deuk, Justice Ji Chang-gwon (Justice in charge), Justice Shin Seong-taek

【판결요지】

가. 영업양도가 있었다고 인정하려면 당사자 사이에 영업양도에 관한 합의가 있거나 영업상의 물적, 인적 조직이 그 동일성을 유지하면서 양도인으로부터 양수인에게 일체로서 포괄적으로 이전되어야 한다.

나. 갑 회사가 영위하던 사업 부문을 폐지함에 따라 근로자들 전부가 사직서를 제출하고 퇴직금을 정산, 수령하면서 그들의 선택에 따라 그 절반 정도는 대부분 그 사업 부문에 사용되던 장비 등을 불하받아 다른 직장에 취업하고 나머지 절반 정도의 근로자들은 폐지되는 사업 부분과 동일한 사업을 하고있던 계열회사인 을 회사에 입사시험 없이 종전 수준의 임금을 지급받기로 하고 입사한 경우, 갑 회사는 그 사업 부문을 폐지한 것에 불과하고 을 회사가 이를 양수하기로 갑 회사와 사이에 합의한 것이거나 흡수통합한 것은 아니며, 을 회사가 그 사업 부문에 속한 근로자 등 인적 조직과 장비 등의 물적 시설을 그대로 인수하지 아니한 점에 비추어 을 회사가 갑 회사의 그 사업 부문을 그 동일성을 유지한 채 포괄적으로 이전 받은 것으로 볼 수도 없다고 한 사례.

【참조조문】

상법 제41조

【참조판례】

가.나. 대법원 1994.11.18. 선고 93다18938 판결(공1995상,43) / 가. 대법원 1991.8.9. 선고 91다15225 판결(공1991,2322), 1992.7.14. 선고 91다40276 판결(공1992,2384)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 5,963자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 피상고인】

【피고, 상고인】 삼표산업 주식회사 소송대리인 변호사 곽동헌

【원심판결】 서울고등법원 1994.3.8. 선고 92나21472 판결

【주 문】

원심판결 중 피고 패소 부분을 파기하고 이 부분 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.

【이 유】 피고 소송대리인의 상고이유를 본다.

1. 제2점에 대하여

가. 원심판결 이유에 의하면, 원심은 소외 강원산업주식회사(이하 소외 회사라 한다)가 1988.1.31.자로 골재사업 부문을 폐쇄하고, 그 부문의 경영을 같은 계열회사로서 골재사업을 하고 있던 피고 회사에게 넘기기로 결정하고 서울 성동구 성수동 소재 삼표골재사업소에 소속된 800여 명의 근로자들을 정리하면서 그들로부터 사직원을 받아 모두 퇴직처리하고 그 당시까지의 근속기간에 따른 퇴직금을 정산 지급하여, 위 사업소에 근무하던 800여 명의 근로자들은 일단 소외 회사에서 퇴직한 것으로 처리한 후 위 근로자들 중 피고 회사에 소속되어 종전에 하던 일을 계속하기를 원하는 사람들은 피고 회사에 새로 입사하는 형식을 취하여 그대로 근무하게 하고, 그것을 희망하지 않는 근로자들은 각자 새로운 직장을 찾아 흩어지게 되었는데 위 800여 명 중 피고 회사에서 근무하기를 희망하는 약 400여 명이 그 무렵 피고 회사에 취업하였고, 한편 피고 회사가 소외 회사와는 별개의 법인체이기는 하나 그 산하의 계열기업체로서 퇴직금지급률 및 근로조건 등은 소외 회사와 동일한 기준이 적용되고 있으며, 인사 및 자금관리 등도 본사인 소외 회사가 통합관리하여 왔는데 소외 회사의 방침에 따라 피고 회사는 위 사업소가 관장하던 서울 성동구 성수동 1가 685의 31, 안산시 초지동 103, 군산시 소룡동 25의 5에 있는 각 레미콘 공장을 인수하고 1988.3.25.자로 각 공장 소재지에 지점을 설치하고 그 대신 소외 회사는 같은 해 3.31.자로 위 각 지역의 지점을 폐지하였으며, 위 사업소가 폐쇄됨에 따라 피고 회사에 신규입사한 400여 명의 근로자들은 소외 회사를 퇴직하고 피고 회사에 신규입사하는 형식을 취하기는 하였지만 입사시험을 치르는 등 실질적인 입사절차를 거치지 아니하였고, 소외 회사에서 하던 일을 그대로 계속하고 임금도 전에 소외 회사에서 받던 그대로 받은 사실 등을 인정을 한 다음, 소외 회사와 피고 회사가 별도의 법인체이기는 하지만 피고 회사가 소외 회사의 계열회사이고 소외 회사의 삼표골재사업소와 피고 회사의 업무가 동일하여 회사 운영상의 편의를 위하여 위 삼표골재사업소를 폐쇄하고 그 물적, 인적 시설을 피고 회사로 하여금 양수하게 하면서 종업원들에 대하여는 소외 회사에 사직서를 제출하게 하여 소외 회사를 퇴직하고 피고 회사에 신규입사하는 형식을 취하였지만 위 삼표골재사업소에서 피고 회사로 옮긴 직원들 모두가 실질적으로는 동일한 업무에 종사하여 왔고, 또 동일한 대우를 받고 근무하여 왔으므로 원고가 소외 회사를 퇴직하고 피고 회사에 입사하는 형식을 취하였다 하더라도 이는 통정허위표시로서 무효라 할 것이고, 기업의 인적, 물적 조직이 흡수통합되거나 조직변경이 있었다고 하더라도 그 기업 자체가 해체됨이 없이 동일성을 유지하면서 존속하고 있는 한 이는 경영주체의 교체에 불과하여 근로관계는 새로운 경영주체에게 승계된다 할 것이므로 실질적 근로관계는 그 중간퇴직에 의하여 단절됨이 없이 계속되었다고 보아야 한다고 판단하였다.

나. 그러나 피고 회사가 소외 회사의 골재사업 부문의 영업을 양수하거나 흡수통합하였다는 취지의 원심의 사실인정과 판단은 다음과 같이 수긍하기 어렵다.

우선 영업양도가 있었다고 인정하려면 당사자 사이에 영업양도에 관한 합의가 있거나 영업상의 물적, 인적 조직이 그 동일성을 유지하면서 양도인으로부터 양수인에게 일체로서 포괄적으로 이전되어야 하는바( 당원 1991.8.9.선고, 91다15225 판결, 1994.11.18.선고 93다18938 판결 등 참조), 이 사건의 경우 피고 회사와 소외 회사 사이에 영업양도에 관한 합의가 있었다는 점은 기록상 전혀 나타나지 않고, 기록에 의하면 소외 회사의 삼표골재사업소에 근무하던 원고 등을 포함한 400여 명의 근로자가 피고 회사에 입사하게 된 경위는 원래 삼표골재, 삼표연탄, 강원탄광, 삼표중공업, 삼표석유 등 여러 부문의 사업을 운영하던 소외 회사가 그 골재사업 부문이 영위되던 삼표골재사업소에서 1987년도에 극심한 노사분규가 발생하여 경영난에 처하게 되자 위 사업 부문을 폐지하여 위 사업소를 폐쇄하기로 하고, 1988년 1월 당시 그 사업소에 종사하던 근로자 800 여명을 그 당시까지의 퇴직금을 정산, 지급하고 정리함에 있어서(1심 증인 소외 1의 증언 기록 475면, 1심증인 소외 2의 증언 기록 548, 549면, 원심 증인 소외 3의 증언 기록 726면, 원고측 원심 증인 소외 4의 증언 기록 706면) 근로자들로 하여금 소외 회사가 위 사업 부문을 폐지함에 따라 필요가 없게 된 장비 등을 불하받아 다른 회사에 취업을 하든지 아니면 계열회사로서 위와 같이 폐지되는 사업 부문과 동일한 사업을 하고 있던 피고 회사(피고 회사의 사업 부문은 위와 같은 사업에 국한되지 아니하고 건설업, 중기대여정비업, 특수자동차운송사업, 자동차수리매매사업, 운송주선사업 등이 포함되어 있다)에 입사하든지 선택하도록 하였던 것에 따른 것이고, 이에 따라 위 폐지되는 사업 부문에 종사하던 근로자들은 소외 회사에 사직서를 제출하고 소외 회사로부터 그 당시까지의 퇴직금을 모두 수령하면서 그 절반 정도는 대부분 위 소외 회사로부터 장비 등을 불하받아 다른 직장에 취업하고(원고측 원심 증인 소외 4의 증언 기록 706면), 원고 등을 포함한 400여 명의 근로자들은 피고 회사에 입사하였던 것으로 보여진다.

사실이 이러하다면 소외 회사는 골재사업 부문을 폐지한 것에 불과하고 피고 회사가 이를 양수하기로 소외 회사와 사이에 합의한 것이거나 흡수통합한 것은 아니라 할 것이고, 피고 회사가 위 사업 부문에 속한 근로자 등 인적 조직과 장비 등의 물적시설을 그대로 인수하지 아니한 점(즉 소외 회사가 위 골재사업소 소속 근로자들 모두에게 퇴직금을 지급하였고, 위 사업소에서 사용하던 장비 등 상당한 물적 시설을 퇴직 근로자에게 불하하는 등 처분하였을 뿐 아니라 퇴직 근로자들의 절반 정도는 피고 회사에 입사하지도 아니하였고, 소외 회사의 골재사업부 부문과 관련된 다른 자산이나 부채, 채권과 채무 등에 관하여 이를 피고 회사가 인수한 것으로 인정할 아무런 증거가 없는 사실)에 비추어 피고 회사가 소외 회사의 골재사업 부문을 그 동일성을 유지한 채 포괄적으로 이전받은 것으로 볼 수도 없다. 피고 회사가 같은 계열회사인 소외 회사의 골재사업 부문에 종사하던 근로자들의 처지를 고려하여 그들의 선택에 따라 그들의 일부를 피고 회사의 근로자로 채용함에 있어서 입사시험 등을 치르지 아니하고, 소외 회사에서 지급받던 수준의 임금을 지급하는 등 소외 회사에서와 같은 대우를 하였다거나 소외 회사 삼표골재사업소의 레미콘 공장이 있던 장소에 피고 회사가 지점을 설치하였다는 사정만으로는 그 결론을 달리 할 수 없다.

따라서 피고 회사가 소외 회사의 골재사업부분의 영업을 양수하거나 흡수통합하였다는 취지의 1심증인 소외 5 및 원심 증인 소외 4의 일부 증언 부분은 믿기 어렵다.

다. 위에서 본 바와 같이 소외 회사의 골재사업 부문에 종사하던 근로자들이 사직서를 제출하고 사용자로부터 퇴직금을 지급받은 것은 그 사업 부문이 폐지됨에 따라 그와 같은 회사의 상황을 스스로 판단하여 이에 따라 소외 회사와의 근로관계를 종료하려는 그들의 진정한 의사에 기한 것이라 할 것이고(이점은 당시 골재사업 부문이 폐지됨에 따라 소외 회사가 퇴직하게 되는 근로자들의 사후대책 방안을 근로자들로 하여금 선택하도록 하여 그 사업 부문에 종사하던 800여 명의 근로자들 중 절반 정도는 소외 회사로부터 장비 등을 불하받고 소외 회사를 떠났고, 원고 등 나머지 절반 정도는 피고 회사에 입사한 점에서 명백하다) 그것이 원심이 인정한 바와 같이 피고 회사가 소외 회사의 골재사업 부문을 양수하거나 흡수통합하면서 단순히 형식적으로 이루어진 통정허위표시라고는 할 수 없다.

라. 결국 이 사건의 경우 피고 회사가 소외 회사의 골재사업 부문을 영업양수하거나 흡수통합한 것으로 볼 수 없어 원고의 소외 회사와의 근로관계가 피고 회사에게 포괄승계되었다고 할 수 없고, 원고의 소외 회사에 대한 사직서의 제출이 통정허위표시라고 할 수 없으므로 원심이 이와 다르게 피고 회사가 소외 회사의 골재사업 부문의 영업을 양수하거나 흡수통합하였고, 원고의 소외 회사와의 근로관계가 위에서 본 중간퇴직에 의하여 단절됨이 없이 피고 회사에게 승계되었다고 한 것은 채증법칙을 위배하여 사실을 오인하였거나 통정허위표시 및 포괄승계의 법리를 오해한 위법을 저질렀다 할 것이므로 이 점을 다투는 논지는 이유 있다.

2. 제1점에 대하여

원심은 위에서 본 바와 같이 피고 회사가 소외 회사 산하의 계열기업체로서 퇴직금지급률 및 근로조건 등은 소외 회사와 동일한 기준이 적용되고 있다고 사실인정을 한 다음 소외 회사의 퇴직금지급규정 등이 피고 회사의 직원에 대하여도 적용됨을 전제로 소외 회사의 직원에게 적용되던 퇴직금지급률에 따라 원고의 퇴직금을 산정하고 있다.

원심이 이와 같은 사실인정을 함에 있어서 그 중요한 증거로 삼은 것은 갑 제1호증의 2, 3 및 갑 제5호증의 1, 2의 각 기재와 같은 취지로 증언한 소외 5, 소외 4의 일부 증언으로 보여진다(그 밖에 원심이 증거로 삼은 나머지는 위와 같은 사실인정과 관련된 증거들이 아니다).

그런데 갑 제1호증의 2, 3은 피고 회사와는 다른 법인체인 소외 회사가 그 소속 사업장 앞으로 보낸 문서이므로 이를 토대로 위와 같은 사실을 바로 단정할 수 없다.

갑 제5호증의 1, 2도 소외 회사가 그 소속 사업장에게 보낸 문서임이 그 기재 자체로 명백하다. 원심은 갑 제5호증의 1에 기재된 "삼표산업"이 피고 회사라고 보는 원고의 주장(원고의 1993.4.10.자 준비서면 3항 <기록 649면> 참조)에 따라 이에 부합하는 내용으로 증언한 1심증인 소외 5의 증언(기록 431면 참조), 원심 증인 소외 4의 증언(기록 704, 705면 참조)에 따라 위와 같이 인정한 것으로 보여지나 위 서증상에 나타나는 "삼표산업"이 피고 회사를 지칭하는 것으로 볼 수는 없다. 왜냐하면 위 갑 제5호증의 1이 소외 회사 소속 사업장앞으로 배포된 날짜는 그 기재와 같이 1974.8.17.임에 반하여 원래 1971.1.28. 그 등기가 마쳐진 삼강운수주식회사(1962.12.2.에 설립된 것으로 되어 있다)에서 1972.1.3. 그 상호가 변경된 삼표운수주식회사가 다시 그 상호를 피고 회사 명의로 변경한 것은 1984.11.20.임이 기록에 첨부된 등기부등본(기록 553면 참조) 의 기재에 의하여 분명하기 때문이다.

위 소외 5, 소외 4의 증언들은 위와 같이 객관적 사실과 부합하지 않는 부분을 포함하고 있을 뿐 아니라 위 소외 4의 증언에 의하더라도 피고 회사의 경우 직원에 대하여 적용하는 누진제 퇴직금지급률의 제도가 없었다는 것이고(기록 706면 참조) 위 소외 4의 이와 같은 진술은 1심증인 소외 1의 증언(기록 476면)이나 원심이 증거로 채택한 원심 증인 소외 3의 증언(기록727면)과도 부합하는 것이며 한편, 피고 회사의 경우 그 소속 근로자들에게 적용하는 취업규칙이나 단체협약을 별도로 제정, 시행하고 있었던 점(을 제3, 4, 6, 7호증 각 참조)에 비추어 위 소외 5,소외 4의 위 사실인정에 부합하는 증언 부분은 그 신빙성을 인정하기 어렵다 할 것이다.

그럼에도 불구하고 원심이 위와 같은 증거들만에 의하여 피고 회사의 직원들에 대하여 소외 회사와 동일한 기준의 퇴직금지급률 및 근로조건 등이 적용된다고 사실인정을 한 것은 채증법칙을 위배하였다 할 것이므로 이 점을 다투는 논지도 이유 있다.

3. 그러므로 원심판결 중 피고 패소 부분을 파기하고 이 부분 사건을 원심법원에 환송하기로 관여 법관의 의견이 일치되어 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 천경송(재판장) 안용득 지창권(주심) 신성택

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