[Plaintiff, Appellee]
[Defendant, Appellant] Sampyo Industries Co., Ltd., Attorney Kwak Dong-heon, Counsel for the Defendant
[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Decision 92Na21472, rendered March 8, 1994
[Order]
The part of the judgment below against the Defendant is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.
[Reasoning]
The Court examines the grounds of appeal submitted by the Defendant's counsel.
1. As to Ground of Appeal No. 2
A. According to the reasoning of the judgment below, the court below found as follows: Around January 31, 1988, non-party Gangwon Industries Co., Ltd. (hereinafter "the non-party company") decided to close down its aggregate business division and to transfer the operation of that division to the Defendant company, an affiliated company within the same group that was also engaged in the aggregate business. In the course of dismissing approximately 800 employees affiliated with the Sampyo Aggregate Business Office located in Seongsu-dong, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, the non-party company received letters of resignation from them, treated all of them as having retired, and settled and paid retirement allowances calculated according to each employee's length of service up to that time. As a result, the approximately 800 employees who had worked at the above business office were, for the time being, treated as having retired from the non-party company; among them, those who wished to continue working for the Defendant company in the same type of work as before took the form of newly joining the Defendant company and continued to work there, while those who did not wish to do so scattered to seek new employment elsewhere. Of the approximately 800 employees, about 400, who wished to work for the Defendant company, were employed by the Defendant company around that time. Meanwhile, although the Defendant company is a separate legal entity from the non-party company, it is an affiliated company under the same group, and the same standards regarding retirement allowance payment rates and working conditions as those of the non-party company were applied to it; personnel and financial management, among other matters, had been integrated and managed by the non-party company as the parent company. In accordance with the non-party company's policy, the Defendant company took over the ready-mixed concrete plants located at 685-31, Seongsu 1-dong, Seongdong-gu, Seoul; 103, Choji-dong, Ansan-si; and 25-5, Soryong-dong, Gunsan-si, which had been under the jurisdiction of the above business office, and established branch offices at each plant location as of March 25, 1988; correspondingly, the non-party company abolished its branch offices in each of these regions as of March 31 of the same year. As the above business office was closed, the approximately 400 employees who newly joined the Defendant company took the form of retiring from the non-party company and newly joining the Defendant company, but they did not go through substantive hiring procedures such as taking an employment examination, continued to perform the same work they had performed at the non-party company, and continued to receive the same wages as they had previously received from the non-party company. Having found these facts, the court below determined as follows: although the non-party company and the Defendant company are separate legal entities, since the Defendant company is an affiliated company of the non-party company and the business of the non-party company's Sampyo Aggregate Business Office was identical to that of the Defendant company, the above Sampyo Aggregate Business Office was closed for the convenience of business operation, and the Defendant company was made to take over its tangible and intangible facilities; and although the employees were made to submit letters of resignation to the non-party company and thereby took the form of retiring from the non-party company and newly joining the Defendant company, all of the employees who moved from the above Sampyo Aggregate Business Office to the Defendant company substantially continued to perform the same duties and continued to work under the same treatment as before. Therefore, even though the Plaintiff took the form of retiring from the non-party company and joining the Defendant company, this constitutes a false declaration made by collusion between the parties (通情虛僞表示) and is therefore void; and even if there was an absorption and consolidation of a business's human and physical organization, or a change in organizational form, so long as the business itself continues to exist while maintaining its identity without being dissolved, this amounts merely to a change of the managing entity, and the employment relationship is succeeded to by the new managing entity. Accordingly, the court below held that the substantive employment relationship must be deemed to have continued without interruption despite the intervening retirement.
B. However, the fact-finding and determination of the court below to the effect that the Defendant company took over or absorbed and consolidated the business of the non-party company's aggregate business division are difficult to accept, for the following reasons.
First, in order to recognize that there has been a transfer of business, there must either be an agreement between the parties regarding the transfer of business, or the tangible and intangible organization of the business must have been comprehensively transferred as a unit from the transferor to the transferee while maintaining its identity (see this Court's Decisions 91Da15225, delivered August 9, 1991; 93Da18938, delivered November 18, 1994, etc.). In the present case, there is nothing whatsoever in the record indicating that there was an agreement regarding the transfer of business between the Defendant company and the non-party company. According to the record, the circumstances under which approximately 400 employees, including the Plaintiff, who had worked at the non-party company's Sampyo Aggregate Business Office, came to join the Defendant company were as follows: the non-party company, which had originally operated several business divisions such as Sampyo Aggregate, Sampyo Coal, Gangwon Coal Mine, Sampyo Heavy Industries, and Sampyo Petroleum, faced management difficulties due to a severe labor-management dispute that occurred in 1987 at the Sampyo Aggregate Business Office where the aggregate business division was operated, and accordingly decided to abolish the aggregate business division and close the business office. In dismissing the approximately 800 employees who had been working at the business office as of January 1988, after settling and paying retirement allowances up to that time (see testimony of non-party 1, witness at trial, record p. 475; testimony of non-party 2, witness at trial, record pp. 548-549; testimony of non-party 3, witness before the court below, record p. 726; testimony of non-party 4, witness before the court below on the Plaintiff's side, record p. 706), the employees were given the choice of either being allotted equipment, etc. that had become unnecessary due to the non-party company's abolition of the said business division and finding employment at another company, or joining the Defendant company (whose business divisions were not limited to the aforementioned business, but also included construction, heavy equipment rental and maintenance, special vehicle transport, motor vehicle repair and sales, and freight forwarding businesses), which, as an affiliated company, was engaged in the same business as the division being abolished. In accordance with this arrangement, employees who had worked in the division being abolished submitted letters of resignation to the non-party company and received the full amount of retirement allowances due up to that time from the non-party company; approximately half of them were allotted equipment, etc. from the non-party company and found employment elsewhere (testimony of non-party 4, witness before the court below on the Plaintiff's side, record p. 706), while the remaining approximately 400 employees, including the Plaintiff, appear to have joined the Defendant company.
If these are the facts, then the non-party company merely abolished its aggregate business division, and it cannot be said that there was an agreement between the non-party company and the Defendant company for the latter to take over that division, nor that there was an absorption and consolidation thereof. Furthermore, in light of the fact that the Defendant company did not take over as they were the human organization, such as the employees belonging to the said business division, and the physical facilities, such as equipment (that is, the non-party company paid retirement allowances to all employees belonging to the said aggregate business office and disposed of, among other things, by allotment to retiring employees, a substantial portion of the physical facilities such as equipment used at the said business office; moreover, about half of the retired employees did not even join the Defendant company, and there is no evidence whatsoever to recognize that the Defendant company took over other assets, liabilities, claims, and obligations related to the non-party company's aggregate business division), it cannot be said that the Defendant company comprehensively took over the non-party company's aggregate business division while maintaining its identity. The mere facts that the Defendant company, in employing some of the employees who had worked in the aggregate business division of the non-party company, its affiliated company, in consideration of their circumstances and in accordance with their own choice, did not require them to take an employment examination and gave them the same treatment as at the non-party company, such as paying them wages at the same level as they had received at the non-party company, or that the Defendant company established branch offices at the locations of the ready-mixed concrete plants of the non-party company's Sampyo Aggregate Business Office, cannot lead to a different conclusion.
Accordingly, the portions of the testimony of non-party 5, witness at trial, and non-party 4, witness before the court below, to the effect that the Defendant company took over or absorbed and consolidated the business of the non-party company's aggregate business division, are difficult to believe.
C. As seen above, the submission of letters of resignation and the receipt of retirement allowances from the employer by the employees who had worked in the non-party company's aggregate business division must be deemed to have been based on their genuine intention to terminate their employment relationship with the non-party company, having judged for themselves the company's circumstances as the business division was being abolished (this is clear from the fact that, as the aggregate business division was abolished at the time, the non-party company allowed the employees who were to retire to choose their own post-retirement measures, and of the approximately 800 employees who had worked in that business division, about half left the non-party company after being allotted equipment, etc. from the non-party company, while the remaining approximately half, including the Plaintiff, joined the Defendant company). It cannot be said, as found by the court below, that this was merely a formal false declaration made by collusion between the parties in the course of the Defendant company's taking over or absorbing and consolidating the non-party company's aggregate business division.
D. In conclusion, in this case, it cannot be found that the Defendant company took over the business of, or absorbed and consolidated, the non-party company's aggregate business division, and therefore it cannot be said that the Plaintiff's employment relationship with the non-party company was comprehensively succeeded to by the Defendant company; nor can it be said that the Plaintiff's submission of a letter of resignation to the non-party company constituted a false declaration made by collusion between the parties. Accordingly, the court below's determination, contrary to the above, that the Defendant company took over or absorbed and consolidated the business of the non-party company's aggregate business division, and that the Plaintiff's employment relationship with the non-party company was succeeded to by the Defendant company without interruption by the intervening retirement discussed above, constitutes an error in violation of the rules of evidence resulting in a mistaken finding of fact, or a misapprehension of the legal principles concerning false declarations made by collusion between the parties and comprehensive succession. Therefore, the argument disputing this point is well-founded.
2. As to Ground of Appeal No. 1
As seen above, the court below, having found as fact that the Defendant company, as an affiliated company under the non-party company's group, applied the same standards as the non-party company with respect to retirement allowance payment rates and working conditions, calculated the Plaintiff's retirement allowance according to the retirement allowance payment rate applied to the non-party company's employees, on the premise that the non-party company's retirement allowance payment regulations, etc. also applied to the Defendant company's employees.
It appears that the important evidence relied upon by the court below in making this finding of fact consisted of Exhibits A No. 1-2, A No. 1-3, and A No. 5-1, A No. 5-2, together with the portions of the testimony of non-party 5 and non-party 4 given to the same effect as these documents (the remaining evidence relied upon by the court below is not evidence related to this finding of fact).
However, Exhibits A No. 1-2 and A No. 1-3 are documents sent by the non-party company, a legal entity separate from the Defendant company, to its own affiliated business sites, and therefore cannot serve as a basis for directly concluding the above fact.
It is also clear from the content of Exhibits A No. 5-1 and A No. 5-2 themselves that these are documents sent by the non-party company to its own affiliated business sites. It appears that the court below made the above finding based on the testimony of non-party 5, witness at trial (see record p. 431), and non-party 4, witness before the court below (see record pp. 704-705), which was given in conformity with the Plaintiff's assertion (see paragraph 3 of the Plaintiff's brief dated April 10, 1993) that "Sampyo Sanup (Sampyo Industries)" as stated in Exhibit A No. 5-1 refers to the Defendant company. However, "Sampyo Sanup" as it appears in the above documentary evidence cannot be deemed to refer to the Defendant company. This is because, while the date on which Exhibit A No. 5-1 was distributed to the non-party company's affiliated business sites was, as stated therein, August 17, 1974, it is clear from the certified copy of the corporate register attached to the record (see record p. 553) that Samgang Unsu Co., Ltd. (said to have been established on December 2, 1962), which was originally registered on January 28, 1971, changed its trade name to Sampyo Unsu Co., Ltd. on January 3, 1972, and it was not until November 20, 1984 that this company again changed its trade name to that of the Defendant company.
The above testimony of non-party 5 and non-party 4 not only contains portions that do not conform to these objective facts, but also, according to the testimony of the said non-party 4 himself, the Defendant company did not have a progressive retirement allowance payment rate system applicable to its employees (see record p. 706). This statement by the said non-party 4 is also consistent with the testimony of non-party 1, witness at trial (record p. 476), and the testimony of non-party 3, witness before the court below, which the court below adopted as evidence (record p. 727). Furthermore, in light of the fact that the Defendant company separately enacted and implemented its own rules of employment and collective agreement applicable to its employees (see Exhibits B No. 3, No. 4, No. 6, and No. 7), the portions of the testimony of the said non-party 5 and non-party 4 that conform to the above finding of fact are difficult to credit.
Nevertheless, the court below's finding of fact, based solely on the above evidence, that the same standards regarding retirement allowance payment rates and working conditions as those of the non-party company applied to the Defendant company's employees, constitutes a violation of the rules of evidence. Therefore, the argument disputing this point is also well-founded.
3. Accordingly, the part of the judgment below against the Defendant is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the court below, the Justices participating in this decision being unanimous, and it is so ordered as stated in the Order.
Presiding Justice Cheon Gyeong-song, Justice An Yong-deuk, Justice Ji Chang-gwon (Justice in charge), Justice Shin Seong-taek