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대법원 92다39778

Severance Pay (퇴직금) Case퇴직금

Decided1993. 01. 15. Court대법원Partially reversed and remanded (the employer prevailed as to new hires, but the change was invalid as to existing employees)
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

This Supreme Court of Korea ruling addressed a dispute over the Korea Broadcasting System's (KBS) unilateral change to its employment rules (취업규칙), which lowered the severance pay (퇴직금) rate without obtaining employee consent. The Court held that such an unfavorable change made without proper consent was invalid as to employees who were already employed at the time of the change, but that the revised rules validly applied to employees who joined the company after the change took effect.

Key takeaways
  • CaseIncident: The Korea Broadcasting System (KBS) changed its employment rules to lower the severance pay (퇴직금) rate without obtaining employee consent.
  • OutcomeResult: The Court ruled that the unfavorable change was invalid as to employees already employed before the change, but that the revised rules validly applied to employees who joined the company after the change.
  • LessonLesson: Employers must obtain consent from a majority of employees through a proper collective decision-making process before making any unfavorable changes to employment rules; otherwise, the changes will be invalid as to existing employees.
Issues
  • The legal effect of an employer's unfavorable change to employment rules (취업규칙) made without employee consent
  • The meaning and requirements of the collective decision-making method for obtaining employee consent
  • Whether employees hired after the change applies are bound by the revised employment rules
Key reasoning

Under Korean labor law, an employer seeking to modify employment rules (취업규칙) in a way that disadvantages employees must obtain consent through a collective decision-making process of the workforce, typically requiring approval from a majority of employees. Because KBS changed the severance pay rate without securing such consent, the change was deemed legally invalid with respect to employees who were already working under the prior, more favorable rules. However, the Court distinguished the position of employees who were newly hired after the change was implemented: since these new employees entered into their employment relationship under the terms of the already-revised rules, the invalidity affecting existing employees did not extend to them. As a result, the revised employment rules were held to be binding and applicable to those who joined the company after the change.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] The authority to prepare and amend the rules of employment (취업규칙) resides, in principle, with the employer, so that the employer may prepare and amend the rules of employment according to its own intent; however, where such amendment changes the working conditions to the disadvantage of the employees, it requires the consent obtained through the collective decision-making method of the employees who were subject to the previous working conditions or rules of employment, and an amendment of the rules of employment made without such consent has no effect unless it is recognized as having reasonableness in light of social norms.

[2] The collective decision-making method required when the rules of employment are amended to the disadvantage of the employees does not necessarily mean only the method whereby all employees of a single business or workplace gather at one place at one time to hold a meeting; a method is also permitted whereby, by organizational unit or department within a single business or workplace, employees exchange opinions among themselves, free from any intervention or interference by the employer, and consolidate their opinions of approval or disapproval, which are then collected together as a whole.

[3] Where the employer amends the working conditions provided in the rules of employment to the disadvantage of the employees without obtaining the employees' consent, the fact that the amendment of the rules of employment has no effect and the effect of the previous rules of employment is maintained as it is applies only in relation to the existing employees whose vested interests are infringed by the amendment; as against employees who, after the amendment, accepted the working conditions under the amended rules of employment and entered into an employment relationship, the amended rules of employment must naturally apply, and it is not to be held that, even as against employees hired after the amendment—who are not subject to the ground for denying effect, namely infringement of vested interests—the effect of the amendment should be denied and the previous rules of employment should apply.

Full text (English, AI translation) 7,714 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellee]

[Defendant, Appellant] Korea Broadcasting System, Attorneys Kim Pyeong-woo and 3 others, Counsel for the Defendant

[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Decision 91Na43529 delivered on July 21, 1992

[Order]

The part of the judgment below concerning the retirement allowance following the Plaintiff's retirement after re-employment, in which the Defendant lost, is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.
The remainder of the Defendant's appeal is dismissed.
The costs of the appeal concerning the dismissed portion shall be borne by the Defendant.

[Reasoning]

We examine the grounds of appeal.

1. The authority to prepare and amend the rules of employment (취업규칙) belongs, in principle, to the employer, and the employer may prepare and amend the rules of employment according to its own will. However, where such amendment changes working conditions to the disadvantage of employees, it requires the consent of the employees who were subject to the previous working conditions or rules of employment, obtained through a collective decision-making method, and an amendment to the rules of employment made without such consent is invalid unless it can be recognized as reasonable in light of social norms (see this Court's Decisions 78Da1046 delivered on September 12, 1978; 88Daka4277 delivered on May 9, 1989; and 89Daka24780 delivered on March 13, 1990, respectively).

Upon examination of the record, it is as the court below found that the Compensation Regulations (보수규정) of the Defendant Corporation, as amended on January 27, 1981, changed the retirement allowance payment rate to the disadvantage of employees, and that in making this amendment, the consent of the employees who had been subject to the pre-amendment Compensation Regulations was not obtained through a collective decision-making method by the employees. Meanwhile, even if the amendment of the above Compensation Regulations was made in accordance with a legitimate purpose and government policy as argued in the grounds of appeal, this cannot be regarded as constituting reasonableness under social norms sufficient to dispense with the need for the consent of the collective body of employees. Accordingly, the judgment of the court below, which found this amendment invalid, is justified, and there is no error of law as alleged in the grounds of appeal.

The grounds of appeal argue that, given the characteristics of the Defendant Corporation as a public broadcasting institution and the enormity of its scale, it was practically impossible at the time to obtain the consent of employees through a collective decision-making method. However, the collective decision-making method required when amending the rules of employment to the disadvantage of employees is not limited to the method whereby all employees of a single business or workplace gather together at one time to hold a meeting; rather, a method whereby employees exchange opinions by organizational unit or department within a business or workplace, free from the intervention or interference of the employer, and thereby consolidate their opinions for or against the amendment, followed by an overall aggregation thereof, is also permitted (see this Court's Decision 91Da25055 delivered on February 25, 1992). In the case of the Defendant Corporation, it cannot be said that even obtaining the employees' consent through such a method was impossible. Therefore, this ground of appeal is without merit.

2. The court below held that the mere fact that the Plaintiff and other retirees have, until now, received retirement allowances calculated under the amended Compensation Regulations without objection cannot be deemed to constitute ratification of the invalid amendment of the Compensation Regulations, nor can the Plaintiffs' assertion disputing the validity of the amendment of the Compensation Regulations be regarded as contrary to the principle of good faith. The court below further held that it cannot be said that the labor union, which was organized after the amendment of the Compensation Regulations, ratified the amendment of the Compensation Regulations by concluding a collective agreement with the Defendant. Thus, the court below rejected the Defendant's arguments in this regard. Upon examination of the record, the above measures taken by the court below are justified, and there is no error of law as alleged in the grounds of appeal. This ground of appeal is also without merit.

3. As set forth above, where an employer changes working conditions prescribed in the rules of employment to the disadvantage of employees without obtaining the employees' consent, such amendment of the rules of employment is invalid, and the previous rules of employment continue to be effective as they were. However, this holds true only in relation to existing employees whose vested interests are infringed by the amendment; in relation to employees who, after the amendment, accepted the working conditions under the amended rules of employment and entered into an employment relationship, the amended rules of employment must naturally apply. It should not be held that, even in relation to employees hired after the amendment—who have no ground for excluding the effect of the amendment, such as infringement of vested interests—the effect of the amendment should be denied and the previous rules of employment should apply (see this Court's En Banc Decision 91Da45165 delivered on December 22, 1992).

In this case, according to the facts as found by the court below, the Plaintiff joined and worked for the Defendant Corporation on March 1, 1973, retired upon reaching the mandatory retirement age on March 31, 1986, was re-employed on April 7 of the same year, and worked until December 31, 1989, when he retired. Therefore, even if the Compensation Regulations of the Defendant Corporation concerning the payment of retirement allowances, as amended on January 27, 1981, are invalid because they were changed to the disadvantage of employees without the consent of employees obtained through a collective decision-making method, as discussed above, this legal principle can apply only to the case where the Plaintiff retired while holding the status of an existing employee prior to the amendment of the above Regulations—that is, in calculating the retirement allowance following his retirement upon reaching the mandatory retirement age on March 31, 1986—but cannot apply in calculating the retirement allowance following his retirement after he was re-employed and held the status of an employee thereafter, following the amendment.

Nevertheless, the court below calculated the retirement allowance following the Plaintiff's retirement after his re-employment with the Defendant Corporation on April 7, 1986, by applying the pre-amendment Compensation Regulations rather than the Compensation Regulations of the Defendant Corporation as amended on January 27, 1981. This constitutes an error that misapprehends the legal principles concerning the effect of amendments to rules of employment and thereby affected the judgment. Therefore, the ground of appeal pointing this out is meritorious.

4. Accordingly, the part of the judgment below concerning the retirement allowance following the Plaintiff's retirement after re-employment, in which the Defendant lost, is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the court below; the remainder of the Defendant's appeal is dismissed, and the costs of the appeal concerning that dismissed portion shall be borne by the losing party. The Justices concerned have unanimously agreed on this judgment, and it is rendered as set forth in the Order.

【판결요지】

가. 취업규칙의 작성·변경에 관한 권한은 원칙적으로 사용자에게 있으므로 사용자는 그 의사에 따라 취업규칙을 작성·변경할 수 있으나, 다만 그것이 근로조건을 근로자에게 불이익하게 변경하는 것일 때에는 종전 근로조건 또는 취업규칙의 적용을 받고 있던 근로자의 집단적 의사결정방법에 의한 동의를 요하고, 이러한 동의를 얻지 못한 취업규칙의 변경은 사회통념상 합리성이 있다고 인정될 만한 것이 아닌 한 효력이 없다.

나. 취업규칙을 근로자에게 불이익하게 변경하는 경우 요구되는 집단적 의사결정방법이라 함은 반드시 한 사업 또는 사업장의 전근로자가 일시에 한자리에 집합하여 회의를 개최하는 방식만이 아니라 한 사업 또는 사업장의 기구별 또는 단위부서별로 사용자측의 개입이나 간섭이 배제된 상태에서 근로자 상호간에 의견을 교환하여 찬반의견을 집약한 후 이를 전체적으로 취합하는 방식도 허용된다.

다. 사용자가 취업규칙에서 정한 근로조건을 근로자에게 불리하게 변경함에 있어서 근로자의 동의를 얻지 않은 경우에 취업규칙 변경의 효력이 없어 종전 취업규칙의 효력이 그대로 유지된다는 것은 그 변경으로 기득이익이 침해되는 기존의 근로자에 대한 관계에서 그렇다는 것일 뿐, 그 변경 후에 변경된 취업규칙에 따른 근로조건을 수용하고 근로관계를 갖게 된 근로자에 대한 관계에서는 당연히 변경된 취업규칙이 적용되어야 하고, 기득이익의 침해라는 효력배제사유가 없는 변경 후의 취업근로자에 대한 관계에서까지 그 변경의 효력을 부인하여 종전의 취업규칙이 적용되어야 한다고 볼 것은 아니다.

【참조조문】

근로기준법 제95조

【참조판례】

가.나. 대법원 1993.1.15. 선고 92다39761 판결(동지) / 가.다. 대법원 1992.12.22. 선고 91다45165 전원합의체판결(공1993,546) / 가. 대법원 1990.3.13. 선고 89다카24780 판결(공1990,882), 1992.11.24. 선고 91다31753 판결(공1993,213) / 나. 대법원 1992.2.25. 선고 91다25055 판결(공1992,1125)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 2,841자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 피상고인】

【피고, 상고인】 한국방송공사 소송대리인 변호사 김평우 외 3인

【원심판결】 서울고등법원 1992.7.21. 선고 91나43529 판결

【주 문】

원심판결 중 원고의 재입사 후 퇴직에 따른 퇴직금에 관한 피고 패소부분을 파기하고 이 부분 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.

피고의 나머지 상고를 기각한다.

상고기각부분에 관한 상고비용은 피고의 부담으로 한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 본다.

1. 취업규칙의 작성, 변경에 관한 권한은 원칙적으로 사용자에게 있으므로 사용자는 그 의사에 따라 취업규칙을 작성, 변경할 수 있으나, 다만 그것이 근로조건을 근로자에게 불이익하게 변경하는 것일 때에는 종전 근로조건 또는 취업규칙의 적용을 받고 있던 근로자의 집단적 의사결정방법에 의한 동의를 요하고, 이러한 동의를 얻지 못한 취업규칙의 변경은 사회통념상 합리성이 있다고 인정될 만한 것이 아닌 한 효력이 없다는 것이 당원의 일관된 견해이다( 당원 1978.9.12. 선고 78다1046 판결, 1989.5.9. 선고 88다카4277 판결, 1990.3.13. 선고 89다카24780 판결 각 참조).

기록에 의하여 살펴보면 1981.1.27.자로 개정된 피고 공사의 보수규정은 퇴직금지급률에 관하여 근로자에게 불리하게 변경된 것으로서 그 변경에 있어 개정전 보수규정의 적용을 받고 있던 직원들의 집단적 의사결정방법에 의한 동의를 받지 아니하였음은 원심이 인정하고 있는 바와 같고, 한편 위 보수규정의 개정이 소론이 주장하는 바와 같은 정당한 목적과 정부방침에 따라 이루어진 것이라 하더라도 거기에 근로자집단의 동의를 받지 않아도 될 만한 사회통념상의 합리성이 있는 것으로 볼 수는 없으므로, 결국 이를 무효로 본 원심의 판단은 정당하고 거기에 소론과 같은 위법이 없다.

소론은 피고 공사의 공영 보도기관으로서의 특성과 규모의 방대성 등을 내세우면서 당시 집단적 의사결정방법에 의한 직원들의 동의를 얻는 것이 현실적으로 불가능하였다고 주장하나, 취업규칙을 근로자에게 불이익하게 변경하는 경우 요구되는 집단적 의사결정방법이라 함은 반드시 한 사업 또는 사업장의 전근로자가 일시에 한자리에 집합하여 회의를 개최하는 방식만이 아니라 한 사업 또는 사업장의 기구별 또는 단위부서별로 사용자측의 개입이나 간섭이 배제된 상태에서 근로자 상호간에 의견을 교환하여 찬반의견을 집약한 후 이를 전체적으로 취합하는 방식도 허용되는 것으로서( 당원 1992.2.25. 선고 91다25055 판결 참조), 피고 공사의 경우 이러한 방법에 의한 근로자들의 동의를 받는 것마저 불가능하였다고는 볼 수 없으므로 논지는 이유 없다.

2. 원심은 원고나 그 밖에 다른 퇴직자들이 지금까지 개정된 보수규정에 따른 퇴직금을 이의 없이 수령해 왔다는 등 사정만으로 무효인 위 보수규정의 개정을 추인하였다거나 위 보수규정 개정의 효력을 다투는 원고들의 주장이 신의칙에 반하는 것으로 볼 수 없고, 또한 위 보수규정의 개정 이후에 결성된 노동조합이 피고와 사이에 단체협약을 체결하면서 위 보수규정의 개정을 추인하였다고도 볼 수 없다고 판시함으로써 이에 관한 피고의 주장을 배척하였는바, 기록에 비추어 살펴보면 원심의 위와 같은 조치는 정당하고 거기에 소론과 같은 위법이 있다 할 수 없다. 이 논지 또한 이유 없다.

3. 사용자가 취업규칙에서 정한 근로조건을 근로자에게 불리하게 변경함에 있어서 근로자의 동의를 얻지 않은 경우에 그 취업규칙의 변경은 효력이 없어 종전 취업규칙의 효력이 그대로 유지된다 함은 앞에 설시한 바와 같으나, 이는 그 변경으로 기득이익이 침해되는 기존의 근로자에 대한 관계에서 그렇다는 것일 뿐, 그 변경 후에 변경된 취업규칙에 따른 근로조건을 수용하고 근로관계를 갖게 된 근로자에 대한 관계에서는 당연히 변경된 취업규칙이 적용되어야 하고, 기득이익의 침해라는 효력배제사유가 없는 변경 후의 취업근로자에 대한 관계에서까지 그 변경의 효력을 부인하여 종전의 취업규칙이 적용되어야 한다고 볼 것은 아니다( 당원 1992.12.22. 선고 91다45165 전원합의체판결 참조).

이 사건에 있어서 원심이 확정한 바에 의하면, 원고는 1973.3.1. 피고 공사에 입사하여 근무하다가 1986.3.31. 정년퇴직한 후 같은 해 4.7. 재입사하여 1989.12.31.까지 근무하다가 퇴직하였다는 것이므로, 앞서 본 바와 같이 1981.1.27. 개정된 피고공사의 퇴직금지급에 관한 보수규정이 근로자의 집단적 의사결정방법에 의한 동의 없이 근로자에게 불리하게 변경된 것이어서 무효라 하더라도 이러한 법리는 원고가 위 규정의 변경 전 기존근로자의 지위에 있다가 퇴직한 경우에 해당하는 사안, 즉 1986.3.31. 정년퇴직에 따른 퇴직금을 산정함에 있어서 적용될 수 있을 뿐이지, 그 변경 후 다시 재입사하여 근로자의 지위에 있다가 퇴직함에 따른 퇴직금을 산정함에 있어서는 적용될 수 없는 것이다.

그럼에도 불구하고 원심은 원고가 1986.4.7. 피고 공사에 재입사한 후 퇴직함에 따른 퇴직금의 산정까지도 1981.1.27. 개정된 피고공사의 보수규정을 적용하지 않고 개정 전의 보수규정에 의하여 퇴직금을 산정하고 말았으니 이는 취업규칙변경의 효력에 관한 법리를 오해함으로써 판결에 영향을 미친 위법을 범한 것이라 할 것이므로 이를 지적하는 논지는 이유있다.

4. 이에 원심판결 중 원고의 재입사 후 퇴직에 따른 퇴직금에 관한 피고 패소부분을 파기하고 그 부분 사건을 원심법원에 환송하며, 피고의 나머지 상고는 이를 기각하고 그 부분 상고비용은 패소자의 부담으로 하기로 관여 법관의 의견이 일치되어 주문과 같이 판결한다.

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#5
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Claim for Severance Pay (퇴직금청구)

Cases citing this decision

2009다58364 · 대법원 2011-06-24
Wages
2003다52456 · 대법원 2005-05-12
Wages
2001다18322 · 대법원 2003-11-14
Wages (Case No. 2001Da18322)
96다45399 · 대법원 1997-07-11
Severance Pay and Other Claims
94다30638 · 대법원 1996-04-26
Severance Pay (퇴직금) Case

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Cross-check the original: 국가법령정보센터 (auxiliary link)